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The daily fluorine and arsenic intake for residents with different dietaries and fluorosis risk in coal-burning fluorosis area, Yunnan, Southwest China

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Abstract

The daily fluorine (F)/arsenic (As) intake (DFI/DAsI) for residents at different ages with different dietaries and dietary changes was investigated to analyze the fluorosis risk in coal-burning fluorosis area in Yunnan, Southwest China. The DFI for residents with a dietary of roasted corn and roasted chili was 5.06, 9.60, and 14.38 mg for age groups 3–7, 8–15, and over 15 years, respectively. Over 90 % of DFI was from roasted foodstuffs. The DFI for residents of the same age group living on rice and roasted chili was 1.94, 3.50, and 4.95 mg, respectively, which were less than that for the former dietary type, and 65 % of DFI was from roasted chili. The main sources for their DFI are roasted foodstuffs. Both were higher than the dietaries with non-roasted foodstuffs and the recommended daily allowances (RDAs) for USA and China at different levels. The DAsI for all residents ranged from 25 to 135 μg, and at this level of DAsI, it would not influence human health. However, As pollution of roasted foodstuffs might have an important influence for the fluorosis. Residents are changing their staple food from roasted corn to rice, and especially, younger people are more focused on quality life. However, even if residents change their staple food, the habit of eating chili will not change, which also may cause them getting fluorosis. Developing economy, changing dietary types, and changing the habit of drying and keeping chili will help to reduce the fluorosis risk in coal-burning fluorosis area of Southwest China.

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Abbreviations

F:

Fluorine

As:

Arsenic

DC:

Dental caries

DF:

Dental fluorosis

SF:

Skeletal fluorosis

AI:

Adequate intake

RDAs:

Recommended daily allowances

DFI:

Daily fluorine intake

DAsI:

Daily arsenic intake

IOD:

Improved oven for defluorination

PLFs:

Permitted levels of fluorine

PLAs:

Permitted levels of arsenic

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the National Key Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (No. 2014CB238906), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40872210, 41172310), and the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863) of China (Grant Nos. 2004AA601080 and 2006AA06Z380). Many heartfelt thanks are given to the whole staff of Zhaotong City Science and Technology Bureau and local residents for their strong supports and active cooperation. We thank Dr. Hui-jie Li for assistance during the investigation and Yong-xin Xu and Run-xiang Ni in determining the F and As concentrations in samples. We also thank James Law for his selfless help in improving the language. We appreciate the editor and reviewers’ constructive suggestions for the whole paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Beijing, 100101, China

    Ling Li, Kun-li Luo & Yong-lin Liu

  2. China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), 11D Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100083, China

    Ling Li & Yue-gang Tang

Authors
  1. Ling Li
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  2. Kun-li Luo
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  3. Yue-gang Tang
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  4. Yong-lin Liu
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Correspondence to Kun-li Luo.

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Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

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Li, L., Luo, Kl., Tang, Yg. et al. The daily fluorine and arsenic intake for residents with different dietaries and fluorosis risk in coal-burning fluorosis area, Yunnan, Southwest China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22, 2031–2040 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3485-4

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