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19 pages, 4614 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of the Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Fermented and Water-Extracted Leaf Extracts of Eucommia ulmoides on Egg Production and Egg Nutrition

by Juanhua Yang, Yunfan Wang, Lingyan Zheng, Mijun Peng, Yongzhai Mai and Xuesong Wang

Foods 2024, 13(10), 1521; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13101521 (registering DOI) - 14 May 2024

Abstract

Although the water extract of Eucommia ulmoides leaf (WEE) promotes egg laying in hens, its palatability is poor. To improve the palatability of E. ulmoides leaf, probiotic fermentation was used, and fermented extract E. ulmoides leaf (FEE) was prepared using Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. [...] Read more.

Although the water extract of Eucommia ulmoides leaf (WEE) promotes egg laying in hens, its palatability is poor. To improve the palatability of E. ulmoides leaf, probiotic fermentation was used, and fermented extract E. ulmoides leaf (FEE) was prepared using Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. The safety of FEE was investigated using a long-term toxicity test, and no oxidative damage, inflammatory reactions, or histological lesions were observed in the experimental rats receiving dietary supplementation of FEE at 200 mg/kg, suggesting that FEE is suitable for long-term feeding. Subsequently, dietary supplementation of FEE (group C) in comparison with dietary supplementation of WEE (group B), as well as a control (group A), was applied in the hen industry. Laying performance, egg quality, egg nutrition, egg flavor, and the gut microbiome were analyzed comparatively. Interestingly, the laying rate was observed to be four percentage points higher with dietary supplementation of FEE at 200 mg/kg compared with the control and two percentage points higher compared with the dietary addition of WEE at the same dosage. Simultaneously, a slight upregulation in daily feed consumption was determined in the FEE-supplemented group compared with the blank control and the WEE-supplemented group, indicating that the inclusion of FEE stimulated the hens’ appetite. Moreover, variations in egg amino acids, fatty acids, and volatile components were obtained with either dietary addition, FEE or WEE, implying that dietary supplementation of the fermented and water-extracted E. ulmoides leaf extracts contributed to egg flavor change. Furthermore, variations in the gut microbiota were mediated by FEE, increasing the relative abundance of the genus Lactobacillus. These alterations in gut microbiota were tightly related to improved laying performance and egg flavor changes. Our results indicate that FEE is a better alternative feed additive in the hen industry than WEE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Security and Sustainability)

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14 pages, 927 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Aggregation and Monetization of Flexible Loads in the Context of EV Fleets

by Kelaja Schert, Florian Biedenbach, Thomas Müller, Michael Kluge and Zoltán Nochta

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(5), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15050216 (registering DOI) - 14 May 2024

Abstract

In this paper, we present an approach to the price-optimized charging of electric vehicles (EVs) based on energy flexibility. Fleet operators determine the minimum and the maximum power demand to charge EVs at a specific time and share this information as so-called power [...] Read more.

In this paper, we present an approach to the price-optimized charging of electric vehicles (EVs) based on energy flexibility. Fleet operators determine the minimum and the maximum power demand to charge EVs at a specific time and share this information as so-called power corridors (PCs) with an energy aggregator. The energy aggregator collects the predicted PCs from the fleet operators located in the same market area and aggregates the PCs. The energy provider periodically sends energy prices from the market to the energy aggregator, which purchases energy when its price is opportune. The energy aggregator calculates and delivers charge plans for each fleet operator involved and thus can pass along the purchase prices. The incentive design must ensure that fleet operators are better off by disclosing their flexibility data to the aggregator. This study can contribute to a new data-driven energy market communication system by providing insights on how to leverage the energy flexibility that EVs can offer to the energy system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue EVS36—International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition (California, USA))

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16 pages, 4356 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sulfated Hydrogels as Primary Intervertebral Disc Cell Culture Systems

by Paola Bermudez-Lekerika, Katherine B. Crump, Karin Wuertz-Kozak, Christine L. Le Maitre and Benjamin Gantenbein

Gels 2024, 10(5), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10050330 (registering DOI) - 14 May 2024

Abstract

The negatively charged extracellular matrix plays a vital role in intervertebral disc tissues, providing specific cues for cell maintenance and tissue hydration. Unfortunately, suitable biomimetics for intervertebral disc regeneration are lacking. Here, sulfated alginate was investigated as a 3D culture material due to [...] Read more.

The negatively charged extracellular matrix plays a vital role in intervertebral disc tissues, providing specific cues for cell maintenance and tissue hydration. Unfortunately, suitable biomimetics for intervertebral disc regeneration are lacking. Here, sulfated alginate was investigated as a 3D culture material due to its similarity to the charged matrix of the intervertebral disc. Precursor solutions of standard alginate, or alginate with 0.1% or 0.2% degrees of sulfation, were mixed with primary human nucleus pulposus cells, cast, and cultured for 14 days. A 0.2% degree of sulfation resulted in significantly decreased cell density and viability after 7 days of culture. Furthermore, a sulfation-dependent decrease in DNA content and metabolic activity was evident after 14 days. Interestingly, no significant differences in cell density and viability were observed between surface and core regions for sulfated alginate, unlike in standard alginate, where the cell number was significantly higher in the core than in the surface region. Due to low cell numbers, phenotypic evaluation was not achieved in sulfated alginate biomaterial. Overall, standard alginate supported human NP cell growth and viability superior to sulfated alginate; however, future research on phenotypic properties is required to decipher the biological properties of sulfated alginate in intervertebral disc cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogels for the Regeneration of Joints of the Musculoskeletal System in Orthopedics)

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9 pages, 247 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Factors Affecting the Loan Growth of Banks with a Focus on Non-Performing Loans

by Se-Hak Chun and Namnansuren Ardaaragchaa

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2024, 17(5), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17050203 (registering DOI) - 14 May 2024

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the intertemporal relationship between the non-performing loan ratio and bank lending and to analyze factors affecting loan growth using data from Mongolian commercial banks. There has been a lack of research on Mongolian banks’ lending [...] Read more.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the intertemporal relationship between the non-performing loan ratio and bank lending and to analyze factors affecting loan growth using data from Mongolian commercial banks. There has been a lack of research on Mongolian banks’ lending behavior due to their short history. Thus, this paper investigates the effect of the non-performing loan ratio on total loan growth using an ordinary least squares (OLS) regression model with panel data. We used bank-related variables such as the loan-to-deposit ratio, provision-to-gross loan portfolio ratio, equity-to-asset ratio, and liquidity ratio, and economic variables such as the real gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate, interest rate, and inflation rate. The results of this paper show that non-performing loans have a significant negative impact on total loan growth. The implication of this result is that non-performing loans affect banking efficiency, which, in turn, affects financial stability and the real economy. Moreover, high non-performing loans reduce banks’ profits. Also, this paper found that loss reserve and the liquidity ratio have a positive effect on total loan growth, while the effects of the loan-to-deposit ratio and the equity capital ratio were not found to be significant. Additionally, from a macro perspective, the inflation rate has a positive effect on the total loan growth rate, while the interest rate has a positive effect on total loan growth rather than a negative effect. And real gross domestic product (GDP) growth does not affect the total loan growth rate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Financial Markets, Financial Volatility and Beyond (Volume III))

17 pages, 6612 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Semi-Supervised Medical Image Segmentation Based on Deep Consistent Collaborative Learning

by Xin Zhao and Wenqi Wang

J. Imaging 2024, 10(5), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10050118 (registering DOI) - 14 May 2024

Abstract

In the realm of medical image analysis, the cost associated with acquiring accurately labeled data is prohibitively high. To address the issue of label scarcity, semi-supervised learning methods are employed, utilizing unlabeled data alongside a limited set of labeled data. This paper presents [...] Read more.

In the realm of medical image analysis, the cost associated with acquiring accurately labeled data is prohibitively high. To address the issue of label scarcity, semi-supervised learning methods are employed, utilizing unlabeled data alongside a limited set of labeled data. This paper presents a novel semi-supervised medical segmentation framework, DCCLNet (deep consistency collaborative learning UNet), grounded in deep consistent co-learning. The framework synergistically integrates consistency learning from feature and input perturbations, coupled with collaborative training between CNN (convolutional neural networks) and ViT (vision transformer), to capitalize on the learning advantages offered by these two distinct paradigms. Feature perturbation involves the application of auxiliary decoders with varied feature disturbances to the main CNN backbone, enhancing the robustness of the CNN backbone through consistency constraints generated by the auxiliary and main decoders. Input perturbation employs an MT (mean teacher) architecture wherein the main network serves as the student model guided by a teacher model subjected to input perturbations. Collaborative training aims to improve the accuracy of the main networks by encouraging mutual learning between the CNN and ViT. Experiments conducted on publicly available datasets for ACDC (automated cardiac diagnosis challenge) and Prostate datasets yielded Dice coefficients of 0.890 and 0.812, respectively. Additionally, comprehensive ablation studies were performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of each methodological contribution in this study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning in Biomedical Image Segmentation and Classification: Advancements, Challenges and Applications)

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2 pages, 170 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Medicines—Aims and Scope Updates

by Hiroshi Sakagami

Medicines 2024, 11(5), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines11050011 (registering DOI) - 14 May 2024

Abstract

The journal Medicines (ISSN 2305-6320) was launched in 2014 [...] Full article

26 pages, 10839 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Dietary and Lifestyle Quality among the Romanian Population in the Post-Pandemic Period

by Magdalena Mititelu, Violeta Popovici, Sorinel Marius Neacșu, Adina Magdalena Musuc, Ștefan Sebastian Busnatu, Eliza Oprea, Steluța Constanța Boroghină, Andreea Mihai, Costin Teodor Streba, Dumitru Lupuliasa, Emma Gheorghe, Nadin Kebbewar and Carmen Elena Lupu

Healthcare 2024, 12(10), 1006; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12101006 (registering DOI) - 14 May 2024

Abstract

Background: The pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus demonstrated the importance of prevention through a healthy diet and lifestyle, the most vulnerable people being those with severe chronic conditions, those who are overweight, and those with an unbalanced immune system. This study aims [...] Read more.

Background: The pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus demonstrated the importance of prevention through a healthy diet and lifestyle, the most vulnerable people being those with severe chronic conditions, those who are overweight, and those with an unbalanced immune system. This study aims to examine the nutritional status and lifestyle behaviors of the Romanian population. Methods: The evaluation of the eating habits and lifestyle of the Romanian population in the post-pandemic period was carried out based on a cross-sectional observational study with the help of a questionnaire. Results: A total of 4704 valid answers were registered (3136 female and 1568 male respondents). Among the respondents, most of them belong to the young population, 2892 between the ages of 18 and 40, i.e., 61.5%. Most male respondents are overweight (1400) and obese (780). Most respondents indicated a tendency to consume 1–2 meals per day irregularly (p = 0.617). Only 974 respondents adopted a healthy diet, and 578 a healthy lifestyle. Conclusions: The present study reports low adherence to a healthy diet (20.7%) and healthy lifestyle (12.28%), especially among the young population (<30 years). In the current context, it reports a reduced tendency to consume vegetables and fruits among the population, below the daily average recommended by the nutrition guidelines, a tendency towards sedentary behavior, and even deficient hydration of some of the respondents; these negative aspects can create a long-term series of nutritional and psycho-emotional imbalances. Our results evidence that complex surveys among the population are regularly required to investigate nutritional or lifestyle deficiencies; moreover, it could be helpful in further educational measures in nutrition, food, and environmental safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food, Health and Society: Determinants of Eating Behavior)

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14 pages, 1699 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of Initial CRP/Albumin Ratio on In-Hospital Mortality in Isolated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients

by Michaela Friedrich, Kristin Haferkorn, Marco Stein, Eberhard Uhl and Michael Bender

Biomedicines 2024, 12(5), 1084; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12051084 (registering DOI) - 14 May 2024

Abstract

The CRP/albumin ratio (CAR) is a mortality predictor in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. The aim of the current study was to investigate the ability of CAR to predict in-hospital mortality (IHM) in patients with isolated traumatic brain injury (iTBI). We performed a [...] Read more.

The CRP/albumin ratio (CAR) is a mortality predictor in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. The aim of the current study was to investigate the ability of CAR to predict in-hospital mortality (IHM) in patients with isolated traumatic brain injury (iTBI). We performed a retrospective analysis including 200 patients with iTBI admitted to our neurosurgical intensive care unit (NICU) between September 2014 and December 2016. Serum biomarkers, demographic and radiological data, several ICU scores, and cardiopulmonary parameters were analyzed. The rate of IHM was 27.5% (55/200) and significantly associated with a higher AIS head score (p < 0.0001), a lower albumin level (p < 0.0001), and the necessity of a higher level of inspiratory oxygen fraction (p = 0.002). Furthermore, advanced age (odds ratio [OR] = 0.953, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.927–0.981, p = 0.001), a lower GCS score (OR = 1.347, 95% CI = 1.203–1.509, p < 0.0001), a higher level of lactate (OR = 0.506, 95% CI = 0.353–0.725, p < 0.0001), a higher CAR (OR = 0.547, 95% CI = 0.316–0.945, p = 0.031) and a higher norepinephrine application rate (OR = 0.000, 95% CI 0.000–0.090, p = 0.016) were identified as independent predictors of IHM. ROC analysis showed an association between IHM and a CAR cut-off value of >0.38 (Youden index 0.073, sensitivity: 27.9, specificity: 64.8, p = 0.044). We could identify a CAR > 0.38 as a new independent predictor for IHM in patients with iTBI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Injury: New Insights into Mechanisms and Future Promising Treatments)

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24 pages, 1527 KiB

Open AccessReview

Innovative Treatments to Counteract Endothelial Dysfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients

by Giulia Marrone, Kevin Cornali, Manuela Di Lauro, Maria Josè Ceravolo, Luca Di Marco, Simone Manca di Villahermosa, Anna Paola Mitterhofer and Annalisa Noce

Biomedicines 2024, 12(5), 1085; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12051085 (registering DOI) - 14 May 2024

Abstract

In chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, several risk factors contribute to the development of endothelial dysfunction (ED), which can be described as an alteration in the cell structure or in the function of the endothelium. Among the well-known CKD-related risk factors capable of [...] Read more.

In chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, several risk factors contribute to the development of endothelial dysfunction (ED), which can be described as an alteration in the cell structure or in the function of the endothelium. Among the well-known CKD-related risk factors capable of altering the production of endothelium-derived relaxing factors, we include asymmetric dimethylarginine increase, reduced dimethylarginine dimethylamine hydrolase enzyme activity, low-grade chronic systemic inflammation, hyperhomocysteinemia, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, alteration of calcium phosphorus metabolism, and early aging. In this review, we also examined the most important techniques useful for studying ED in humans, which are divided into indirect and direct methods. The direct study of coronary endothelial function is considered the gold standard technique to evaluate if ED is present. In addition to the discussion of the main pharmacological treatments useful to counteract ED in CKD patients (namely sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist), we elucidate innovative non-pharmacological treatments that are successful in accompanying the pharmacological ones. Among them, the most important are the consumption of extra virgin olive oil with high intake of minor polar compounds, adherence to a plant-dominant, low-protein diet (LPD), an adaptive physical activity program and, finally, ketoanalogue administration in combination with the LPD or the very low-protein diet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmaceutical Treatments for Typical CKD Comorbidities)

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14 pages, 1718 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inactivation of Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus in Tilapia Fillets (Oreochromis niloticus) with Lactic and Peracetic Acid through Fogging and Immersion

by Matheus Barp Pierozan, Jordana dos Santos Alves, Liege Dauny Horn, Priscila Alonso dos Santos, Marco Antônio Pereira da Silva, Mariana Buranelo Egea, Cíntia Minafra, Leandro Pereira Cappato and Adriano Carvalho Costa

Foods 2024, 13(10), 1520; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13101520 (registering DOI) - 14 May 2024

Abstract

This study investigated the antimicrobial effects of lactic acid (LA) (3%) and peracetic acid (PA) (300 ppm) on tilapia fillets (Oreochromis niloticus) by fogging (15 min) or by immersion (2 s) in a pool of Escherichia coli (NEWP 0022, ATCC 25922, [...] Read more.

This study investigated the antimicrobial effects of lactic acid (LA) (3%) and peracetic acid (PA) (300 ppm) on tilapia fillets (Oreochromis niloticus) by fogging (15 min) or by immersion (2 s) in a pool of Escherichia coli (NEWP 0022, ATCC 25922, and a field-isolated strain), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923 and a field-isolated strain), and Salmonella Typhimurium (ATCC 13311 and ATCC 14028), as well as the effects on the physicochemical characteristics of the fillets. Fogging was effective and the best application method to control S. Typhimurium regardless of the acid used, promoting reductions of 1.66 and 1.23 log CFU/g with PA and LA, respectively. Regarding E. coli, there were significant reductions higher than 1 log CFU/g, regardless of the treatment or acid used. For S. aureus, only immersion in PA showed no significant difference (p < 0.05). For other treatments, significant reductions of 0.98, 1.51, and 1.17 log CFU/g were observed for nebulized PA, immersion, and LA fogging, respectively. Concerning the pH of the samples, neither of the acids used differed from the control. However, treatments with LA, and fogging with PA, reduced the pH compared to immersion in PA. As for color parameters, L* and a* values showed changes regardless of the acid or method used, resulting in an improved perception of fillet quality. These results indicate that fogging and immersion are alternatives for reducing S. Typhimurium, E. coli, and S. aureus in tilapia fillets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Foods of Marine Origin)

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14 pages, 315 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Activity, Anxiety, Depression, and Body Image in Trans Individuals: An Exploratory Study

by Joana Oliveira, Diogo Monteiro, Miguel Jacinto, Rui Matos, Nuno Amaro, Filipe Rodrigues and Raúl Antunes

Healthcare 2024, 12(10), 1008; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12101008 (registering DOI) - 14 May 2024

Abstract

Physical activity (PA), mental health, and body image are some important health topics in the transgender population that have been recently discussed and appear to play a crucial role in the quality of life of the trans population. This study aims to elucidate [...] Read more.

Physical activity (PA), mental health, and body image are some important health topics in the transgender population that have been recently discussed and appear to play a crucial role in the quality of life of the trans population. This study aims to elucidate the complex interplay of these variables and their implications for the well-being of trans individuals. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 75 Portuguese transgender individuals (M = 23.68; SD ± 6.59) were recruited to participate in this study. The participants completed three questionnaires related to the assessment of physical activity (IPAQ), depressive and anxious symptomatology (HADS), and satisfaction with body image (BISQp). Results: Trans individuals showed a total energy expenditure of 3316.40 metabolic equivalent tasks (METS), had a moderate level of anxiety symptomatology, and low levels of satisfaction with body image. Satisfaction with body image was negatively associated with anxiety (r = −0.441, p < 0.01) and depression symptomatology (r = −0.600, p < 0.01). Conclusions: The implementation of inclusive programs that promote body acceptance and coping strategies, particularly within the context of physical exercise, may help alleviate distress related to body image dissatisfaction while also addressing underlying anxiety and depression symptoms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity, Healthy Lifestyle and Well-Being across the Lifespan)

20 pages, 2118 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Lightweight Designs and Improving the Load-Bearing Capacity of Structures by the Method of Aggregation

by Michael Todinov

Mathematics 2024, 12(10), 1522; https://doi.org/10.3390/math12101522 (registering DOI) - 14 May 2024

Abstract

The paper introduces a powerful method for developing lightweight designs and enhancing the load-bearing capacity of common structures. The method, referred to as the ‘method of aggregation’, has been derived from reverse engineering of sub-additive and super-additive algebraic inequalities. The essence of the [...] Read more.

The paper introduces a powerful method for developing lightweight designs and enhancing the load-bearing capacity of common structures. The method, referred to as the ‘method of aggregation’, has been derived from reverse engineering of sub-additive and super-additive algebraic inequalities. The essence of the proposed method is consolidating multiple elements loaded in bending into a reduced number of elements with larger cross sections but a smaller total volume of material. This procedure yields a huge reduction in material usage and is the first major contribution of the paper. For instance, when aggregating eight load-carrying beams into two beams supporting the same total load, the material reduction was more than 1.58 times. The second major contribution of the paper is in demonstrating that consolidating multiple elements loaded in bending into a reduced number of elements with larger cross sections but the same total volume of material leads to a big increase in the load-bearing capacity of the structure. For instance, when aggregating eight cantilevered or simply supported beams into two beams with the same volume of material, the load-bearing capacity until a specified tensile stress increased twice. At the same time, the load-bearing capacity until a specified deflection increased four times. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Engineering Mathematics)

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16 pages, 7141 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

When Your Pronominal Marking Matters during a Pandemic: Shawi Pronominals and COVID-19 Interventions

by Luis Miguel Rojas-Berscia

Languages 2024, 9(5), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/languages9050178 (registering DOI) - 14 May 2024

Abstract

In this communication, I focus on Shawi forms of address used in Peruvian State posters during the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic took a heavy toll on the Peruvian Indigenous population. A recent study showed that Indigenous people had 3.18 times the risk [...] Read more.

In this communication, I focus on Shawi forms of address used in Peruvian State posters during the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic took a heavy toll on the Peruvian Indigenous population. A recent study showed that Indigenous people had 3.18 times the risk of infection and 0.4 times the mortality risk of the general population in Peru. The Shawi have not been included among the most heavily affected. A preliminary descriptive and critical account of Peruvian State posters whereby languages such as Shawi and other Peruvian Indigenous languages (Awajun, Ashaninka, different varieties of Quechua, Shipibo, etc.) have been used to prevent the spread of COVID-19 is provided. Shawi seems to be the only language of the sample where information has been framed using first-person inclusive forms. This appears to have led to enhanced communal engagement in the suggested health-related practices. Additionally, opinions on the issue from local stakeholders are briefly discussed. While the results are derived solely from preliminary observations, my findings could serve as a basis for enhancing health communication strategies in other Indigenous contexts, utilizing linguistically informed intercultural approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Perception and Processing of Address Terms)

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19 pages, 1017 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Semanticity for Content and Function Word Distinction in Catalan

by Neus Català, Jaume Baixeries and Antoni Hernández-Fernández

Languages 2024, 9(5), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/languages9050179 (registering DOI) - 14 May 2024

Abstract

In the realm of linguistics, the concept of “semanticity” was recently introduced as a novel measure designed to study linguistic networks. In a given text, semanticity is defined as the ratio of the potential number of meanings associated with a word to the [...] Read more.

In the realm of linguistics, the concept of “semanticity” was recently introduced as a novel measure designed to study linguistic networks. In a given text, semanticity is defined as the ratio of the potential number of meanings associated with a word to the number of different words with which it is linguistically linked. This concept provides a quantitative indicator that reflects a word’s semantic complexity and its role in a language. In this pilot study, we applied the semanticity measure to the Catalan language, aiming to investigate its effectiveness in automatically distinguishing content words from function words. For this purpose, the measure of semanticity has been applied to a large corpus of texts written in Catalan. We show that the semanticity of words allows us to classify the word classes existing in Catalan in a simple way so that both the semantic and syntactic capacity of each word within a language can be integrated under this parameter. By means of this semanticity measure, it has been observed that adverbs behave like function words in Catalan. This approach offers a quantitative and objective tool for researchers and linguists to gain insights into the structure and dynamics of languages, contributing to a deeper understanding of their underlying principles. The application of semanticity to Catalan is a promising pilot study, with potential applications in other languages, which will allow progress to be made in the field of theoretical linguistics and contribute to the development of automated linguistic tools. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Semantics and Meaning Representation)

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13 pages, 1010 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Static Bipartite Consensus Problems of Heterogeneous Signed Networks

by Yu Ma, Yi Zhang, Jinchao Li, Mingjun Du and Peng Ji

Mathematics 2024, 12(10), 1523; https://doi.org/10.3390/math12101523 (registering DOI) - 14 May 2024

Abstract

This paper aims to study the distributed control problems of heterogeneous signed networks whose communication topologies are undirected. A distributed control protocol is designed based on neighboring state information. With this protocol be employed, the convergence results of the heterogeneous signed network are [...] Read more.

This paper aims to study the distributed control problems of heterogeneous signed networks whose communication topologies are undirected. A distributed control protocol is designed based on neighboring state information. With this protocol be employed, the convergence results of the heterogeneous signed network are provided. It is shown that the heterogeneous signed network can achieve the static bipartite consensus (respectively, state stability) if and only if the signed graph is structurally balanced (respectively, unbalanced). The associated convergence analyses can be developed by constructing a suitable Lyapunov function. In addition, two simulation examples are presented to validate the correctness of the obtained results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Complex Networks and Social Networks)

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14 pages, 2497 KiB

Open AccessArticle

GWAS and WGCNA Analysis Uncover Candidate Genes Associated with Oil Content in Soybean

by Xunchao Zhao, Yan Zhang, Jie Wang, Xue Zhao, Yongguang Li, Weili Teng, Yingpeng Han and Yuhang Zhan

Plants 2024, 13(10), 1351; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13101351 (registering DOI) - 14 May 2024

Abstract

Soybean vegetable oil is an important source of the human diet. However, the analysis of the genetic mechanism leading to changes in soybean oil content is still incomplete. In this study, a total of 227 soybean materials were applied and analyzed by a [...] Read more.

Soybean vegetable oil is an important source of the human diet. However, the analysis of the genetic mechanism leading to changes in soybean oil content is still incomplete. In this study, a total of 227 soybean materials were applied and analyzed by a genome-wide association study (GWAS). There are 44 quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) that were identified as associated with oil content. A total of six, four, and 34 significant QTN loci were identified in Xiangyang, Hulan, and Acheng, respectively. Of those, 26 QTNs overlapped with or were near the known oil content quantitative trait locus (QTL), and 18 new QTNs related to oil content were identified. A total of 594 genes were located near the peak single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) from three tested environments. These candidate genes exhibited significant enrichment in tropane, piperidine, and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesiss (ko00960), ABC transporters (ko02010), photosynthesis-antenna proteins (ko00196), and betalain biosynthesis (ko00965). Combined with the GWAS and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), four candidate genes (Glyma.18G300100, Glyma.11G221100, Glyma.13G343300, and Glyma.02G166100) that may regulate oil content were identified. In addition, Glyma.18G300100 was divided into two main haplotypes in the studied accessions. The oil content of haplotype 1 is significantly lower than that of haplotype 2. Our research findings provide a theoretical basis for improving the regulatory mechanism of soybean oil content. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Germplasm Resources and Molecular Breeding of Soybean)

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11 pages, 564 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impaired Semen Quality in Patients with Chronic Prostatitis

by Jens Rosellen, Florian Dittmar, Arne Hauptmann, Thorsten Diemer, Hans-Christian Schuppe, Undraga Schagdarsurengin, Moritz Fritzenwanker, Florian Wagenlehner and Adrian Pilatz

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(10), 2884; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13102884 (registering DOI) - 14 May 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome CP/CPPS is a rather common condition and in recent years many studies have shown contradictory results regarding its impact on semen quality. This prospective cohort study set out to investigate how CP/CPPS affected the parameters of semen [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome CP/CPPS is a rather common condition and in recent years many studies have shown contradictory results regarding its impact on semen quality. This prospective cohort study set out to investigate how CP/CPPS affected the parameters of semen in a prospective cohort of patients compared with the WHO 2021 reference group. Methods: From 2013 to 2022, a total of 1071 patients with suspicion of CP/CPPS received a comprehensive andrological examination. Complete semen analysis was carried out in compliance with WHO 2010 guidelines, comparing every study population semen variable to the WHO 2021 reference group (n~3500). Results: All evaluated semen parameters had median values that fell within a normal range. Nonetheless, approximately 25% of patients had values for each semen variable that were lower than the WHO reference group’s fifth percentile. In particular, bacteriospermia was associated with a negative impact on semen volume. Conclusions: This is the largest study that compares all standard semen parameters in patients suffering from CP/CPPS to WHO 2021 reference values. It provides evidence of an impairment of conventional semen parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Male Infertility Update: Current Knowledge on Etiology, Comorbidities, Diagnosis and Treatment: Clinical Topics)

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17 pages, 8520 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CcNAC6 Acts as a Positive Regulator of Secondary Cell Wall Synthesis in Sudan Grass (Sorghum sudanense S.)

by Yanzhong Huang, Juanzi Wu, Jianyu Lin, Zhiwei Liu, Zhengfeng Mao, Chen Qian and Xiaoxian Zhong

Plants 2024, 13(10), 1352; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13101352 (registering DOI) - 14 May 2024

Abstract

The degree of forage lignification is a key factor affecting its digestibility by ruminants such as cattle and sheep. Sudan grass (Sorghum sudanense S.) is a high-quality sorghum forage, and its lignocellulose is mostly stored in the secondary cell wall. However, the [...] Read more.

The degree of forage lignification is a key factor affecting its digestibility by ruminants such as cattle and sheep. Sudan grass (Sorghum sudanense S.) is a high-quality sorghum forage, and its lignocellulose is mostly stored in the secondary cell wall. However, the secondary cell wall synthesis mechanism of Sudan grass has not yet been studied in depth. To further study the secondary cell wall synthesis mechanism of Sudan grass using established transcriptome data, this study found that CcNAC6, a homologous gene of Arabidopsis AtSND2, is related to the secondary cell wall synthesis of Sudan grass. Accordingly, we constructed a CcNAC6-overexpressing line of Arabidopsis to investigate the function of the CcNAC6 gene in secondary cell wall synthesis. The results showed that the overexpression of the CcNAC6 gene could significantly increase the lignin content of Arabidopsis. Based on subcellular localization analysis, CcNAC6 is found in the nucleus. In addition, yeast two-hybridization screening showed that CcCP1, associated with secondary cell wall synthesis, can interact with CcNAC6. Therefore, the above results indicate that CcNAC6 has a positive regulatory effect on the secondary cell wall synthesis of Sudan grass, and it is speculated that CcNAC6 may be the main regulator of the secondary cell wall synthesis of Sudan grass through its interaction with another regulatory protein, CcCP1. This study provides a theoretical basis and new genetic resources for the creation of new Sudan grass germplasm with a low lignin content. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Cell Biology)

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12 pages, 709 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High Prevalence of the Lung Ultrasound Interstitial Syndrome in Systemic Sclerosis Patients with Normal HRCT and Lung Function—A Pilot Study

by Camille Mercier, Benjamin Thoreau, Thomas Flament, Sylvie Legué, Arthur Pearson, Stephanie Jobard, Sylvain Marchand-Adam, Laurent Plantier and Elisabeth Diot

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(10), 2885; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13102885 (registering DOI) - 14 May 2024

Abstract

Objective: High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) may lack sensitivity for the early detection of interstitial lung disease associated with systemic sclerosis (SSc-ILD). Lung ultrasound is an emerging technique for the diagnosis of SSc-ILD. This cross-sectional study aimed to describe the prevalence of ultrasound interstitial [...] Read more.

Objective: High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) may lack sensitivity for the early detection of interstitial lung disease associated with systemic sclerosis (SSc-ILD). Lung ultrasound is an emerging technique for the diagnosis of SSc-ILD. This cross-sectional study aimed to describe the prevalence of ultrasound interstitial syndrome in SSc patients with normal HRCT and pulmonary function tests (PFT). Methods: Thirty SSc patients with normal HRCT, FVC > 80% predicted and DLCO > 70% predicted were included. Echocardiography and PFT including impulse oscillometry and cardiopulmonary exercise testing were performed. Lung ultrasound was analyzed by two blinded operators. Patients were classified into two groups, according to the presence or absence of ultrasound interstitial syndrome, defined as the sum of B-lines in all thoracic areas ≥10 and/or pleural line thickness >3 mm on at least one thoracic area and/or a pleural line irregularity score >16%. Results: Ultrasound interstitial syndrome was present in 12 patients (40%). Inter-reader agreement for the diagnosis of ultrasound interstitial syndrome defined by the Kappa coefficient was 0.93 (95%CI 0.79–1.00). Patients with ultrasound interstitial syndrome were younger (37 years vs. 53 years, p = 0.009), more often had pitting scars (n = 7/12 vs. 3/18, p = 0.045) and had lower FVC (102 vs. 110% pred, p = 0.009), TLC (114 vs. 122% pred, p = 0.042) and low-frequency respiratory system reactance (Xrs5 Z-score 0.16 vs. 1.02, p = 0.018), while pulmonary gas exchange was similar. Conclusions: Ultrasound interstitial syndrome was detected in 12/30 SSc patients with normal HRCT and PFT. Patients with ultrasound interstitial syndrome had differences in lung function consistent with reduced respiratory compliance, suggesting minimal and/or early suspected SSc-ILD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Immunology)

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19 pages, 6585 KiB

Open AccessArticle

UBC Gene Family Analysis in Salvia castanea and Roles of ScUBC2/5 Genes under Abiotic Stress

by Longyi Zhu, Yuee Sun, Najeeb Ullah, Guilian Zhang, Hui Liu and Ling Xu

Plants 2024, 13(10), 1353; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13101353 (registering DOI) - 14 May 2024

Abstract

Salvia castanea Diels, a relative of the medicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, belongs to the genus Salvia and family Lamiaceae. Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 (UBC) is an important ubiquitin-binding enzyme in protein ubiquitination. This study aimed to analyze the regulatory role [...] Read more.

Salvia castanea Diels, a relative of the medicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, belongs to the genus Salvia and family Lamiaceae. Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 (UBC) is an important ubiquitin-binding enzyme in protein ubiquitination. This study aimed to analyze the regulatory role of UBC genes, particularly ScUBC2/5, on the growth and adaptation of S. castanea to extreme environments including cold or drought stress. We identified nine UBC genes in S. castanea and found that these genes were extremely stable and more highly expressed in the roots than other tissues. This suggested that UBC genes might play a role in promoting root adaptation to cold and dry environments. Further analysis of UBC gene expression in hairy roots under cold (4 °C) and UV stress also confirmed their importance under stress. The contents of tanshinone and salvianolic acid in hairy roots with the overexpression of ScUBC2/5 were increased compared to non-transgenic wild type, and the cold and UV resistance of hairy roots was increased compared with that of wild type. Together, these findings highlighted the role of ScUBC2/5 in enhancing secondary metabolite accumulation and regulation in response to cold and ultraviolet stress in S. castanea, providing a new perspective for genetic improvement in its phytochemistry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)

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21 pages, 1267 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differences and Similarities in the Feet of Metatarsalgia Patients with and without Rheumatoid Arthritis in Remission

by Rebeca Bueno Fermoso, Maria Rosario Morales Lozano, Marta Nieto Cordero, Carmen Martínez Rincón, Pablo García-Fernández and María Luz González Fernández

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(10), 2881; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13102881 (registering DOI) - 14 May 2024

Abstract

Objectives: Metatarsalgia continues to be a problem in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in remission (remRA), as well as in the non-rheumatic population, with a mechanical origin. Identify and compare clinical, morphological, disability, synovitis (ultrasound), and radiological osteoarticular damage characteristics in two groups [...] Read more.

Objectives: Metatarsalgia continues to be a problem in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in remission (remRA), as well as in the non-rheumatic population, with a mechanical origin. Identify and compare clinical, morphological, disability, synovitis (ultrasound), and radiological osteoarticular damage characteristics in two groups of patients with lesser-ray metar-tarsalgia, with remRA, and without RA. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 84 patients with remRA (mRA) and 60 patients without RA (nmRA). The study evaluated five clinical variables (pain, Foot Function Index (FFI), joint mobility, digital deformities, and foot type), a radiological variable (osteoarticular damage), and an ultrasound variable (metatarsal synovitis). The data were analysed using descriptive and correlational techniques. Results: There were no significant differences in sex, age, body mass index (BMI), or degree of pain. Both groups showed a high prevalence of limited joint mobility for the ankle and first metatarsal phalanx (DF1st MTPJ) and digital deformities, with no statistically significant differences. Similarly, there were no differences in lesser-ray synovitis. On the other hand, there were differences in mRA with greater disability and activity limitation (FFI), LDD (lesser-ray digital deformities) stiffness, first-ray deformities, radiological damage, synovitis in 1st MTPJ, and positive Doppler (five patients). Conclusions: Metatarsalgia presents similarities in both populations. Biomechanical factors may influence the symptoms and presence of synovitis in patients with RA in remission. Other characteristics are more frequent in mRA, which could be related to the disease; thus, future research should include both biomechanical and ultrasound exploration of the foot in the valuation of patients in remission. Full article

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11 pages, 4328 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Surgical Risk in Elderly Patients with Meningiomas in Japan

by Fusao Ikawa, Nobuaki Michihata, Soichi Oya, Hideo Yasunaga and Nobutaka Horie

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(10), 2882; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13102882 (registering DOI) - 14 May 2024

Abstract

Background/Objective: No guidelines indicate surgical risk factors for the elderly because of the lack of data from general neurosurgeons. To better understand the management of surgical risk in elderly patients with meningiomas based on a national database in Japan. Methods: Results [...] Read more.

Background/Objective: No guidelines indicate surgical risk factors for the elderly because of the lack of data from general neurosurgeons. To better understand the management of surgical risk in elderly patients with meningiomas based on a national database in Japan. Methods: Results of surgically treated meningiomas were explored in 8138 patients registered in the Diagnosis Procedure Combination database in Japan during 2010–2015. Age (<65, 65–74, and ≥75 years), sex, Barthel index (BI), medical history, tumor location, oral medication prescriptions on admission, and stroke complications were evaluated. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified risk factors for stroke complications, BI deterioration between admission and discharge, and in-hospital mortality. Results: Advanced age was the prominent risk factor for BI deterioration (odds ratio: 3.26; 95% confidence interval: 2.69–3.95) but not for in-hospital mortality. Lower BI (60–80) on admission increased the risk of BI deterioration in all age groups; however, BI < 60 demonstrated a significant inverse risk (0.47; 0.32–0.69) in the elderly (≥75 years). Location (falx, parasagittal, and deep) and anticoagulants were not significant risk factors for BI deterioration in patients aged ≥ 75 years, despite being significant risk factors in patients aged <65 and/or 65–74 years. Conclusions: Although advanced age could lead to postoperative functional decline at discharge, it was not sufficiently significant enough to be associated with in-hospital mortality. Because of the possibility of recovery even in elderly patients with severe disabilities, appropriate surgical selection and optimal management may lead to favorable functional outcomes in elderly patients with meningiomas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain Tumor)

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22 pages, 2866 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Targeted Anthocyanin Enrichment of Cranberry Juice by Electrodialysis with Filtration Membranes: Impact of Filtration Membrane Physicochemical Properties and Predictive Statistical Models

by Eva Revellat and Laurent Bazinet

Membranes 2024, 14(5), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14050111 (registering DOI) - 14 May 2024

Abstract

To optimize cranberry juice enrichment, correlation between physicochemical properties of filtration membranes (FM) and anthocyanin migration was investigated during electrodialysis with filtration membranes (EDFM) using redundancy (RDA) and multivariate regression (MRGA) analyses. Six polyether sulfone (PES) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes with molecular [...] Read more.

To optimize cranberry juice enrichment, correlation between physicochemical properties of filtration membranes (FM) and anthocyanin migration was investigated during electrodialysis with filtration membranes (EDFM) using redundancy (RDA) and multivariate regression (MRGA) analyses. Six polyether sulfone (PES) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes with molecular weight cut-offs between 150 and 500 kDa, commercially available at large scale, were characterized in terms of nine physicochemical characteristics and used for EDFM. The highest migration of total anthocyanin was obtained with PVDF 250 kDa, with a global migration rate of 3.5 ± 0.4 g/m²·h. RDA showed that two FM properties (mesopore porosity and hydrophilic porosity) were significantly negatively correlated to the anthocyanin’s migration and explained 67.4% of their total variation in migration. Predictive MRGA models were also developed for each anthocyanin based on these significant FM properties. A combination of intermolecular interactions may lead to binding in a cooperative and synergistic mode and hinder the anthocyanin migration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Electrodialytic Processes)

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