Abstract
Integration possibility and performance of a fixed-bed photo-catalytic reactor, merged with a detention pond, were examined at scale model. The focus of this study is to overcome the key issues of the conventional detention ponds and provide an enhanced surface water quality via nano-TiO2 as a novel hybrid technology. Photo-degradation of detained water nutrients in newly designed fixed-bed reactor pond (FRP) was studied to observe the impacts of heterogeneous reactions under ultraviolet irradiation. Immobilization of nano-titanium dioxide as catalyst, covering the FRP internal surface, was practiced for comparison and control. Rutile with anatase forms of TiO2 nano-powder (P25) was replaced in cement (white cement as well as Portland) at three dosages (30, 10, and 3%) for optimization purpose. Biodegradable pollutant elimination capability of FRP underpinned by the results for lower nitrate (16%), orthophosphate (25%), and COD (18%) in 2 days retention time, comparatively. Within 21 days, detaining time 26%, 58%. and 47% higher elimination was achieved, respectively. Improved catalyst surface area to reactor volume as well as an optimized retention time, based on streamflow pollution level, were achieved via splitting the FRP into two parts using a divider. FRP inlet was equipped with a flow switcher to capture and detain the first flush from the stormwater separately, while the balance is directed to the second part with a different required holding period. The divider walls were coated with cement-based nano-TiO2 and it also retrofitted applying filter media inside, for sediment-bound pollutant omission which the technique emerged with a greater TSS removal potency of up to 43%.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abidi M, Ali ZI, Zariri M (2017) Impact of treated wastewater on ground water quality: case of a phreatic aquifer in a semi-arid region. J Eng Technol 6:297–310. (Special issue on Technology Innovations and Applications)
Ahmed S, Rasul M et al (2011) Influence of parameters on the heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of pesticides and phenolic contaminants in wastewater: a short review. J Environ Manage 92(3):311–330
Arnold JA, Line DE, Coffey SW, Spooner J (1993) Stormwater management guidance manual. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service and North Carolina Division of Environmental Management, Raleigh, North Carolina
Attia AJ, Kadhim SH et al (2008) Photocatalytic degradation of textile dyeing wastewater using titanium dioxide and zinc oxide. J Chem 5(2):219–223
Bahnemann D (2004) Photocatalytic water treatment: solar energy applications. Sol Energy 77(5):445–459
Behrendt F, Deutschmann O et al (1996) Simulation of heterogeneous reaction systems. Springer, NY
Bertrand-Krajewski JL, Chebbo G et al (1998) Distribution of pollutant mass vs volume in stormwater discharges and the first flush phenomenon. Water Res 32(8):2341–2356
Bourlakis MA, Weightman PW (2004) Food supply chain management. Wiley, Hoboken
Braslavsky SE, Braun AM et al (2011) Glossary of terms used in photocatalysis and radiation catalysis (IUPAC Recommendations 2011). Pure Appl Chem 83(4):931–1014
Brown RA, Line DE et al (2010) Comparison of low impact development treatment, traditional stormwater treatment, and no stormwater treatment for commercial shopping centers in North Carolina. Low impact development 2010@ sredefining water in the City. ASCE, Virginia
Brunet L, Lyon DY et al (2009) Comparative photoactivity and antibacterial properties of C60 fullerenes and titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Environ Sci Technol 43(12):4355–4360
Bundy L, Cabrera M et al (2006) Best management practices to minimize agricultural phosphorus impacts on water quality. USDA-ARS, Washington
Cassar L, Pepe C et al. (2003) White cement for architectural concrete, possessing photocatalytic properties. 11th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Durban. Congress
Chaabene AB, Ouelhaz K, Sellami A (2018) Following control of MIMO uncertain systems application to a water desalination system supplied by photovoltaic source. J Eng Technol 6(1):1–12
Daniels BK, Fisher AT et al. (2014) Hydrologic response to climate change in California: Observational and Modeling Studies, Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Santa Cruz
Davis B, Birch G (2009) Catchment-wide assessment of the cost-effectiveness of stormwater remediation measures in urban areas. Environ Sci Policy 12(1):84–91
Davis J, Wang A et al (2010) Nanomaterial case studies: nanoscale titanium dioxide in water treatment and in topical sunscreen. US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park
Denr N (1997) Stormwater Best management practices manual, Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Department of Environment and Environmental Resourcesâ. Division of Water Quality
Echols SP (2002) Split-flow Stormwater Management Strategy: Development: Design feasibility and cost comparison. Virginia Polytechnic, USA
Edmondson W (1970) Phosphorus, nitrogen, and algae in Lake Washington after diversion of sewage. Science 169(3946):690–691
El-Mufleh Amelène et al (2014) Review on physical and chemical characterizations of contaminated sediments from urban stormwater infiltration basins within the framework of the French observatory for urban hydrology (SOERE URBIS). Environ Sci Pollut Res 21(8):5329–5346
Fink J, Nancollis AP et al. (2014). US Patent No. 8,900,448. Washington, DC: US Patent and Trademark Office
Folli A, Macphee DE (2010) Photocatalytic cement: influence of TiO2 particle size on photocatalytic performances. 8th Fib Phd Symposium in Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
Fujishima A (2000) Photocatalitic and self clinging functions of TiO2 coatings. Third Asia-Pacific Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environmental Technologies, Hong Kong
Fujishima A, Zhang X et al (2007) Heterogeneous photocatalysis: from water photolysis to applications in environmental cleanup. Int J Hydrogen Energy 32(14):2664–2672
Gregory, Haig J(2004) Stormwater infiltration at the scale of an individual residential lot in North Central Florida. Diss. University of Florida
Guo Y (2001) Hydrologic design of urban flood control detention ponds. J Hydrol Eng 6(6):472–479
Hafizah N et al (2009) TiO2 powder photocatalyst from sol–gel route and its immobilization with cement for photocatalytic phenol removal. J Inst Eng 70(4):49–56
Hashimoto K, Irie H et al (2005) TiO2 photocatalysis: a historical overview and future prospects. Jpn J Appl Phys 44(12):8269
Haygarth PM, Sharpley A (2000) Terminology for phosphorus transfer. J Environ Qual 29(1):10–15
Heredia M, Duffy J (2007) Photocatalytic destruction of water pollutants using a TiO2 film in pet bottles. Proceedings of the Solar Conference, American Solar Energy Society; American Institute of Architects
Hüsken GBH (2008) Air purification by cementitious materials: Evaluation of air purifying properties. International Conference on Construction and Building Technology, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Kellems BL, Johnson R, Sanchez F (2003) Design of emerging technologies for control and removal of stormwater pollutants. In: World water & environmental resources congress 2003, pp 1–10
Khan SU, Al-Shahry M et al (2002) Efficient photochemical water splitting by a chemically modified n-TiO2. Science 297(5590):2243–2245
Kostedt IV WL, Mazyck DW (2006) Evaluation of a photocatalytic water treatment process. Fl Water Resour J 58(11):44–48
Kwon S, Fan M et al (2008) Photocatalytic applications of micro-and nano-TiO2 in environmental engineering. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 38(3):197–226
Larry W, Mays (eds) (2001) Stormwater collection systems design handbook. McGraw-Hill, New York
Liu Z, Liu Y (2018) Does anthropogenic land use change play a role in changes of precipitation frequency and intensity over the Loess Plateau of China? Remote Sens 10(11):1818
Motahhari A, Khoo YH, Kamarei M (2018) Iowa Nutrient Reduction Strategy: survey influence of clay with magnetic water on soil dam. J Eng Technol 6(1):566–569
Mukherjee PS, Ray AK (1999) Major challenges in the design of a large-scale photocatalytic reactor for water treatment. Chem Eng Technol 22(3):253
Nazari A, Riahi S et al (2010) Improvement the mechanical properties of the cementitious composite by using TiO2 nanoparticles. J Am Sci 6(4):98–101
Newman J, Choo BS (2003) Advanced concrete technology set. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford
Ochiai T, Fukuda T et al (2010a) Photocatalytic inactivation and removal of algae with TiO2-coated materials. J Appl Electrochem 40(10):1737–1742
Ochiai T, Nakata K et al (2010b) Development of solar-driven electrochemical and photocatalytic water treatment system using a boron-doped diamond electrode and TiO2 photocatalyst. Water Res 44(3):904–910
Ohtani B, Prieto-Mahaney O et al (2010) What is degussa (Evonik) P25? crystalline composition analysis, reconstruction from isolated pure particles and photocatalytic activity test. J Photochem Photobiol 216(2):179–182
Othman Zalina, Bhatia Subhash, Ahmad Abdul Latif (2011) Influence of the settleability parameters for palm oil mill effluent(POME) pretreatment by using moringa oleifera seeds as an environmental friendly coagulant. J Mater Sci Eng 5(3):332–340
Pitt R (2004) Detention pond design and analysis CE 378 water resources engineering. Tech Release 55:42–52
Plan RWS (2006) Water resources special report. Southwest Florida Water Management District. https://www.swfwmd.state.fl.us/sites/default/files/medias/documents/2006-rwsp.pdf
Price FA, Yonge DR (1995) Enhancing contaminant removal in stormwater detention basins by coagulation. Transp Res Rec 1483:105–111
Priya SS, Premalatha M et al (2008) Solar photocatalytic treatment of phenolic wastewater potential, challenges and opportunities. J Eng Appl Sci 3(6):36–41
Prodanoff JHA, Mascarenhas FCB (2010) Urban water quality after flooding 161:176–178
Rad S, Shamsudin S et al (2014) First flush phenomena establishments in detention pond new design concepts. Life Sci J 11(12):47–54
Rad S, Shamsudin S et al (2015) Tropical stormwater nutrient degradation using nano TiO2 in photocatalytic reactor detention pond. Water Sci Technol 73:405–413
Rad S et al (2018) Sustainable water resources using corner pivot lateral, a novel sprinkler irrigation system layout for small scale farms. Appl Sci 8(12):2601
Rengaraj S, Li X (2007) Enhanced photocatalytic reduction reaction over Bi3 + TiO2 nanoparticles in presence of formic acid as a hole scavenger. Chemosphere 66(5):930–938
Rodgers M, Walsh G et al (2011) Different depth intermittent sand filters for laboratory treatment of synthetic wastewater with concentrations close to measured septic tank effluent. J Environ Sci Health 46(1):80–85
Schaal SP (2006) Water quality enhancement assessment of an existing flood control detention facility in the city of Tulsa. Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma
Song H-Y, Jiang H-F et al (2006) Nano TiO2 deposited on crude mineral and the photoactivity to the degradation of chloroform. Am J Environ Sci 2(2):60–65
Stefanakis AI, Becker JA (2016) A review of emerging contaminants in water: classification, sources, and potential risks. In: Impact of water pollution on human health and environmental sustainability. IGI Global, pp 55–80. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9559-7.ch003
Strategy INR (2013) A science and technology-based framework to assess and reduce nutrients to Iowa waters and the Gulf of Mexico. Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, and Iowa State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ames, IA
Tebbutt THY (1997) Principles of water quality control. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford
Toma F-L, Bertrand G et al (2006) Nanostructured photocatalytic titania coatings formed by suspension plasma spraying. J Therm Spray Technol 15(4):587–592
Underwood LW, Ryan RE (2007) NASA's potential contributions for remediation of retention ponds using solar ultraviolet radiation and photocatalysis. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20080008856
USEPA (1999a) Storm water technology fact sheet: sand filters. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, USA
USEPA (1999b) Storm water technology fact sheet, ponds, wet detention pond. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, USA
USEPA (2000) National menu of best management practices: factsheet. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, USA
Van Buren M, Watt W et al (1996) Enhancing the removal of pollutants by an on-stream pond. Water Sci Technol 33(4):325–332
Vincent J, Kirkwood AE (2014) Variability of water quality, metals and phytoplankton community structure in urban stormwater ponds along a vegetation gradient. Urban Ecosyst 17(3):839–853
Wada K, Nishikawa M et al (2011) Control approach to non-biodegradable organic matter in roadway runoff. Water Pract Technol 6(1):1–2. https://doi.org/10.2166/WPT.2011.007
WHO (2006) Guidelines for drinking-water quality: first addendum, vol 1, 3rd edn. World Health Organization, Geneva. (Recommendations)
World Health Organization (2014) Preventing diarrhea through better water, sanitation, and hygiene: exposures and impacts in low- and middle income countries. World Health Organization, pp 1–2. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/150112/9789241564823_eng.pdf
Zaimes GN, Schultz RC (2002) Phosphorus in agricultural watersheds a literature review, vol 2. Iowa State University, Ames, p 34. (Department of Forestry)
Zhang TC et al (2009) Nanotechnologies for water environment applications. American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston
Funding
This research was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Codes: 41701248; 41501230) and Guangxi Natural Science Foundation (Codes: 2017GXNSFBA198102; 2016GXNSFAA380197).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, X., Rad, S., Lei, G. et al. Photo-catalytic reactor and detention pond integration: a novel technique for surface water quality enhancement via nano-TiO2. Environ Earth Sci 78, 568 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8577-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8577-5