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Development of a quantitative transport-time-based groundwater vulnerability model for non-point-source pollution in karst aquifers: a conceptual approach and example from the Tanour and Rasoun spring catchment, north-western Jordan

Développement d’un modèle de vulnérabilité quantitative des eaux souterraines basée sur le temps de transport pour des pollutions diffuses d’aquifères karstiques: une approche conceptuelle et un exemple sur le bassin d’alimentation des sources de Tanour et Rasoun, nourd-ouest de la Jordanie

Desarrollo de un modelo cuantitativo de vulnerabilidad de las aguas subterráneas a la contaminación de una fuente no puntual en los acuíferos cársticos basado en el tiempo de transporte: un enfoque conceptual y un ejemplo de la Cuenca del manantial de Tanour y Rasoun, en el noroeste de Jordania

喀斯特含水层中非点源污染的基于运移时间的地下水脆弱性定量化模型开发:约旦西北部Tanour和Rasoun泉水流域的概念方法和案例

O desenvolvimento de um modelo quantitativo de vulnerabilidade das águas subterrâneas em aquíferos cársticos, baseado no tempo de transporte de uma fonte de poluição não pontual: uma abordagem conceitual, e o exemplo da bacia hidrográfica de Tanour e Rasoun, noroeste da Jordânia

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Abstract

A quantitative transport-time-based vulnerability assessment approach for non-point-source pollution using a spatially distributed geographic information system (GIS)-generated topographic model was developed for the karst aquifer system feeding the Tanour and Rasoun springs in NW Jordan. The approach implies the assessment of the groundwater residence times in different compartments of the karst system, i.e. the epikarst, the vadose zone and the phreatic system. Groundwater transport times within the epikarst zone were determined by employing two main variables: (1) the length of the flow path, and (2) the transport velocity between the assumed point of subsurface infiltration into the soil and the location for the actual groundwater recharge at the ephemeral streams. Sub-horizontal lateral flow is assumed for the epikarst. The base-flow recession curve method was employed to estimate the effective, average and catchment-wide transmissivity of the epikarst. Based on the calculated transmissivity, three different hydraulic conductivity values were assumed to assess the effect of the unknown average saturated thickness of the epikarst. The developed method was validated by independent measurements of the transport-time-based on the δ18O breakthrough signal in the spring catchment discharge, following a recharge event. The transport-time distribution map, calculated based on flow-path length towards the streams and average solute transport velocity, shows high correlation with the catchment-averaged stable isotopes’ breakthrough curves. Because of the intensive karstification below the stream bed, residence times in the vadose and the phreatic zones can be assumed to be negligible compared to the transport times in the epikarst.

Résumé

Une approche d’évaluation de la vulnérabilité quantitative basée sur le temps de transport pour des pollutions diffuses utilisant un système d’information géographique distribué spatialement (SIG) – modèle topographique généré – a été développée pour le système karstique qui alimente les sources de Tanour et Rasoun dans le Nord-Ouest de la Jordanie. L’approche implique l’évaluation des temps de résidence des eaux souterraines dans les différents compartiments du système aquifère, tels que l’épikarst, la zone non saturée et le système phréatique. Les temps de transport des eaux souterraines dans la zone épikarstique ont été déterminées en utilisant deux principales variables: (1) la longueur de la voie d’écoulement, et (2) la vitesse de transport entre le point d’infiltration dans le sol et la localisation de l’actuelle recharge des eaux souterraines au niveau de cours d’eau éphémères. Un écoulement latéral sub-horizontal est. considéré dans l’épikarst. La méthode d’analyse des courbes de récession à débit de base a été employée pour estimer la transmissivité effective et moyenne de l’épikarst au niveau du bassin d’alimentation. A partir de la transmissivité calculée, trois valeurs différentes de conductivité hydraulique ont été considérées pour évaluer l’effet de l’épaisseur moyenne non connue de l’épikarst. La méthode développée a été validée par des mesures indépendantes du temps de transport à partir de la courbe de restitution de δ18O au niveau de la source, à la suite d’un événement de recharge. La carte de distribution des temps de transport, calculée à partir de la longueur des voies d’écoulement vers les cours d’eau et de la vitesse moyenne de transport de soluté, montre une haute corrélation avec les courbes de restitution des isotopes stables moyennées à l’échelle du bassin d’alimentation. A cause de la karstification importante sous le lit du cours d’eau, les temps de résidence dans les zones non saturée et phréatique peuvent être considérés comme négligeables par rapport aux temps de transport dans l’épikarst.

Resumen

Se elaboró un método cuantitativo de evaluación de la vulnerabilidad de la contaminación de fuentes no puntuales basado en el tiempo de transporte, utilizando un modelo topográfico generado por un sistema de información geográfica distribuido espacialmente (SIG) para el sistema de acuíferos cársticos que alimenta los manantiales Tanour y Rasoun en el noroeste de Jordania. El método implica la evaluación de los tiempos de residencia de las aguas subterráneas en diferentes compartimentos del sistema cárstico, es decir, el epikarst, la zona vadosa y el sistema freático. Los tiempos de transporte del agua subterránea dentro de la zona epikarst se determinaron empleando dos variables principales: (1) la longitud del recorrido del flujo, y (2) la velocidad de transporte entre el punto supuesto de infiltración en el suelo y la ubicación de la recarga real del agua subterránea en las corrientes efímeras. El flujo lateral sub-horizontal se asume para el epikarst. Se empleó el método de la curva de recesión del flujo base para estimar la transmisividad efectiva, promedio y de toda la cuenca del epikarst. Basándose en la transmisividad calculada, se asumieron tres valores de conductividad hidráulica diferentes para evaluar el efecto del espesor medio saturado desconocido del epikarst. El método desarrollado fue validado por mediciones independientes del tiempo de transporte basadas en la señal de ruptura de δ18O en la descarga del manantial, después de un evento de recarga. El mapa de distribución del tiempo de transporte, calculado a partir de la longitud del recorrido del flujo hacia los arroyos y la velocidad media de transporte de los solutos, muestra una alta correlación con las curvas de avance de los isótopos estables promediados en la cuenca de captación. Debido a la intensiva karstificación debajo del lecho del arroyo, se puede suponer que los tiempos de residencia en las zonas vadosa y freáticas son insignificantes en comparación con los tiempos de transporte en el epikarst.

摘要

针对约旦西北部补给Tanour和Rasoun泉的岩溶含水层系统, 利用空间分布的地理信息系统(GIS)的地形模型开发了非点源污染的基于运移时间的脆弱性评估的定量化方法。该方法就是评估岩溶系统不同区域, 即表层岩溶, 包气带和潜水层中的地下水滞留时间。表层岩溶带内的地下水运移时间是通过两个主要变量确定的:(1)流动路径的长度;(2)假定地下入渗土壤位置与季节性河流中实际地下水补给位置之间的运移速率。表层岩溶带假定为近水平侧向流。采用基流退水曲线法来估算表层岩溶带有效平均的流域尺度导水系数。基于计算出的导水系数, 假设使用三个不同的渗透系数评估了表层岩溶的未知平均饱和厚度的影响。补给事件发生后, 根据泉水流域排泄点的δ18O穿透信号, 通过对运移时间的独立测量来验证所开发的方法。根据流向河流的流路长度和平均溶质迁移速度计算的运移时间分布图与流域平均稳定同位素的穿透曲线高度相关。由于河床下方的强烈岩溶作用, 与表层岩溶的运移时间相比, 在包气带和潜水区的滞留时间可以忽略不计。

Resumo

Para o sistema aquífero cárstico que alimenta as nascentes Tanour e Rasoun no NO da Jordânia foi desenvolvida o uma abordagem quantitativa de avaliação da vulnerabilidade baseada no tempo de transporte de uma fonte de poluição não pontual usando um modelo topográfico gerado mediante um sistema de informação geográfica (SIG) de distribuição espacial. A abordagem implica a avaliação dos tempos de permanência das águas subterrâneas em diferentes compartimentos do sistema cárstico, isto é, o epicarste, a zona vadosa e o sistema freático. Os tempos de transporte de águas subterrâneas dentro da zona epicarste foram determinados empregando duas variáveis principais: (1) o comprimento do caminho do fluxo e (2) a velocidade de transporte entre o suposto ponto de infiltração no solo e o local verdadeiro de recarga das águas subterrâneas nas correntes efêmeras. O fluxo lateral sub-horizontal é assumido para o epicarste. Para estimar a transmissividade efetiva e média da bacia hidrográfica do epicarste foi aplicado o método da curva de recessão do fluxo. Com base na transmissividade calculada, assumiram-se três valores diferentes de condutividade hidráulica para avaliar o efeito da espessura saturada média (não conhecida) do epicarste. O método desenvolvido foi validado mediante medições independentes do tempo de transporte com base no sinal de detecção de δ18O na descarga da bacia hidrográfica, após um evento de recarga. O mapa de distribuição do tempo de transporte, calculado com base no comprimento do fluxo em direção às correntes e na velocidade média de transporte do soluto, mostra alta correlação com as curvas determinação média dos isótopos estáveis capturados. ​​ Devido à intensa carstificação abaixo do leito do rio, os tempos de residência nas zonas vadosa e freática podem ser considerados insignificantes se comparados com os tempos de transporte no epicarste.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their gratitude to Dr. Tobias Geyer, Dr. Sebastian Schmidt, Mr. Ethan Inlander, and Mr. Calvin Wolters for their helpful advice.

Funding

The grant for Ibraheem Hamdan was funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) via the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) special program (NaWaM), study scholarships and research grant No. 14 (56322373).

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Hamdan, I., Ptak, T., Wiegand, B. et al. Development of a quantitative transport-time-based groundwater vulnerability model for non-point-source pollution in karst aquifers: a conceptual approach and example from the Tanour and Rasoun spring catchment, north-western Jordan. Hydrogeol J 28, 1091–1106 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-02094-w

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