Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Solar-, monsoon- and Kuroshio-influenced thermocline depth and sea surface salinity in the southern Okinawa Trough during the past 17,300 years

  • Original
  • Published:
Geo-Marine Letters Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Factors influencing millennial-scale variability in the thermocline depth (vertical mixing) and sea surface salinity (SSS) of the southern Okinawa Trough (OT) during the past 17,300 years were investigated based on foraminifer oxygen isotope records of the surface dweller Globigerinoides ruber sensu stricto and the thermocline dweller Pulleniatina obliquiloculata in the AMS 14C dated OKT-3 core. The thermocline depth is influenced by surface thermal buoyancy (heat) flux, in turn controlled by the annual mean insolation at 30°N and the strength of the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM). Strong insolation and weak EAWM tend to increase buoyancy gain (decrease buoyancy loss), corresponding to shallow thermocline depths, and vice versa. Regional SSS is influenced by the global ice volume, the Kuroshio Current (KC), and vertical mixing. A deep thermocline coincides with a high SSS because strong vertical mixing brings more, saltier subsurface KC water to the surface, and vice versa. Local SSS (excluding the global ice volume effect) became lower in the northern OT than in the southern OT after ~9.2 ka, implying that Changjiang diluted water had stronger influence in the northern sector. SSS show no major changes during the Bølling/Allerød and Younger Dryas events, probably because the KC disturbed the North Atlantic signals. This argues against earlier interpretations of sea surface temperature records of this core. Wavelet and spectral analyses of the Δδ18OP-G (δ18O of P. obliquiloculata minus G. ruber s.s.) and δ18Olocal records display 1,540-, 1,480-, 1,050-, 860-, 640-, and 630-year periods. These are consistent with published evidence of a pervasive periodicity of 1,500 years in global climate as well as EAWM and KC signatures, and a fundamental solar periodicity of 1,000 years and intermediary derived periodicity of 700 years.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Andres M, Wimbush M, Park JH, Chang KI, Lim BH, Watts DR, Ichikawa H, Teague WJ (2008) Observations of Kuroshio flow variations in the East China Sea. J Geophys Res 113, C05013. doi:10.1029/2007JC004200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andres M, Jan S, Sanford T, Mensah V, Centurioni L, Book J (2015) Mean structure and variability of the Kuroshio from northeastern Taiwan to southwestern Japan. Oceanography 28:84–95. doi:10.5670/oceanog.2015.84

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beardsley R, Limeburner R, Yu H, Cannon G (1985) Discharge of the Changjiang (Yangtze river) into the East China sea. Cont Shelf Res 4:57–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bemis BE, Spero HJ, Bijma J, Lea DW (1998) Reevaluation of the oxygen isotopic composition of planktonic foraminifera: experimental results and revised paleotemperature equations. Paleoceanography 13:150–160. doi:10.1029/98PA00070

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berger A, Loutre MF (1991) Insolation values for the climate of the last 10 million years. Quat Sci Rev 10:297–317. doi:10.1016/0277-3791(91)90033-Q

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bond G, Broecker W, Johnsen S, McManus J, Labeyrie L, Jouzel J, Bonani G (1993) Correlations between climate records from North Atlantic sediments and Greenland ice. Nature 365:143–147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bond G, Showers W, Cheseby M, Lotti R, Almasi P, Priore P, Cullen H, Hajdas I, Bonani G (1997) A pervasive millennial-scale cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and glacial climates. Science 278:1257–1266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bond G, Kromer B, Beer J, Muscheler R, Evans MN, Showers W, Hoffmann S, Lotti-Bond R, Hajdas I, Bonani G (2001) Persistent solar influence on North Atlantic climate during the Holocene. Science 294:2130–2136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang P-H, Isobe A (2003) A numerical study on the Changjiang diluted water in the Yellow and East China Seas. J Geophys Res 108:3299. doi:10.1029/2002JC001749

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang Y-P, Wang W-L, Yokoyama Y, Matsuzaki H, Kawahata H, Chen M-T (2008) Millennial-scale planktic foraminifer faunal variability in the East China Sea during the past 40000 years (IMAGES MD12404 from the Okinawa Trough). Terr Atmos Ocean Sci 19:389–401

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang Y-P, Chen M-T, Yokoyama Y, Matsuzaki H, Thompson WG, Kao S-J, Kawahata H (2009) Monsoon hydrography and productivity changes in the East China Sea during the past 100,000 years: Okinawa Trough evidence (MD012404). Paleoceanography 24, PA3208. doi:10.1029/2007PA001577

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen C, Beardsley RC, Limeburner R, Kim K (1994) Comparison of winter and summer hydrographic observations in the Yellow and East China Seas and adjacent Kuroshio during 1986. Cont Shelf Res 14:909–929. doi:10.1016/0278-4343(94)90079-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen MT, Lin XP, Chang YP, Chen YC, Lo L, Shen CC, Yokoyama Y, Oppo DW, Thompson WG, Zhang R (2010) Dynamic millennial-scale climate changes in the northwestern Pacific over the past 40,000 years. Geophys Res Lett 37, L23603. doi:10.1029/2010GL045202

    Google Scholar 

  • Chu P, Yuchun C, Kuninaka A (2005) Seasonal variability of the Yellow Sea/East China Sea surface fluxes and thermohaline structure. Adv Atmos Sci 22:1–20. doi:10.1007/BF02930865

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dansgaard W, Johnsen SJ, Clausen HB, Dahl-Jensen D, Gundestrup NS, Hammer CU, Hvidberg CS, Steffensen JP, Sveinbjornsdottir AE, Jouzel J, Bond G (1993) Evidence for general instability of past climate from a 250-kyr ice-core record. Nature 364:218–220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dima M, Lohmann G (2009) Conceptual model for millennial climate variability: a possible combined solar-thermohaline circulation origin for the ~1,500-year cycle. Clim Dyn 32:301–311. doi:10.1007/s00382-008-0471-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dykoski CA, Edwards RL, Cheng H, Yuan D, Cai Y, Zhang M, Lin Y, Qing J, An Z, Revenaugh J (2005) A high-resolution, absolute-dated Holocene and deglacial Asian monsoon record from Dongge Cave, China. Earth Planet Sci Lett 233:71–86. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.01.036

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garidel-Thoron T, Beaufort L, Linsley BK, Dannenmann S (2001) Millennial-scale dynamics of the East Asian winter monsoon during the last 200,000 years. Paleoceanography 16:491–502

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grinsted A, Moore JC, Jevrejeva S (2004) Application of the cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence to geophysical time series. Nonlinear Process Geophys 11:561–566. doi:10.5194/npg-11-561-2004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grootes PM, Stuiver M, White JWC, Johnsen S, Jouzel J (1993) Comparison of oxygen isotope records from the GISP2 and GRIP Greenland ice cores. Nature 366:552–554

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hao J, Chen Y, Wang F, Lin P (2012) Seasonal thermocline in the China Seas and northwestern Pacific Ocean. J Geophys Res 117, C02022. doi:10.1029/2011JC007246

    Google Scholar 

  • Ichikawa H, Beardsley R (2002) The current system in the Yellow and East China Seas. J Oceanogr 58:77–92. doi:10.1023/A:1015876701363

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ijiri A, Wang L, Oba T, Kawahata H, Huang C-Y, Huang C-Y (2005) Paleoenvironmental changes in the northern area of the East China Sea during the past 42,000 years. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 219:239–261. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.12.028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isono D, Yamamoto M, Irino T, Oba T, Murayama M, Nakamura T, Kawahata H (2009) The 1500-year climate oscillation in the midlatitude North Pacific during the Holocene. Geology 37:591–594. doi:10.1130/G25667A.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jian Z, Wang P, Saito Y, Wang J, Pflaumann U, Oba T, Cheng X (2000) Holocene variability of the Kuroshio Current in the Okinawa Trough, northwestern Pacific Ocean. Earth Planet Sci Lett 184:305–319. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00321-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang T, Su B, Hartmann H (2007) Temporal and spatial trends of precipitation and river flow in the Yangtze River Basin, 1961–2000. Geomorphology 85:143–154. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.03.015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kagimoto T, Yamagata T (1997) Seasonal transport variations of the Kuroshio: an OGCM simulation. J Phys Oceanogr 27:403–418. doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1997)027<0403:STVOTK>2.0.CO;2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kao SJ, Horng CS, Hsu SC, Wei KY, Chen J, Lin YS (2005) Enhanced deepwater circulation and shift of sedimentary organic matter oxidation pathway in the Okinawa Trough since the Holocene. Geophys Res Lett 32, L15609. doi:10.1029/2005GL023139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kao SJ, Roberts AP, Hsu SC, Chang YP, Lyons WB, Chen MT (2006a) Monsoon forcing, hydrodynamics of the Kuroshio Current, and tectonic effects on sedimentary carbon and sulfur cycling in the Okinawa Trough since 90 ka. Geophys Res Lett 33, L05610. doi:10.1029/2005GL025154

    Google Scholar 

  • Kao SJ, Wu C-R, Hsin Y-C, Dai M (2006b) Effects of sea level change on the upstream Kuroshio Current through the Okinawa Trough. Geophys Res Lett 33, L16604. doi:10.1029/2006GL026822

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kao SJ, Dai MH, Wei KY, Blair NE, Lyons WB (2008) Enhanced supply of fossil organic carbon to the Okinawa Trough since the last deglaciation. Paleoceanography 23, PA2207. doi:10.1029/2007PA001440

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kubota Y, Kimoto K, Tada R, Oda H, Yokoyama Y, Matsuzaki H (2010) Variations of East Asian summer monsoon since the last deglaciation based on Mg/Ca and oxygen isotope of planktic foraminifera in the northern East China Sea. Paleoceanography 25, PA4205. doi:10.1029/2009PA001891

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee KE, Lee HJ, Park J-H, Chang Y-P, Ikehara K, Itaki T, Kwon HK (2013) Stability of the Kuroshio path with respect to glacial sea level lowering. Geophys Res Lett 40:392–396. doi:10.1012/grl.50102

    Google Scholar 

  • LeGrande AN, Schmidt GA (2011) Water isotopologues as a quantitative paleosalinity proxy. Paleoceanography 26, PA3225. doi:10.1029/2010PA002043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin Y-S, Wei K-Y, Lin I-T, Yu P-S, Chiang H-W, Chen C-Y, Shen C-C, Mii H-S, Chen Y-G (2006) The Holocene Pulleniatina Minimum Event revisited: geochemical and faunal evidence from the Okinawa Trough and upper reaches of the Kuroshio current. Mar Micropaleontol 59:153–170. doi:10.1016/j.marmicro.2006.02.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Z, Gan J (2012) Variability of the Kuroshio in the East China Sea derived from satellite altimetry data. Deep-Sea Res I 59:25–36. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2011.10.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu JP, Milliman JD, Gao S, Cheng P (2004) Holocene development of the Yellow River’s subaqueous delta, North Yellow Sea. Mar Geol 209:45–67. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2004.06.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu JP, Xu KH, Li AC, Milliman JD, Velozzi DM, Xiao SB, Yang ZS (2007) Flux and fate of Yangtze River sediment delivered to the East China Sea. Geomorphology 85:208–224. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.03.023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Locarnini RA, Mishonov AV, Antonov JI and 9 others (2013) World Ocean Atlas 2013, Volume 1: Temperature. In: Levitus S, Mishonov A (eds) NOAA Atlas NESDIS 73, 40 pp

  • Marriner N, Flaux C, Kaniewski D, Morhange C, Leduc G, Moron V, Chen Z, Gasse F, Empereur J-Y, Stanley J-D (2012) ITCZ and ENSO-like pacing of Nile delta hydro-geomorphology during the Holocene. Quat Sci Rev 45:73–84. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.04.022

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall J, Schott F (1999) Open-ocean convection: observations, theory, and models. Rev Geophys 37:1–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oka E, Kawabe M (2003) Dynamic structure of the Kuroshio south of Kyushu in relation to the Kuroshio path variations. J Oceanogr 59:595–608. doi:10.1023/B:JOCE.0000009589.28241.93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pflaumann U, Jian Z (1999) Modern distribution patterns of planktonic foraminifera in the South China Sea and western Pacific: a new transfer technique to estimate regional sea-surface temperatures. Mar Geol 156:41–83. doi:10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00173-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qu T, Lukas R (2003) The bifurcation of the North Equatorial Current in the Pacific. J Phys Oceanogr 33:5–18. doi:10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<0005:TBOTNE>2.0.CO;2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ravelo AC, Fairbanks RG (1992) Oxygen isotopic composition of multiple species of planktonic foraminifera: recorders of the modern photic zone temperature gradient. Paleoceanography 7:815–831. doi:10.1029/92PA02092

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reimer PJ, Bard E, Bayliss A et al (2013) IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55:1869–1887. doi:10.2458/azu_js_rc.55.16947

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruan J, Xu Y, Ding S, Wang Y, Zhang X (2015) A high resolution record of sea surface temperature in southern Okinawa Trough for the past 15,000 years. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 426:209–215. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.03.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz M, Mudelsee M (2002) REDFIT: estimating red-noise spectra directly from unevenly spaced paleoclimatic time series. Comput Geosci 28:421–426. doi:10.1016/S0098-3004(01)00044-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sirocko F, Garbe-Schönberg D, McIntyre A, Molfino B (1996) Teleconnections between the subtropical monsoons and high-latitude climates during the last deglaciation. Science 272:526–529

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soon W, Velasco Herrera VM, Selvaraj K et al (2014) A review of Holocene solar-linked climatic variation on centennial to millennial timescales: physical processes, interpretative frameworks and a new multiple cross-wavelet transform algorithm. Earth-Sci Rev 134:1–15. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.03.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steinke S, Glatz C, Mohtadi M, Groeneveld J, Li Q, Jian Z (2011) Past dynamics of the East Asian monsoon: no inverse behaviour between the summer and winter monsoon during the Holocene. Global Planet Change 78:170–177. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.06.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stuiver M, Reimer PJ (1993) Extended 14C data base and revised CALIB 3.0 14C age calibration program. Radiocarbon 35:215–230

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun Y, Oppo DW, Xiang R, Liu W, Gao S (2005) Last deglaciation in the Okinawa Trough: subtropical northwest Pacific link to Northern Hemisphere and tropical climate. Paleoceanography 20, PA4005. doi:10.1029/2004PA001061

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tian J, Wang P, Chen R, Cheng X (2005) Quaternary upper ocean thermal gradient variations in the South China Sea: implications for east Asian monsoon climate. Paleoceanography 20, PA4007. doi:10.1029/2004PA001115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torrence C, Compo GP (1998) A practical guide to wavelet analysis. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 79:61–78. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0061:APGTWA>2.0.CO;2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ujiié H, Ujiié Y (1999) Late Quaternary course changes of the Kuroshio Current in the Ryukyu Arc region, northwestern Pacific Ocean. Mar Micropaleontol 37:23–40. doi:10.1016/S0377-8398(99)00010-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ujiié Y, Ujiié H, Taira A, Nakamura T, Oguri K (2003) Spatial and temporal variability of surface water in the Kuroshio source region, Pacific Ocean, over the past 21,000 years: evidence from planktonic foraminifera. Mar Micropaleontol 49:335–364. doi:10.1016/S0377-8398(03)00062-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waelbroeck C, Labeyrie L, Michel E, Duplessy JC, McManus JF, Lambeck K, Balbon E, Labracherie M (2002) Sea-level and deep water temperature changes derived from benthic foraminifera isotopic records. Quat Sci Rev 21:295–305. doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00101-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang L (2000) Isotopic signals in two morphotypes of Globigerinoides ruber (white) from the South China Sea: implications for monsoon climate change during the last glacial cycle. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 161:381–394. doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00094-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Cheng H, Edwards RL, He Y, Kong X, An Z, Wu J, Kelly MJ, Dykoski CA, Li X (2005) The Holocene Asian monsoon: links to solar changes and North Atlantic climate. Science 308:854–857. doi:10.1126/science.1106296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu L, Li C, Yang C, Xie S-P (2008) Global teleconnections in response to a shutdown of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. J Clim 21:3002–3019. doi:10.1175/2007JCLI1858.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xiang R, Sun Y, Li T, Oppo DW, Chen M, Zheng F (2007) Paleoenvironmental change in the middle Okinawa Trough since the last deglaciation: evidence from the sedimentation rate and planktonic foraminiferal record. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 243:378–393. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.08.016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu X, Oda M (1999) Surface-water evolution of the eastern East China Sea during the last 36,000 years. Mar Geol 156:285–304. doi:10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00183-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu X, Yamasaki M, Oda M, Honda MC (2005) Comparison of seasonal flux variations of planktonic foraminifera in sediment traps on both sides of the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Mar Micropaleontol 58:45–55. doi:10.1016/j.marmicro.2005.09.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu D, Lu H, Wu N, Liu Z, Li T, Shen C, Wang L (2013) Asynchronous marine-terrestrial signals of the last deglacial warming in East Asia associated with low- and high-latitude climate changes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:9657–9662. doi:10.1073/pnas.1300025110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto M, Kishizaki M, Oba T, Kawahata H (2013) Intense winter cooling of the surface water in the northern Okinawa Trough during the last glacial period. J Asian Earth Sci 69:86–92. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2012.06.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamasaki M, Oda M (2003) Sedimentation of planktonic foraminifera in the East China Sea: evidence from a sediment trap experiment. Mar Micropaleontol 49:3–20. doi:10.1016/S0377-8398(03)00024-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yoneda M, Uno H, Shibata Y, Suzuki R, Kumamoto Y, Yoshida K, Sasaki T, Suzuki A, Kawahata H (2007) Radiocarbon marine reservoir ages in the western Pacific estimated by pre-bomb molluscan shells. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res B 259:432–437. doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2007.01.184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu H, Liu Z, Berné S, Jia G, Xiong Y, Dickens GR, Wei G, Shi X, Liu JP, Chen F (2009) Variations in temperature and salinity of the surface water above the middle Okinawa Trough during the past 37 kyr. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 281:154–164. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.08.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang J, Yu H, Jia G, Chen F, Liu Z (2010) Terrestrial n-alkane signatures in the middle Okinawa Trough during the post-glacial transgression: control by sea level and paleovegetation confounded by offshore transport. Geo-Mar Lett 30:143–150. doi:10.1007/s00367-009-0173-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao M, Huang C-Y, Wei K-Y (2005) A 28,000 year \( {\mathrm{U}}_{37}^{{\mathrm{K}}^{\prime }} \) sea-surface temperature record of ODP Site 1202B, the southern Okinawa Trough. Terr Atmos Ocean Sci 16:45–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao J, Li J, Cai F, Wei H, Hu B, Dou Y, Wang L, Xiang R, Cheng H, Dong L, Zhang CL (2015) Sea surface temperature variation during the last deglaciation in the southern Okinawa Trough: modulation of high latitude teleconnections and the Kuroshio Current. Prog Oceanogr 138:238–248. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.06.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng X, Li A, Wan S, Jiang F, Kao SJ, Johnson C (2014) ITCZ and ENSO pacing on East Asian winter monsoon variation during the Holocene: sedimentological evidence from the Okinawa Trough. J Geophys Res 119:4410–4429. doi:10.1002/2013JC009603

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou H, Li T, Jia G, Zhu Z, Chi B, Cao Q, Sun R, Pa P (2007) Sea surface temperature reconstruction for the middle Okinawa Trough during the last glacial–interglacial cycle using C37 unsaturated alkenones. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 246:440–453. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.10.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zweng MM, Reagan JR, Antonov JI, Locarnini RA, Mishonov AV, Boyer TP, Garcia HE, Baranova OK, Johnson DR, Seidov D, Biddle MM (2013) World Ocean Atlas 2013, Volume 2: Salinity. In: Levitus S, Mishonov A (eds) NOAA Atlas NESDIS 74, 39 pp

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 41406074, 41476052 and 40906033), the Open Foundation of the Key Laboratory of Marine Hydrocarbon Resources and Environmental Geology (grant number MRE201405) and the China Geological Survey Project (grant number GZH201500203). We thank two reviewers and the journal editors for their constructive comments.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest with third parties.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China

    Libo Wang

  2. Key Laboratory of Marine Hydrocarbon Resource and Environmental Geology, Ministry of Land and Resources, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao, 266071, China

    Libo Wang, Jun Li, Jingtao Zhao, Helong Wei, Bangqi Hu, Yanguang Dou, Zhilei Sun, Liang Zou & Fenglong Bai

Authors
  1. Libo Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jun Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jingtao Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Helong Wei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Bangqi Hu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Yanguang Dou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Zhilei Sun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Liang Zou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Fenglong Bai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jun Li.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wang, L., Li, J., Zhao, J. et al. Solar-, monsoon- and Kuroshio-influenced thermocline depth and sea surface salinity in the southern Okinawa Trough during the past 17,300 years. Geo-Mar Lett 36, 281–291 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-016-0448-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-016-0448-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation