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Loss of all plastid ndh genes in Gnetales and conifers: extent and evolutionary significance for the seed plant phylogeny

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Abstract

The exact phylogenetic position of Gnetales, a small, highly modified group of gymnosperms with an accelerated rate of molecular evolution, is one of the most challenging issues for seed plant systematics. Recent results from entire plastid genome (ptDNA) sequencing revealed the absence of the entire suite of plastid ndh genes in several species of Gnetales and the pine family (Pinaceae) potentially highlighting a major structural feature linking these two groups—concerted loss of all plastid genes for the NADH dehydrogenase complex. However, the precise extent of ndh gene loss in gymnosperms has not been surveyed. Using a slot-blot hybridization method, we probed all 11 ndh genes in 162 species from 70 of 85 gymnosperm genera. We find that all ndh genes are absent across Gnetales and Pinaceae, but not in any other group of gymnosperms. This feature represents either a major synapomorphy for a clade consisting of these two lineages or, less likely, a convergent loss. Our survey substantially extends previous inferences based on more limited sampling and, if the former evolutionary interpretation is correct, it provides additional support for the contentious “gnepine” hypothesis, which places Gnetales as sister to Pinaceae.

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Acknowledgments

For providing generous access to their live plant collections, the authors are grateful to directors/managers of the following institutions: Humboldt State University (Acrata, CA) greenhouse, Indiana University (Bloomington, IN) greenhouse, University of Alberta (Edmonton, AB) greenhouse, University of Toronto (Toronto, ON) greenhouse, University of Washington (Seattle, WA) greenhouse and Arboretum, University of Guelph Arboretum (Guelph, ON), Devonian Botanic Garden (Devon, AB), Jardin botanique de Montréal (Montréal, QC), University of Belgrade Arboretum (Belgrade, Serbia), Vienna Botanical Garden (Vienna, Austria), and Carleton University (Ottawa, ON) greenhouse. We also thank curators/directors of ALTA, IND, and TRT for supplying plant material. Special thanks are due to Sean Graham and two anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions that improved the earlier versions of the manuscript. Financial support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Canada Foundation for Innovation and Ontario Research Funds to S. Stefanović is gratefully acknowledged.

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  1. Maria Kuzmina

    Present address: Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, 579 Gordon St., Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada

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  1. Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Rd. N, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada

    Thomas Werner Anthony Braukmann, Maria Kuzmina & Saša Stefanović

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  1. Thomas Werner Anthony Braukmann
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Braukmann, T.W.A., Kuzmina, M. & Stefanović, S. Loss of all plastid ndh genes in Gnetales and conifers: extent and evolutionary significance for the seed plant phylogeny. Curr Genet 55, 323–337 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00294-009-0249-7

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