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Hydrogeology of an alpine talus aquifer: Cordillera Blanca, Peru

Hydrogéologie d’un aquifère de talus alpin: Cordillère Blanche, Pérou

Hidrogeología de un acuífero en taludes montañosos: Cordillera Blanca, Perú

秘鲁布兰卡山脉高山坡积含水层的水文地质

Hidrogeologia de um aquífero de talude alpino: Cordillera Blanca, Peru

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Abstract

The dramatic loss of glacial mass in low latitudes is causing shifts in downstream water availability and use during the driest months of the year. The world’s largest concentration of tropical glaciers lies in the Cordillera Blanca range of Peru, where glacial runoff is declining and regional stresses are emerging over water resources. Throughout the Cordillera Blanca, groundwater inputs from alpine meadow–talus complexes, locally known as pampas, supply proglacial streams with up to 80% of their flow during the region’s dry season. Structural knowledge of the pampa aquifers is needed to estimate their drainable groundwater storage capacity and residence time, to elucidate the role and importance of alpine groundwater storage in the regional water budget of the Cordillera Blanca. To understand the structure of these proglacial aquifers, multiple near-surface geophysical methods were implemented in a proglacial valley near dense networks of spring-fed tributaries. Geophysical results and borehole logs suggest groundwater is stored in a confined aquifer composed of buried talus deposits overlain by lacustrine clay, while deeper portions of the unit, 10–15 m in depth, are relatively clay-free and more hydraulically conductive. Based on these findings and assumptions of aquifer porosity, the pampas of the Callejon de Huaylas may store from 0.006 to 0.02 km3 of groundwater. Furthermore, these findings suggest that the talus aquifers of the Cordillera Blanca were formed in proglacial lakes, followed by infilling with fine lacustrine sediments that confine lower units and allow for groundwater discharge to springs via macropores and preferential flow.

Résumé

La réduction dramatique de la masse glaciaire dans les basses latitudes entraîne des bouleversements dans la disponibilité de l’eau à l’aval et son utilisation pendant les mois les plus secs de l’année. La concentration de glaciers tropicaux la plus importante au monde se trouve dans la chaîne de la Cordillère Blanche au Pérou, où l’écoulement glaciaire diminue et où apparaissent des tensions régionales sur les ressources en eau. Dans toute la Cordillère Blanche, les apports en eau souterraine en provenance des complexes de prairies et talus alpins, localement connus sous le nom de pampas, alimentent les cours d’eau pro-glaciaires jusqu’à 80% de leur débit durant la saison sèche de la région. La connaissance de la structure des aquifères de pampa est nécessaire à l’estimation de leur capacité de stockage en eau souterraine mobilisable et du temps de résidence, afin de clarifier le rôle et l’importance du stockage des eaux souterraines alpines dans le bilan de l’eau à l’échelle régionale de la Cordillère Blanche. Pour comprendre la structure de ces aquifères pro-glaciaires, plusieurs méthodes géophysiques de proche surface ont été mises en œuvre dans une vallée pro-glaciaire à proximité de réseaux denses d’affluents alimentés par des sources. Les résultats de la géophysique et les diagraphies en forages suggèrent que les eaux souterraines sont stockées dans un aquifère captif constitué par des dépôts de pente enfouis sous des argiles lacustres, alors que les parties plus profondes de cette unité, à 10 à 15 m de profondeur, sont relativement exemptes d’argiles et plus conductrices sur le plan hydraulique. Sur la base de ces conclusions et des hypothèses sur la porosité de l’aquifère, les pampas de Callejon de Huaylas peuvent stocker de 0.006 à 0.02 km3 d’eau souterraine. Qui plus est, ces résultats semblent indiquer que les aquifères de talus de la Cordillère Blanche se sont constitués dans des lacs pro-glaciaires, remplis par la suite par des sédiments lacustres fins qui confinent les unités inférieures et orientent l’évacuation des eaux souterraines vers les sources, par la voie des macropores et des cheminements préférentiels.

Resumen

La dramática pérdida de masa glacial en latitudes bajas está causando cambios en la disponibilidad y uso del agua río abajo durante los meses más secos del año. La mayor concentración de glaciares tropicales del mundo se encuentra en la Cordillera Blanca de Perú, donde el escurrimiento glaciar está disminuyendo y están surgiendo tensiones regionales sobre los recursos hídricos. A lo largo de la Cordillera Blanca, los aportes de agua subterránea en los complejos montañosos de praderas y taludes, conocidos localmente como pampas, abastecen a los arroyos proglaciares con hasta el 80% de su caudal durante la estación seca de la región. El conocimiento estructural de los acuíferos pampa es necesario para estimar su capacidad de almacenamiento de agua subterránea drenable y el tiempo de residencia, para dilucidar el papel y la importancia del almacenamiento de agua subterránea montañosa en el balance hídrico regional de la Cordillera Blanca. Para comprender la estructura de estos acuíferos proglaciares, se implementaron múltiples métodos geofísicos cerca de la superficie en un valle proglaciar cerca de densas redes de afluentes alimentados por manantiales. Los resultados geofísicos y los registros de la perforación sugieren que el agua subterránea se almacena en un acuífero confinado compuesto de depósitos de taludes enterrados cubiertos por arcilla lacustre, mientras que las porciones más profundas de la unidad, de 10 a 15 m de profundidad, están relativamente libres de arcilla y son más conductivas hidráulicamente. Con base en estos hallazgos y supuestos de porosidad del acuífero, las pampas del Callejón de Huaylas pueden almacenar entre 0.006 y 0.02 km3 de agua subterránea. Además, estos hallazgos sugieren que los acuíferos de taludes de la Cordillera Blanca se formaron en lagos proglaciares, seguidos de un relleno con sedimentos lacustres finos que confinan las unidades inferiores y permiten la descarga de agua subterránea a los manantiales a través de macroporos y flujo preferencial.

摘要

低纬度地区冰川的急剧减少导致一年中最干旱月份时下游水资源可利用性和供给发生变化。世界上最大的热带冰川位于秘鲁布兰卡山脉,那里的冰川径流正在减少,水资源供给正出现区域性压力。在整个布兰卡山脉,来自高山草甸—草原复合体(当地称为潘帕斯草原)的地下水入渗在该地区旱季提供了高达80%的冰川径流。需要对潘帕斯草原含水层进行系统了解,以估算其可开采的地下水储存能力和停留时间,从而阐明高山地下水储存在布兰卡山脉区域水均衡中的作用和重要性。为了理解冰川前缘含水层的结构,在靠近春季支流的密集河网地区的一个冰前山谷中开展了多种近地表地球物理勘查工作。地球物理结果和钻孔测井表明,地下水储存在由湖相粘土覆盖的掩埋坡积沉积物组成的承压含水层,而在10至15米的深度范围相对无粘土且更有更好的水力传导性。根据这些发现和含水层孔隙度的假设,Callejon de Huaylas的潘帕斯草原可以储存0.006至0.02 km3的地下水。此外,研究结果表明,布兰卡山脉的坡积含水层是在冰川前缘湖泊形成的,然后填充了隔离下层单元的细颗粒湖泊沉积物,并允许地下水通过大孔和优先流动向泉排泄。

Resumo

A perda dramática de massa glacial em baixas latitudes está causando trocas na disponibilidade de água em fluxo descendente e utilização durante os meses mais secos do ano. A maior concentração de glaciares tropicais do mundo está na Cordillera Blanca no Peru, onde o escoamento glacial está diminuindo e os estresses regionais sobre os recursos hídricos estão aumentando. Ao longo da Cordillera Blanca, entradas de águas subterrâneas dos complexos talude-pradarias alpinas, localmente conhecidas como pampas, abastecem córregos proglaciais com até 80% do seu fluxo durante a estação seca da região. Conhecimento estrutural dos aquíferos do pampa é necessário para estimar a capacidade de armazenamento drenável das águas subterrâneas e tempo de residente, para elucidar o papel e importância do armazenamento das águas subterrâneas alpinas no balanço hídrico regional da Cordillera Blanca. Para entender a estrutura desses aquíferos proglaciais, métodos geofísicos múltiplos próximos à superfície foram implementados em um vale proglacial próximo à redes densas de tributários alimentados por nascentes. Os resultados geofísicos e registros de poços sugerem que as águas subterrâneas são armazenadas em um aquífero confinado composto por depósitos de taludes enterrados sobre argila lacustre, enquanto porções mais profundas da unidade, 10 a 15 m em profundidade, são, respectivamente, sem argila e mais condutor hidraulicamente. Baseado nessas descobertas e suposições da porosidade do aquífero, os pampas de Callejon de Huaylas pode armazenar de 0.006 à 0.02 km3 de águas subterrâneas. Além disso, essas descobertas sugerem que os aquíferos de talude da Cordillera Blanca foram formados em lagos proglaciais, seguidos de preenchimento de sedimentos lacustres finos que confinam unidades mais baixas e permitem a descarga das águas subterrâneas em nascentes via macro poros e fluxo preferencial.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Martin Briggs, Adam Emmer, William Kochtitzky, and an anonymous reviewer for improving the quality of this paper. Additionally we would like to acknowledge W. Steven Holbrook for instructional and technical support throughout the process of data collection and analysis.

Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government.

Funding

This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation [Grant No. DGE-1449617 and EAR-1316429]. Research for this project was also supported by a student research grant from the Geological Society of America and by the Syracuse University EMPOWER program.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth Sciences, Syracuse University, 204 Heroy Geology Laboratory, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA

    Robin Glas, Laura Lautz & Robert Moucha

  2. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, 3450 University Street, Montréal, QC, H3A 0E8, Canada

    Jeffrey McKenzie & Daniel Chavez

  3. Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, 1136 Derby Hall, 154 North Oval Mall, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA

    Bryan Mark

  4. Earth System Processes Division, U.S. Geological Survey, Hydrogeophysics Branch, 11 Sherman Place, Unit 12 5015, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA

    John W. Lane Jr

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  1. Robin Glas
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  2. Laura Lautz
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  3. Jeffrey McKenzie
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Correspondence to Robin Glas.

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Glas, R., Lautz, L., McKenzie, J. et al. Hydrogeology of an alpine talus aquifer: Cordillera Blanca, Peru. Hydrogeol J 27, 2137–2154 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-01982-5

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