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Revisiting groundwater overdraft based on the experience of the Mancha Occidental Aquifer, Spain

Revisiter la surexploitation des eaux souterraines à partir de l’expérience de l’aquifère de la Mancha occidentale, Espagne

Reflexiones sobre el concepto de sobreexplotación de acuíferos en relación al caso del acuífero de la Mancha Occidental, España

根据西班牙Mancha Occidental含水层的经历重新调查地下水超采情况

Revisitando a exploração exagerada das águas subterrâneas baseado na experiência do Aquífero Mancha Ocidental, Espanha

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Abstract

Aquifers provide a reliable freshwater source in arid and semiarid regions, where droughts are common and irrigated crops present significant water requirements, so intensive pumping is generally needed. Over-extraction leads to dropping water tables, which in turn threatens the survival of groundwater-dependent ecosystems and water supplies. This calls for strategies to channel hydrological, environmental, agricultural, political and social change. Based on the experience of the Mancha Occidental aquifer, Spain, this paper explores some of the complexities of managing groundwater, dealing with the long-term changes that intensive groundwater use has generated in the region. The Mancha experience shows how environmental conservation may drive social and economic change at the regional scale for periods spanning several decades. What makes this case study unique, however, is the combination of social and environmental conflicts, most of which stem from the prevalence of illegal water use, and their detrimental effect on Ramsar wetlands. The situation exposed a paradox, namely that subsidies for farmers to cut down on water use were actually detrimental to the welfare of groundwater-dependent ecosystems. The unexpected (and timely) occurrence of extreme rainfall events in recent times, after 40 years of ineffective management measures and sustained environmental degradation, enabled the aquifer and its associated wetlands to recover spectacularly to a near-pristine condition. As groundwater-dependent wetlands are highly sensitive ecosystems, it is concluded that it is up to society to decide how much environmental damage can be tolerated in exchange for the social and economic benefits of groundwater-based development.

Résumé

Les aquifères fournissent une ressource en eau douce dans les régions arides et semi-arides, où les sécheresses sont fréquentes et où les cultures irriguées présentent des besoins en eau importants, de sorte que des pompages intensifs sont généralement nécessaires. La surexploitation entraîne une chute des niveaux des nappes phréatiques, ce qui menace à son tour la survie des écosystèmes tributaires des eaux souterraines ainsi que l’approvisionnement en eau. Cela demande des stratégies pour canaliser les changements hydrologiques, environnementaux, agricoles, politiques et sociaux. A partir de l’expérience de l’aquifère de la Mancha Occidentale en Espagne, cet article explore certaines des complexités de la gestion des eaux souterraines, traitant des changements à long terme générés par l’utilization intensive des eaux souterraines dans la région. L’expérience de la Mancha montre comment la conservation environnementale peut conduire à des changements socio-économiques à l’échelle régionale pour des périodes couvrant plusieurs décennies. Ce qui rend cette étude de cas unique, cependant, est. la combinaison des conflits sociaux et environnementaux, dont la plupart provient de la prévalence de l’utilization illégale de l’eau, et de son effet néfaste sur les zones humides Ramsar. La situation a révélé un paradoxe, à savoir que les subventions aux agriculteurs pour réduire l’utilization de l’eau étaient actuellement au détriment du bon état des zones humides. L’apparition inattendue (et opportune) d’événements pluvieux extrêmes ces derniers temps, après 40 ans de mesures de gestion inefficaces et une dégradation soutenue de l’environnement, a permis à l’aquifère et aux zones humides associées de se rétablir de façon spectaculaire, proche des conditions non influencées. Etant donné que les zones humides tributaires des eaux souterraines sont des écosystèmes très sensibles, on peut conclure qu’il appartient à la société de décider de la quantité de dommages environnementaux qui peut être toléré en échange des avantages socio-économiques d’un développement basé sur les eaux souterraines.

Resumen

Las aguas subterráneas proporcionan una fuente fiable de agua en regiones áridas y semiáridas, donde las sequías son frecuentes y resulta necesaria la actividad de regadío. El uso intensivo de las aguas subterráneas se traduce habitualmente en descensos de nivel, lo que amenaza tanto la supervivencia de los ecosistemas acuáticos de superficie asociados a los acuíferos como la propia existencia del recurso. Así, es necesario desarrollar estrategias que permitan canalizar los cambios de tipo hidrogeológico, ambiental, económico, social y político. Tomando como referencia el caso del acuífero de la Mancha Occidental, España, este artículo explora algunos de los aspectos más complejos de la gestión de las aguas subterráneas, poniendo en énfasis en los cambios que el bombeo intensivo ha generado en la región en las últimas décadas. Lo que convierte este caso en algo inusual y digno de estudio es la combinación de conflictos entre desarrollo y medio ambiente, muchos de los cuales se derivan del uso ilegal de las aguas subterráneas. Esto se ha traducido en importantes descensos de nivel (decenas de metros en algunos casos) que han causado importantes daños a humedales Ramsar. La inesperada recuperación del sistema en tiempos recientes, tras cuarenta años de sobreexplotación, ha tenido como resultado una mejora significativa, si bien posiblemente puntual, en el estado de los humedales. Sabiendo que estos últimos son altamente sensibles, incluso cuando el bombeo de agua subterránea es moderado, se concluye que es la sociedad quien debe decidir el grado de degradación ambiental que puede tolerarse a cambio de los cuantiosos beneficios sociales y económicos del uso intensivo de los acuíferos.

摘要

在旱灾频繁及农作物需求大量水的干旱和半干旱地区,含水层提供了可靠的淡水水源,因此,通常需要大量抽取地下水。过量开采导致水位下降,反过来,水位下降威胁到了依赖于地下水的生态系统的生存及供水。这就需要引导水文、环境、农业、政治和社会方面发生变化的策略。根据西班牙Mancha Occidental含水层的经历,本文通过研究该地区大量利用地下水产生的长期变化探索了管理地下水的复杂性。Mancha的经历显示了环境保持在几十年的岁月中是怎样引起区域尺度上的社会和经济变化的。然而,使本研究案例独一无二的就是社会和环境冲突及其这些冲突对Ramsar湿地负面影响的组合,大部分冲突起源于很普遍的非法用水。情况暴露了似是而非的论点,这就是对农民减少用水的补贴实际上对湿地的福利有害。无效管理措施及持续的环境退化40年之后,近年来极端降雨事件的意外(及时)出现使含水层及其相关湿地竟然恢复到近原始状态。因为依赖于地下水的湿地是高度敏感的生态系统,因此,结论就是,由社会来决定在基于地下水发展的社会和经济利益交换中多少环境损失可以忍受。

Resumo

Aquíferos provêm uma fonte segura de águas doces em regiões áridas e semiáridas, onde secas são comuns e campos irrigados apresentam necessidades hídricas importantes, sendo então o bombeamento intensivo geralmente necessário. Superexploração leva a níveis freáticos em queda, o que, por sua vez, ameaça a sobrevivência dos ecossistemas dependentes das águas subterrâneas e do abastecimento de água. Isso exige estratégias que direcionem mudanças hidrológicas, ambientais, agrícolas, políticas e sociais. Com base na experiência do aquífero Mancha Ocidental, na Espanha, este trabalho explora algumas das complexidades da gestão das águas subterrâneas, lidando com as mudanças de longo prazo que o uso intensivo de águas subterrâneas gerou na região. A experiência da Mancha mostra como a conservação ambiental pode impulsionar a mudança social e econômica na escala regional por períodos que variam várias décadas. O que torna este estudo de caso único, no entanto, é a combinação de conflitos sociais e ambientais, a maioria decorrente da prevalência do uso ilegal de água e seu efeito prejudicial nas áreas úmidas de Ramsar. A situação expôs um paradoxo, a saber, que os subsídios aos agricultores para reduzir o uso da água eram realmente prejudiciais ao bem-estar das áreas húmidas. A ocorrência inesperada (e atempada) de eventos de precipitação extrema nos últimos tempos, após 40 anos de medidas de manejo ineficazes e degradação ambiental sustentada, permitiu que o aquífero e suas áreas úmidas associadas se recuperassem espetacularmente até uma condição quase intocada. Como as zonas úmidas dependentes das águas subterrâneas são ecossistemas altamente sensíveis, conclui-se que cabe à sociedade decidir quanto dano ambiental pode ser tolerado em troca dos benefícios sociais e econômicos do desenvolvimento baseado nas águas subterrâneas.

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Funding

This research was carried out under grant number CGL2011-30302-C02-01 by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain.

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Martínez-Santos, P., Castaño-Castaño, S. & Hernández-Espriú, A. Revisiting groundwater overdraft based on the experience of the Mancha Occidental Aquifer, Spain. Hydrogeol J 26, 1083–1097 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1735-0

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