A Common “Stripmap-Like” Interferometric Processing Chain for TOPS and ScanSAR Wide Swath Mode
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. An Introduction to ScanSAR and TOPS
1.2. A “Stripmap-like” Processing Chain for TOPS and ScanSAR
- Designing the user-friendly “stripmap-like” interface for processing the wide swath mode. As mentioned above, this interface, including the processing steps and all outcomes, will be identical to processing a stripmap;
- Designing the common processing chain for ScanSAR and TOPS. Although ScanSAR and TOPS work differently in terms of imaging, a common processing chain is feasible because the two systems share a large portion of similarities and their impulse response functions (IRFs) are almost identical. Hence, the processing flow could be commonly used for both systems;
- In addition, we propose a simple method for correcting the miscoregistration residual that is estimated during the ESD step. This method does not require a resampling of the slave SLC using the conventional interpolation methods, but only requires a modulation in the frequency domain. This method will be more efficient because it only requires a point-wise multiplication in the time domain.
2. Burst Nature and Impulse Response Function of Wide Swath Mode
2.1. Bursts Nature and Impulse Response Function of Sentinel TOPS
- This equation is the most important point in this article. Everything hereinafter is based on this equation: stitching, deramping, coregistration, etc. This equation is what makes TOPS different from the stripmap mode. However, the equation is really very simple, elegant and the only difference between TOPS and stripmap [37] is the last term in the equation, the quadratic phase term . The intuitive understanding of this term is the extra doppler introduced by the steering of the antenna along the azimuth.
- This extra quadratic phase term is also a legitimate measurement of the slant-range distance to the point target and it provides the real distance for the zero doppler geometry [16]. Therefore, this term needs to be preserved and can not be discarded if we want to do interferometry.
- This quadratic phase term is azimuth dependent and is responsible for the high coregistration accuracy requirement along the azimuth direction. For example, in the presence of a miscoregistration time of in the azimuth direction, the interferometric phase error would become and varies with azimuth time . A special coregistration method, enhanced spectral diversity (ESD), is required for perfect spectral alignment. In addition, this quadratic phase term exceeds the PRF. By Nyquist sampling theorem, when the bandwidth exceeds sampling rate (in complex domain), an alias occurs when resampling. To work around, the quadratic term and baseband term needs to be resampled separately. This is well known as the deramping and reramping process.
2.2. Bursts Nature and Impulse Response Function of ScanSAR
2.3. Similarities between TOPS and ScanSAR
3. The Interferometric Processing Flow
3.1. Stitching Bursts
3.1.1. TOPS
3.1.2. ScanSAR
3.2. Deramp
3.2.1. TOPS
- TOPS is zero doppler steered, and is very close to zero. For the resampling process, it is not necessary to demodulate azimuth frequency to baseband, since the PRF (486 Hz) of TOPS system left enough margin in azimuth bandwidth (313 Hz). However, when one is using S1A or S1B data from their commissioning phase (S1A is before September 2014, S1B is before September 2016), it has been reported that the doppler centroid frequency could exceed 100 Hz [13,40]. In such cases, it is advised to also demodulate to baseband before the resampling process.
- Figure 9e,f shows that the range spectrum is baseband. This means that no extra care needs to be taken during the resampling process on the range direction.
3.2.2. ScanSAR
3.3. Initial Coregistration and Reramping
- The accuracy of the geometrical method does not depend on the size of the processing area. Thus, one can apply this coregistration method to each individual burst. On the other side, if one uses the cross-correlation-and-linear-transformation method in the coregistration step, then coregistering the stitched SLC image will have a better accuracy than applying the coregistration with respect to each individual bursts because the coregistration accuracy in general increases with the image size. Stitching the bursts together will give us a bigger image and thus a better coregistration accuracy than performing the coregistration burst by burst.
3.4. Enhanced Spectral Diversity and a Quick Implementation of Correcting the Coregistration Error
3.4.1. TOPS
3.4.2. ScanSAR
4. Comparison between the Conventional Method and Proposed Method with Real Data
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. TOPS Interferogram Examples
Appendix B. ScanSAR Interferogram Example
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Qin, Y.; Perissin, D.; Bai, J. A Common “Stripmap-Like” Interferometric Processing Chain for TOPS and ScanSAR Wide Swath Mode. Remote Sens. 2018, 10, 1504. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10101504
Qin Y, Perissin D, Bai J. A Common “Stripmap-Like” Interferometric Processing Chain for TOPS and ScanSAR Wide Swath Mode. Remote Sensing. 2018; 10(10):1504. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10101504
Chicago/Turabian StyleQin, Yuxiao, Daniele Perissin, and Jing Bai. 2018. "A Common “Stripmap-Like” Interferometric Processing Chain for TOPS and ScanSAR Wide Swath Mode" Remote Sensing 10, no. 10: 1504. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10101504