MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

41 pages, 8014 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of a Nutritional Intervention on Glycemic Control and Cardiovascular Risk Markers in Type 2 Diabetes

by Tatiana Palotta Minari, Carolina Freitas Manzano, Lúcia Helena Bonalume Tácito, Louise Buonalumi Tácito Yugar, Luis Gustavo Sedenho-Prado, Tatiane de Azevedo Rubio, Antônio Carlos Pires, José Fernando Vilela-Martin, Luciana Neves Cosenso-Martin, Heitor Moreno and Juan Carlos Yugar-Toledo

Nutrients 2024, 16(9), 1378; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091378 (registering DOI) - 01 May 2024

Abstract

Introduction: Nutritional management plays a crucial role in treating patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), working to prevent and control the progression of chronic non-communicable diseases. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of individualized nutritional interventions on weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference [...] Read more.

Introduction: Nutritional management plays a crucial role in treating patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), working to prevent and control the progression of chronic non-communicable diseases. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of individualized nutritional interventions on weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), fasting blood glucose (FBG), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TGs), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR)} over 12 months and subsequently at follow-up (15 months). Methods: This longitudinal experimental study (without randomization and blinding) enrolled 84 sedentary participants with T2D (both sexes, aged 18–80 years). They were divided into a control group of 40 participants who received only medical consultations, and an intervention group of 44 participants who received the same medical care along with a nutritional assessment. Consultations occurred quarterly from August 2020 to November 2022 (first–twelfth month), with six to nine patients per session. Subsequently, a follow-up was conducted from December 2022 to November 2023, during which the intervention group had only medical care (during the 12th–15th months). Personalized dietary planning was inspired by the Mediterranean/DASH diets adapted to Brazilian foods and socioeconomic cultures. Statistical Analysis: Normal variables were compared between groups for each time point and also within each group across different time points using a two-way ANOVA (repeated measures for intragroup) followed by the Šídák post hoc test. Non-normal variables were compared between groups for each time point using Kruskal–Wallis followed by the Dunn post hoc test, and within each group across different time points using Friedman followed by the Dunn post hoc test. Data with a Gaussian distribution were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD), and data with a non-Gaussian distribution were presented as median ± interquartile range (IQR). For all cases, α < 0.05 and p < 0.05 were adopted. Results: In the intervention group, significant reductions were observed between the first and twelfth month for all parameters (p < 0.05), (except for TC), along with an increase in HDL-C (p = 0.0105). Conversely, in the control group, there was a significant increase in HbA1c, weight, BMI, FBG, and WHR (p < 0.05) between the first and twelfth months. Regarding the comparison between groups, there was a significant difference for all analyzed parameters (p < 0.05) from the first to the twelfth month. In the follow-up, differences were also observed (p < 0.05), except for BMI (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The individualized nutritional intervention improved eating habits, anthropometric, biochemical, and cardiovascular markers in T2D over 12 months, with sustained results during follow-up. The dietary plan inspired by the Mediterranean and DASH diets demonstrated good adaptation to the Brazilian food culture and the patients’ socioeconomic contexts. Consistent monitoring and personalized nutritional management are essential for optimizing long-term outcomes. However, more clinical trials are necessary in order to optimize the level of evidence for longitudinal interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Interventions for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes)

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25 pages, 704 KiB

Open AccessReview

How We Interpret Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome?

by Shinya Yamada and Hidesaku Asakura

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(9), 4956; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094956 (registering DOI) - 01 May 2024

Abstract

Platelets play an important role in hemostasis, and a low platelet count usually increases the risk of bleeding. Conditions in which thrombosis occurs despite low platelet counts are referred to as thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome, including heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia, paroxysmal [...] Read more.

Platelets play an important role in hemostasis, and a low platelet count usually increases the risk of bleeding. Conditions in which thrombosis occurs despite low platelet counts are referred to as thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome, including heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, antiphospholipid syndrome, thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), and disseminated intravascular coagulation. TMA includes thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), and atypical HUS. Patients with these pathologies present with thrombosis and consumptive thrombocytopenia associated with the activation of platelets and the coagulation system. Treatment varies from disease to disease, and many diseases have direct impacts on mortality and organ prognosis if therapeutic interventions are not promptly implemented. Underlying diseases and the results of physical examinations and general laboratory tests as part of a thorough workup for patients should promptly lead to therapeutic intervention before definitive diagnosis. For some diseases, the diagnosis and initial treatment must proceed in parallel. Utilization of not only laboratory tests but also various scoring systems is important for validating therapeutic interventions based on clinical information. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Immunology in Hematological Disorders 2.0)

21 pages, 19340 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Objective Video Quality Assessment Method for Object Recognition Tasks

by Mikołaj Leszczuk, Lucjan Janowski, Jakub Nawała and Atanas Boev

Electronics 2024, 13(9), 1750; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13091750 (registering DOI) - 01 May 2024

Abstract

In the field of video quality assessment for object recognition tasks, accurately predicting the impact of different quality factors on recognition algorithms remains a significant challenge. Our study introduces a novel evaluation framework designed to address this gap by focussing on machine vision [...] Read more.

In the field of video quality assessment for object recognition tasks, accurately predicting the impact of different quality factors on recognition algorithms remains a significant challenge. Our study introduces a novel evaluation framework designed to address this gap by focussing on machine vision rather than human perceptual quality metrics. We used advanced machine learning models and custom Video Quality Indicators to enhance the predictive accuracy of object recognition performance under various conditions. Our results indicate a model performance, achieving a mean square error (MSE) of 672.4 and a correlation coefficient of 0.77, which underscores the effectiveness of our approach in real-world scenarios. These findings highlight not only the robustness of our methodology but also its potential applicability in critical areas such as surveillance and telemedicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning, Image Analysis and IoT Applications in Industry)

16 pages, 6738 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Predicting Welding Deformation in Automated Laser Welding Processes with an Enhanced DEWOA-BP Algorithm

by Xuejian Zhang, Xiaobing Hu, Hang Li, Zheyuan Zhang, Haijun Chen and Hong Sun

Machines 2024, 12(5), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12050307 (registering DOI) - 01 May 2024

Abstract

Welding stands as a critical focus for the intelligent and digital transformation of the machinery industry, with automated laser welding playing a pivotal role in the sector’s technological advancement. The management of welding deformation in such operations is fundamental, relying on advanced analysis [...] Read more.

Welding stands as a critical focus for the intelligent and digital transformation of the machinery industry, with automated laser welding playing a pivotal role in the sector’s technological advancement. The management of welding deformation in such operations is fundamental, relying on advanced analysis and prediction methods. The endeavor to accurately analyze welding deformation in practical applications is compounded by the interplay of numerous variables, a pronounced coupling effect among these factors, and a reliance on expert intuition. Thus, effective deformation control in automated laser welding operations necessitates the gathering of pre-test laser welding data to develop a predictive approach that accurately reflects real-world conditions and is characterized by improved reliability and stability. To address the technological evolution in automated laser welding, a predictive model based on neural network technology is proposed to map the intricate relationship between process variables and the resulting deformation. At the heart of this approach is the formulation of a predictive model utilizing a back-propagation neural network (BP), with an emphasis on four essential welding parameters: speed, peak power, duty cycle, and defocusing amount. The model’s predictive accuracy is then honed through the application of the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) and the differential evolutionary (DE) algorithm. Finally, extensive testing in an automated laser welding experimental setup is conducted to validate the accuracy and reliability of the proposed prediction model. It is demonstrated through these experiments that the deformation prediction model, enhanced by the DEWOA-BP neural network, accurately forecasts the relationship between laser welding parameters and the induced deformation, maintaining a prediction error margin of ±0.1mm. The model is employed to fulfill the requirements for a pre-welding quality evaluation, thereby facilitating a more calculated and informed approach to welding operations. This method of intelligent prediction is not only crucial for the intelligent transformation of laser welding but also holds significant implications for traditional machining technologies such as milling, grinding, and spraying. It offers innovative ideas and methods that are pivotal for the industrial revolution and technological advancement of the traditional machining industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Paradigms, Systems and Enabling Technologies for Product Life Cycle)

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32 pages, 13856 KiB

Open AccessReview

Processing Techniques and Metallurgical Perspectives and Their Potential Correlation in Aluminum Bottle Manufacturing for Sustainable Packaging Solutions

by Mousa Javidani, Siamak Nikzad Khangholi and Alain Chapdelaine

Crystals 2024, 14(5), 434; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14050434 (registering DOI) - 01 May 2024

Abstract

This study explores the potential of aluminum wine bottles as a sustainable alternative to traditional glass bottles, emphasizing their recyclability and environmental advantages. It reviews the potential use of Al-Mn-Mg 3xxx alloys in beverage can bodies and examines various applications of aluminum containers [...] Read more.

This study explores the potential of aluminum wine bottles as a sustainable alternative to traditional glass bottles, emphasizing their recyclability and environmental advantages. It reviews the potential use of Al-Mn-Mg 3xxx alloys in beverage can bodies and examines various applications of aluminum containers in packaging, including recyclable beverage containers. The manufacturing processes for aluminum bottles, including casting, rolling, punching, and deformation techniques, are discussed in detail, with a particular focus on their impact on mechanical properties and microstructure. The preference for 1xxx aluminum alloys in impact extrusion is explained, highlighting their lower flow stress and higher formability compared to 3xxx alloys, and the microstructural changes induced by various processing steps are analyzed. Challenges related to using recycled aluminum and their effects on mechanical properties and microstructure during aluminum bottle production are also addressed. One objective is to increase the proportion of recycled alloyed material used in aluminum bottle manufacturing. Depending on the technique employed, the fraction of alloyed recycled material can vary. The percentage of recycled alloyed material (3xxx series Al alloys) in cold backward impact extrusion could be raised by 60%. High-speed blow forming could facilitate the production of aluminum bottles with a recycled alloyed material ranging from 50 to 100% of the 3xxx series aluminum can body alloys. The high-speed drawing and ironing (DWI) process can produce large-format aluminum bottles (up to 750 mL), utilizing at least 90% of the recycled 3xxx series can body stock. Furthermore, the paper discusses the importance of optimized heat treatment designs in enhancing mechanical properties and controlling microstructural evolution in alloyed aluminum materials, such as 3xxx series alloys. The study concludes with a need for further research to deepen our understanding of the metallurgical aspects of aluminum bottle manufacturing and to optimize the use of recycled aluminum in packaging solutions, with a specific focus on improving mechanical properties and microstructural integrity. This comprehensive review aims to contribute to the development of more sustainable packaging practices in the beverage industry by providing insights into the interplay between manufacturing processes, mechanical properties, and microstructure of aluminum bottles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Light Alloys)

27 pages, 6050 KiB

Open AccessReview

Superhydrophobic Non-Metallic Surfaces with Multiscale Nano/Micro-Structure: Fabrication and Application

by Qi Guo, Jieyin Ma, Tianjun Yin, Haichuan Jin, Jiaxiang Zheng and Hui Gao

Molecules 2024, 29(9), 2098; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29092098 (registering DOI) - 01 May 2024

Abstract

Multiscale nano/micro-structured surfaces with superhydrophobicity are abundantly observed in nature such as lotus leaves, rose petals and butterfly wings, where microstructures typically reinforce mechanical stability, while nanostructures predominantly govern wettability. To emulate such hierarchical structures in nature, various methods have been widely applied [...] Read more.

Multiscale nano/micro-structured surfaces with superhydrophobicity are abundantly observed in nature such as lotus leaves, rose petals and butterfly wings, where microstructures typically reinforce mechanical stability, while nanostructures predominantly govern wettability. To emulate such hierarchical structures in nature, various methods have been widely applied in the past few decades to the manufacture of multiscale structures which can be applied to functionalities ranging from anti-icing and water–oil separation to self-cleaning. In this review, we highlight recent advances in nano/micro-structured superhydrophobic surfaces, with particular focus on non-metallic materials as they are widely used in daily life due to their lightweight, abrasion resistance and ease of processing properties. This review is organized into three sections. First, fabrication methods of multiscale hierarchical structures are introduced with their strengths and weaknesses. Second, four main application areas of anti-icing, water–oil separation, anti-fog and self-cleaning are overviewed by assessing how and why multiscale structures need to be incorporated to carry out their performances. Finally, future directions and challenges for nano/micro-structured surfaces are presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wettability Control Materials: Synthesis, Characterization, Properties and Applications)

18 pages, 1101 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The New Buffer Salt-Protected Sodium Butyrate Promotes Growth Performance by Improving Intestinal Histomorphology, Barrier Function, Antioxidative Capacity, and Microbiota Community of Broilers

by Mebratu Melaku, Dan Su, Huaibao Zhao, Ruqing Zhong, Teng Ma, Bao Yi, Liang Chen and Hongfu Zhang

Biology 2024, 13(5), 317; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13050317 (registering DOI) - 01 May 2024

Abstract

In this study, a commercial sodium butyrate protected by a new buffer salt solution (NSB) was tested to determine whether it can be used as an antibiotic alternative in broiler production. A total of 192 1-day-old broilers were randomly allocated to three dietary [...] Read more.

In this study, a commercial sodium butyrate protected by a new buffer salt solution (NSB) was tested to determine whether it can be used as an antibiotic alternative in broiler production. A total of 192 1-day-old broilers were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments: soybean meal diet (CON), antibiotic diet (ANT, basal diet + 100 mg/kg aureomycin), and NSB (basal diet + 800 mg/kg NSB). The growth performance, serum anti-inflammatory cytokines, intestinal morphology, gut barrier function, antioxidative parameters, SCFAs’ content, and cecal microbiota were analyzed. The result showed that NSB significantly improved ADFI and ADG (p < 0.01), and decreased FCR (p < 0.01). Serum anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was up-regulated (p < 0.01), and pro-inflammatory TNF-α was down-regulated (p < 0.05) by NSB supplementation. H&E results showed that VH and the VH/CD ratio significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the jejunum and ileum in the NSB group. Furthermore, ZO-1 (p < 0.01), claudin-1 (p < 0.01), and occludin (p < 0.05) in the jejunum and claudin-1 (p < 0.01) and mucin-2 (p < 0.05) in the ileum were significantly up-regulated in the NSB group. Additionally, SOD (p < 0.05) and the T-AOC/MDA ratio (p < 0.01) in the jejunum and SOD in the ileum were significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the NSB group. The MDA level also significantly increased (p < 0.01) in the ANT group in the jejunum. Propionic acid (p < 0.05) and butyric acid (p < 0.01) content significantly increased in the NSB group in the jejunum and ileum segments. The 16S rRNA sequencing results showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) in alpha and beta diversity among the groups. LEFSe analysis also indicated that Peptostreptococcaceae, Colidextribacter, Firmicutes, Oscillospira, and Erysipelatoclostridiaceae, which promote SCFA production (p < 0.05), were identified as dominant taxon-enriched bacterial genera in the NSB group. The Spearman correlation analysis revealed that Colidextribacter with ADFI, ADG, VH, claudin-1 (p < 0.05), and unclassified_f__Peptostreptococcaceae with ADFI, IL-10, and ZO-1 were positively correlated (p < 0.05). Furthermore, ADFI and ADG with IL-10, claudin-1, SOD, T-AOC, and butyric acid (p < 0.05), and similarly, ADG with VH (p < 0.05), showed a positive correlation. In conclusion, NSB enhanced the growth performance by improving jejunum and ileum morphology, and serum anti-inflammatory cytokines, and by regulating the intestinal barrier function and antioxidant capacity, SCFAs’ content, and cecum microbiota, showing its potential use as an alternative to antibiotics in poultry nutrition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monogastric Animals Nutrition: From Molecular Nutrition to Prevention of Disease)

19 pages, 6466 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MSFA-Net: A Multiscale Feature Aggregation Network for Semantic Segmentation of Historical Building Point Clouds

by Ruiju Zhang, Yaqian Xue, Jian Wang, Daixue Song, Jianghong Zhao and Lei Pang

Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1285; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051285 (registering DOI) - 01 May 2024

Abstract

In recent years, research on the preservation of historical architecture has gained significant attention, where the effectiveness of semantic segmentation is particularly crucial for subsequent repair, protection, and 3D reconstruction. Given the sparse and uneven nature of large-scale historical building point cloud scenes, [...] Read more.

In recent years, research on the preservation of historical architecture has gained significant attention, where the effectiveness of semantic segmentation is particularly crucial for subsequent repair, protection, and 3D reconstruction. Given the sparse and uneven nature of large-scale historical building point cloud scenes, most semantic segmentation methods opt to sample representative subsets of points, often leading to the loss of key features and insufficient segmentation accuracy of architectural components. Moreover, the geometric feature information at the junctions of components is cluttered and dense, resulting in poor edge segmentation. Based on this, this paper proposes a unique semantic segmentation network design called MSFA-Net. To obtain multiscale features and suppress irrelevant information, a double attention aggregation module is first introduced. Then, to enhance the model’s robustness and generalization capabilities, a contextual feature enhancement and edge interactive classifier module are proposed to train edge features and fuse the context data. Finally, to evaluate the performance of the proposed model, experiments were conducted on a self-curated ancient building dataset and the S3DIS dataset, achieving OA values of 95.2% and 88.7%, as well as mIoU values of 86.2% and 71.6%, respectively, further confirming the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Big Data and Machine/Deep Learning in Construction)

20 pages, 4242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Refining Localized Attention Features with Multi-Scale Relationships for Enhanced Deepfake Detection in Spatial-Frequency Domain

by Yuan Gao, Yu Zhang, Ping Zeng and Yingjie Ma

Electronics 2024, 13(9), 1749; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13091749 (registering DOI) - 01 May 2024

Abstract

The rapid advancement of deep learning and large-scale AI models has simplified the creation and manipulation of deepfake technologies, which generate, edit, and replace faces in images and videos. This gradual ease of use has turned the malicious application of forged faces into [...] Read more.

The rapid advancement of deep learning and large-scale AI models has simplified the creation and manipulation of deepfake technologies, which generate, edit, and replace faces in images and videos. This gradual ease of use has turned the malicious application of forged faces into a significant threat, complicating the task of deepfake detection. Despite the notable success of current deepfake detection methods, which predominantly employ data-driven CNN classification models, these methods exhibit limited generalization capabilities and insufficient robustness against novel data unseen during training. To tackle these challenges, this paper introduces a novel detection framework, ReLAF-Net. This framework employs a restricted self-attention mechanism that applies self-attention to deep CNN features flexibly, facilitating the learning of local relationships and inter-regional dependencies at both fine-grained and global levels. This attention mechanism has a modular design that can be seamlessly integrated into CNN networks to improve overall detection performance. Additionally, we propose an adaptive local frequency feature extraction algorithm that decomposes RGB images into fine-grained frequency domains in a data-driven manner, effectively isolating fake indicators in the frequency space. Moreover, an attention-based channel fusion strategy is developed to amalgamate RGB and frequency information, achieving a comprehensive facial representation. Tested on the high-quality version of the FaceForensics++ dataset, our method attained a detection accuracy of 97.92%, outperforming other approaches. Cross-dataset validation on Celeb-DF, DFDC, and DFD confirms the robust generalizability, offering a new solution for detecting high-quality deepfake videos. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning in Image Processing and Computer Vision)

19 pages, 8914 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Analysis and Field-Programmable Gate Array Implementation of a 5D Fractional-Order Memristive Hyperchaotic System with Multiple Coexisting Attractors

by Fei Yu, Wuxiong Zhang, Xiaoli Xiao, Wei Yao, Shuo Cai, Jin Zhang, Chunhua Wang and Yi Li

Fractal Fract. 2024, 8(5), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract8050271 (registering DOI) - 01 May 2024

Abstract

On the basis of the chaotic system proposed by Wang et al. in 2023, this paper constructs a 5D fractional-order memristive hyperchaotic system (FOMHS) with multiple coexisting attractors through coupling of magnetic control memristors and dimension expansion. Firstly, the divergence, Kaplan–Yorke dimension, and [...] Read more.

On the basis of the chaotic system proposed by Wang et al. in 2023, this paper constructs a 5D fractional-order memristive hyperchaotic system (FOMHS) with multiple coexisting attractors through coupling of magnetic control memristors and dimension expansion. Firstly, the divergence, Kaplan–Yorke dimension, and equilibrium stability of the chaotic model are studied. Subsequently, we explore the construction of the 5D FOMHS, introducing the definitions of the Caputo differential operator and the Riemann–Liouville integral operator and employing the Adomian resolving approach to decompose the linears, the nonlinears, and the constants of the system. The complex dynamic characteristics of the system are analyzed by phase diagrams, Lyapunov exponent spectra, time-domain diagrams, etc. Finally, the hardware circuit of the proposed 5D FOMHS is performed by FPGA, and its randomness is verified using the NIST tool. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fractional-Order Chaotic and Complex Systems)

22 pages, 1509 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Auditable Anonymous Electronic Examination

by Ádám Vécsi and Attila Pethő

Cryptography 2024, 8(2), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography8020019 (registering DOI) - 01 May 2024

Abstract

Ensuring security in electronic examination systems represents a significant challenge, particularly when practical considerations dictate that most involved parties cannot be fully trusted due to self-interest. To enhance the security, we introduce auditability to e-exam systems, enabling an auditing authority to verify the [...] Read more.

Ensuring security in electronic examination systems represents a significant challenge, particularly when practical considerations dictate that most involved parties cannot be fully trusted due to self-interest. To enhance the security, we introduce auditability to e-exam systems, enabling an auditing authority to verify the system integrity. This auditability not only ensures system robustness but also creates an opportunity to grant communication between candidates and examiners, allowing for clarification on unclear questions during exams. Additionally, the implementation of attribute-based certifications ensures anonymity for both candidates and examiners throughout all stages of the exam, with the option for revocation in case of audit-detected fraud. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Privacy-Enhancing Technologies for the Digital Age)

15 pages, 10043 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Structure and Properties of MoS₂ Coatings Obtained by Electrospark Alloying

by Oksana Haponova, Viacheslav Tarelnyk, Tomasz Mościcki, Nataliia Tarelnyk, Joanna Półrolniczak, Oleksandr Myslyvchenko, Bogusława Adamczyk-Cieślak and Joanna Sulej-Chojnacka

Coatings 2024, 14(5), 563; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14050563 (registering DOI) - 01 May 2024

Abstract

Electrospark coatings alloyed with MoS₂ have been studied. The coatings were obtained by the following two strategies: the first consisted of pre-applying molybdenum disulfide to the treated surface and alloying with a molybdenum electrode (Mo + MoS₂ coating); the second consisted [...] Read more.

Electrospark coatings alloyed with MoS₂ have been studied. The coatings were obtained by the following two strategies: the first consisted of pre-applying molybdenum disulfide to the treated surface and alloying with a molybdenum electrode (Mo + MoS₂ coating); the second consisted of applying a paste with a sulfur content of 33.3% to the treated surface and alloying with a molybdenum electrode (Mo + S coating). The structure, phase composition, and tribological properties of the coatings were investigated. The coatings have a complex structure consisting of an upper soft layer, a hardened white layer, a diffusion zone, and a substrate. Element analysis and cross-sectional hardness changes indicated that element diffusion occurred at the coating/substrate interface. The phase composition of the coatings is represented by BCC and FCC solid solutions on Fe, and MoS₂ is also detected. In Mo + S coatings, the molybdenum disulfide on the surface is about 8%; in Mo + MoS₂ coatings, it is 27%–46%. The obtained coatings show very good tribological properties compared to molybdenum ESA coatings. The frictional forces and coefficients are reduced by a factor of 10 and 40, depending on the test conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Surface Modification Using Concentrated Energy Flows)

15 pages, 2813 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Engine-Level Safety Assessment Approach of Sustainable Aviation Fuel Based on a Multi-Fidelity Aerodynamic Model

by Shuiting Ding, Qinglin Ma, Tian Qiu, Chenyu Gan and Xinming Wang

Sustainability 2024, 16(9), 3814; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093814 (registering DOI) - 01 May 2024

Abstract

Safety is essential for sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs). However, evaluating SAFs’ impacts on aero-engine safety is challenging because it involves multiple space scales and the strongly coupled relationships of aero-engine components. Aiming at addressing this problem, a model-based approach is proposed to establish [...] Read more.

Safety is essential for sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs). However, evaluating SAFs’ impacts on aero-engine safety is challenging because it involves multiple space scales and the strongly coupled relationships of aero-engine components. Aiming at addressing this problem, a model-based approach is proposed to establish the relationship between the fuel-level physical properties and engine-level safety parameters. Firstly, a unified modeling criterion is proposed to consider the interrelations of aero-engine components. Under this criterion, aero-engine secondary air system (SAS) components are included in SAF safety assessment, since they have non-neglectable influences on aero-engine safety. Secondly, this paper proposes a surrogate-based iteration strategy to embed the combustor’s high-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model into the aero-engine flow network model. Then, the proposed model-based safety assessment approach is applied to a Fischer–Tropsch hydro-processed synthesized paraffinic kerosine (F-T SPK) safety assessment case. The effects of fuel flow and blending ratio are considered. The results indicate the necessity to evaluate SAFs’ safety at the aero-engine level and consider the influences of SAS components. The proposed model-based approach may provide a preliminary screening before SAFs’ certification tests. This convenience may be beneficial for reducing the cost and accelerating SAFs’ application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality of Global Air-Transport Industry)

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20 pages, 614 KiB

Open AccessReview

Hemp Seeds (Cannabis sativa L.) as a Valuable Source of Natural Ingredients for Functional Foods—A Review

by Virginia Tănase Apetroaei, Eugenia Mihaela Pricop, Daniela Ionela Istrati and Camelia Vizireanu

Molecules 2024, 29(9), 2097; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29092097 (registering DOI) - 01 May 2024

Abstract

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has experienced a significant resurgence in popularity, and global interest in diversifying its use in various industries, including the food industry, is growing. Therefore, due to their exceptional nutritional value, hemp seeds have recently gained increasing interest as [...] Read more.

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has experienced a significant resurgence in popularity, and global interest in diversifying its use in various industries, including the food industry, is growing. Therefore, due to their exceptional nutritional value, hemp seeds have recently gained increasing interest as a valuable ingredient for obtaining high-quality foods and dietary supplements. Hemp seeds stand out for their remarkable content of quality proteins, including edestin and albumin, two distinct types of proteins that contribute to exceptional nutritional value. Hemp seeds are also rich in healthy lipids with a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic acid (omega-6), alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3), and some vitamins (vitamins E, D, and A). Polyphenols and terpenoids, in particular, present in hemp seeds, provide antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. This review examines the scientific literature regarding hemp seeds’ physicochemical and nutritional characteristics. The focus is on those characteristics that allow for their use in the food industry, aiming to transform ordinary food products into functional foods, offering additional benefits for the body’s health. Innovating opportunities to develop healthy, nutritionally superior food products are explored by integrating hemp seeds into food processes, promoting a balanced and sustainable diet. Full article

15 pages, 7291 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Situ Study on the Structural Evolution of Flexible Ionic Gel Sensors

by Shujun Yan, Jun Tang, Angui Zhang, Nie Zhao, Fu Wang and Shaowei Sun

Coatings 2024, 14(5), 562; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14050562 (registering DOI) - 01 May 2024

Abstract

With the development of society, the demand for smart coatings is increasing. The development of flexible strain sensors using block copolymer self-assembled ionic gel materials provides a promising method for promoting the development of smart coatings. The ionic liquid in the ionic part [...] Read more.

With the development of society, the demand for smart coatings is increasing. The development of flexible strain sensors using block copolymer self-assembled ionic gel materials provides a promising method for promoting the development of smart coatings. The ionic liquid in the ionic part of the material is crucial for the performance of the sensor. In this study, the structural changes within FDA/dEAN (self-assembly of acrylated Pluronic F127 (F127-DA) in partially deuterated ethylammonium nitrate (dEAN)) triblock copolymer ionic gel during uniaxial tensile flow were characterized using an in situ SAXS technique. The results revealed that the characteristics of the responses of the ionic gel to strain resistance were intricately linked to the evolution of its microstructure during the tensile process. At low levels of strain, the face-centered cubic lattice arrangement of the micelles tended to remain unchanged. However, when subjected to higher strains, the molecular chains aligned along the stretching direction, resulting in a more ordered structure with reduced entropy. This alignment led to significant disruption in bridging structures within the material. Furthermore, this research explored the impact of the stretching rate on the relaxation process. It was observed that higher stretching rates led to decreases in the average relaxation time, indicating rate dependence in the microstructure’s behavior. These findings provide valuable insights into the behavior and performance of flexible strain sensors based on ionic gel materials in smart coatings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymeric Materials and Coatings: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)

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24 pages, 27766 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Driving towards Sustainability: Wireless Charging of Low-Speed Vehicles with PDM-Based Active Bridge Rectifiers

by Yuvaraja Shanmugam, Narayanamoorthi Rajamanickam, Roobaea Alroobaea and Abdulkareem Afandi

Sustainability 2024, 16(9), 3810; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093810 (registering DOI) - 01 May 2024

Abstract

The surge in demand for eco-friendly transportation and electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure necessitates innovative solutions. This study proposed a novel approach to charging slow-moving vehicles, prioritizing efficiency and minimizing output pulsation. Central to the research is the development of a receiver-side power-regulated [...] Read more.

The surge in demand for eco-friendly transportation and electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure necessitates innovative solutions. This study proposed a novel approach to charging slow-moving vehicles, prioritizing efficiency and minimizing output pulsation. Central to the research is the development of a receiver-side power-regulated constant charging system, focusing on power regulation and maintaining consistent charging parameters. This system integrates a receiver-side pulse density-modulated active bridge rectifier, dynamically adjusting driving pulse density to regulate delivered power. Additionally, a receiver-side reconfigurable compensation network ensures constant current and voltage delivery to the charging device, eliminating the need for an additional D.C.-D.C. converter. A 3.3 kW charging structure employing a multi-leg inverter topology and energizing four ground-side transmitter pads exemplifies the proposed approach. The vertical air gap of charging pads is 150 mm, and the system achieves a maximal efficiency of 93.4%. This innovative strategy holds significant promise for advancing sustainable transportation infrastructure and meeting the evolving demands of the EV market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrical Systems for Environmental and Human Sustainability)

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137 pages, 3338 KiB

Open AccessReview

Monte Carlo Based Techniques for Quantum Magnets with Long-Range Interactions

by Patrick Adelhardt, Jan A. Koziol, Anja Langheld and Kai P. Schmidt

Entropy 2024, 26(5), 401; https://doi.org/10.3390/e26050401 (registering DOI) - 01 May 2024

Abstract

Long-range interactions are relevant for a large variety of quantum systems in quantum optics and condensed matter physics. In particular, the control of quantum–optical platforms promises to gain deep insights into quantum-critical properties induced by the long-range nature of interactions. From a theoretical [...] Read more.

Long-range interactions are relevant for a large variety of quantum systems in quantum optics and condensed matter physics. In particular, the control of quantum–optical platforms promises to gain deep insights into quantum-critical properties induced by the long-range nature of interactions. From a theoretical perspective, long-range interactions are notoriously complicated to treat. Here, we give an overview of recent advancements to investigate quantum magnets with long-range interactions focusing on two techniques based on Monte Carlo integration. First, the method of perturbative continuous unitary transformations where classical Monte Carlo integration is applied within the embedding scheme of white graphs. This linked-cluster expansion allows extracting high-order series expansions of energies and observables in the thermodynamic limit. Second, stochastic series expansion quantum Monte Carlo integration enables calculations on large finite systems. Finite-size scaling can then be used to determine the physical properties of the infinite system. In recent years, both techniques have been applied successfully to one- and two-dimensional quantum magnets involving long-range Ising, XY, and Heisenberg interactions on various bipartite and non-bipartite lattices. Here, we summarise the obtained quantum-critical properties including critical exponents for all these systems in a coherent way. Further, we review how long-range interactions are used to study quantum phase transitions above the upper critical dimension and the scaling techniques to extract these quantum critical properties from the numerical calculations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Violations of Hyperscaling in Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena—in Memory of Prof. Ralph Kenna)

18 pages, 2513 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Construction and Change Analysis of Water Ecosystem Service Flow Networks in the Xiangjiang River Basin (XRB)

by Yaoting Gu, Xianlan Lao, Lilisha Zhuo, Xiaochang Li and Chuxiong Deng

Sustainability 2024, 16(9), 3813; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093813 (registering DOI) - 01 May 2024

Abstract

Clearing and successfully characterizing ecosystem service flow paths has become a key bottleneck restricting in-depth research on the supply and demand relationships of ecosystem services. At present, although some explorations have been performed using water ecosystem services as a pioneer, the nature of [...] Read more.

Clearing and successfully characterizing ecosystem service flow paths has become a key bottleneck restricting in-depth research on the supply and demand relationships of ecosystem services. At present, although some explorations have been performed using water ecosystem services as a pioneer, the nature of its network and the fact that ecological base flow needs to be eliminated have been ignored. This study used InVEST and network models to consider ecological base flow, quantifying the supply, demand, and flow paths of freshwater ecosystem services in the Xiangjiang River Basin. The results showed that the overall distribution of the water supply in the Xiangjiang River Basin from 2000 to 2020 shows a pattern of higher supply in the south and lower supply in the north. The distribution of water demand shows higher levels in the north and lower levels in the south. The network density remains at its maximum level. The results of this study have provided a scientific basis for water resource management in river basins and improving ecological compensation mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Hydrology and Water Resources Management)

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23 pages, 8319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Confined Space Size on the Temperature Distribution Characteristics of Internal Window Plume from Well-Ventilated Compartment Fires

by Qiwei Dong, Yanfeng Li, Junmei Li, Fei Xie, Desheng Xu and Zhihe Su

Fire 2024, 7(5), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7050158 (registering DOI) - 01 May 2024

Abstract

In this research, the influence of confined space size on the temperature distribution characteristics of internal window plumes from well-ventilated compartment fires was studied. Theoretical analysis was firstly used to establish a mathematical model for the smoke after ejecting from the window in [...] Read more.

In this research, the influence of confined space size on the temperature distribution characteristics of internal window plumes from well-ventilated compartment fires was studied. Theoretical analysis was firstly used to establish a mathematical model for the smoke after ejecting from the window in the space. The study considered fire heat release rate and vertical height as dependent variables. Numerical simulations and experimental methods were carried out to study the temperature variations. A critical distance L₂ was obtained. Results show that when the space D between the vertical retaining wall and the building façade is greater than L₂, the variation of D has little influence on radial temperature. Once D is less than L₂, the radial temperature distribution inside the confined space will tend to be consistent, and the temperature in the confined space sharply increases as D decreases. In addition, a dimensionless model was derived to quantify the relationship between temperature rise and vertical height. The experimental and numerical simulation results were processed, which are in good agreement with the model. The study can provide a framework for managing building safety. Full article

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32 pages, 4362 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Evaluation of the Methane Number Measurement Procedure for Gaseous Fuel Rating

by Dawson P. Baucke, Daniel M. Wise, Robin J. Bremmer and Daniel B. Olsen

Energies 2024, 17(9), 2172; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092172 (registering DOI) - 01 May 2024

Abstract

Methane Number (MN) is a fuel rating technique for gaseous fuels analogous to Octane Number. This study establishes and shares a repeatable and reproducible method for MN determination of a gaseous fuel using a modified Cooperative Fuel Research Engine (CFR). Adaptations required to [...] Read more.

Methane Number (MN) is a fuel rating technique for gaseous fuels analogous to Octane Number. This study establishes and shares a repeatable and reproducible method for MN determination of a gaseous fuel using a modified Cooperative Fuel Research Engine (CFR). Adaptations required to convert a CFR engine for use in the MN test procedure are identified. The investigation includes allowable environmental parameters and operating variation limits. An essential aspect of the MN method involves identifying and quantifying Knock Intensity (KI) during engine operation. CFR engines, originally designed for gasoline testing, come equipped with their own knock measurement systems utilizing a capacitive detonation sensor. The original system is compared with a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) approach that uses a piezoelectric pressure transducer. Quantification of methane number requires an accurate assessment of the reference fuel blend (CH₄ + H₂). A comparison is carried out between dynamic blending using mass flow meters and bracketing using certified gas bottles containing various CH₄/H₂ blends from a gas supplier. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section B: Energy and Environment)

48 pages, 17876 KiB

Open AccessReview

Self-Assembled Block Copolymers as a Facile Pathway to Create Functional Nanobiosensor and Nanobiomaterial Surfaces

by Marion Ryan C. Sytu, David H. Cho and Jong-in Hahm

Polymers 2024, 16(9), 1267; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16091267 (registering DOI) - 01 May 2024

Abstract

Block copolymer (BCP) surfaces permit an exquisite level of nanoscale control in biomolecular assemblies solely based on self-assembly. Owing to this, BCP-based biomolecular assembly represents a much-needed, new paradigm for creating nanobiosensors and nanobiomaterials without the need for costly and time-consuming fabrication steps. [...] Read more.

Block copolymer (BCP) surfaces permit an exquisite level of nanoscale control in biomolecular assemblies solely based on self-assembly. Owing to this, BCP-based biomolecular assembly represents a much-needed, new paradigm for creating nanobiosensors and nanobiomaterials without the need for costly and time-consuming fabrication steps. Research endeavors in the BCP nanobiotechnology field have led to stimulating results that can promote our current understanding of biomolecular interactions at a solid interface to the never-explored size regimes comparable to individual biomolecules. Encouraging research outcomes have also been reported for the stability and activity of biomolecules bound on BCP thin film surfaces. A wide range of single and multicomponent biomolecules and BCP systems has been assessed to substantiate the potential utility in practical applications as next-generation nanobiosensors, nanobiodevices, and biomaterials. To this end, this Review highlights pioneering research efforts made in the BCP nanobiotechnology area. The discussions will be focused on those works particularly pertaining to nanoscale surface assembly of functional biomolecules, biomolecular interaction properties unique to nanoscale polymer interfaces, functionality of nanoscale surface-bound biomolecules, and specific examples in biosensing. Systems involving the incorporation of biomolecules as one of the blocks in BCPs, i.e., DNA–BCP hybrids, protein–BCP conjugates, and isolated BCP micelles of bioligand carriers used in drug delivery, are outside of the scope of this Review. Looking ahead, there awaits plenty of exciting research opportunities to advance the research field of BCP nanobiotechnology by capitalizing on the fundamental groundwork laid so far for the biomolecular interactions on BCP surfaces. In order to better guide the path forward, key fundamental questions yet to be addressed by the field are identified. In addition, future research directions of BCP nanobiotechnology are contemplated in the concluding section of this Review. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Based Polymers' Application and Technology for Better Quality of Life)

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24 pages, 5508 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The ZmbHLH47-ZmSnRK2.9 Module Promotes Drought Tolerance in Maize

by Zhenwei Yan, Fajun Zhang, Chunhua Mu, Changle Ma, Guoqi Yao, Yue Sun, Jing Hou, Bingying Leng and Xia Liu

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(9), 4957; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094957 (registering DOI) - 01 May 2024

Abstract

Drought stress globally poses a significant threat to maize (Zea mays L.) productivity and the underlying molecular mechanisms of drought tolerance remain elusive. In this study, we characterized ZmbHLH47, a basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factor, as a positive regulator of drought tolerance [...] Read more.

Drought stress globally poses a significant threat to maize (Zea mays L.) productivity and the underlying molecular mechanisms of drought tolerance remain elusive. In this study, we characterized ZmbHLH47, a basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factor, as a positive regulator of drought tolerance in maize. ZmbHLH47 expression was notably induced by both drought stress and abscisic acid (ABA). Transgenic plants overexpressing ZmbHLH47 displayed elevated drought tolerance and ABA responsiveness, while the zmbhlh47 mutant exhibited increased drought sensitivity and reduced ABA sensitivity. Mechanistically, it was revealed that ZmbHLH47 could directly bind to the promoter of ZmSnRK2.9 gene, a member of the subgroup III SnRK2 kinases, activating its expression. Furthermore, ZmSnRK2.9-overexpressing plants exhibited enhanced ABA sensitivity and drought tolerance, whereas the zmsnrk2.9 mutant displayed a decreased sensitivity to both. Notably, overexpressing ZmbHLH47 in the zmsnrk2.9 mutant closely resembled the zmsnrk2.9 mutant, indicating the importance of the ZmbHLH47-ZmSnRK2.9 module in ABA response and drought tolerance. These findings provided valuable insights and a potential genetic resource for enhancing the environmental adaptability of maize. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Plant Abiotic Stress)

15 pages, 480 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Personality Type D and Coping Strategies on Cognitive Functioning in Students

by Alexey N. Sumin, Ingrid Yu. Prokashko and Anna V. Shcheglova

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(5), 382; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14050382 (registering DOI) - 01 May 2024

Abstract

Introduction: Academic and emotional challenges faced by medical students can affect their psychological well-being and health. Personal characteristics may also predispose one to the manifestation of distress reactions. Individuals with type D personality have an increased tendency to develop depressive reactions and somatic [...] Read more.

Introduction: Academic and emotional challenges faced by medical students can affect their psychological well-being and health. Personal characteristics may also predispose one to the manifestation of distress reactions. Individuals with type D personality have an increased tendency to develop depressive reactions and somatic diseases, including the presence of cognitive dysfunction. In students, the presence of cognitive dysfunction may additionally adversely affect academic and psycho-emotional problems. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of type D personality and coping strategies on cognitive functioning in medical students. Methods: A cross-sectional study included 258 medical students (age 19 ± 1.2 years, 79 men). All participants completed psychological questionnaires (DS-14 to identify type D personality, and The Coping Strategy Indication, CSI—to determine coping strategies), as well as extensive neuropsychological testing of cognitive functions. Results: Among the medical students examined, the frequency of identification of type D personality was 44%. In persons with personality type D, according to psychometric testing, a decrease in the level of functional mobility of nervous processes (FMNP) was noted, which was manifested in an increase in the test completion time (p < 0.001) and an increase in the number of errors (p < 0.001) during the FMNP test, and an increase in the test completion time in the attention concentration test. In addition, in type D participants, an increase in the test execution time during the attention test was noted (p = 0.007). Personality type D was an independent risk factor for cognitive decline in students in multiple linear regression analysis, when type D was analyzed as a dichotomous construct. Conclusions: Assessing personal characteristics and identifying personality type D is advisable for medical students, to develop subsequent programs to increase their resistance to academic challenges, improve cognitive function, and also to prepare for future stress loads during professional activities in the field of healthcare. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wellbeing and Mental Health among Students)

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