Metal-Bearing Nanoparticles Observed in Soils and Fault Gouges over the Shenjiayao Gold Deposit and Their Significance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geological Setting
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Sample Collection and Preprocessing
3.2. TEM Observation
3.3. Chemical Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Nanoparticles from the Deposit
4.1.1. Nanoparticles in Soils over the Gold Deposit
4.1.2. Nanoparticles in Fault Gouges
4.2. Nanoparticles in the Geochemical Background Area
4.3. The Concentration of Ore-Forming Elements in Soil Samples, Fault Gouge Samples, and Ore Samples
5. Discussion and Conclusions
5.1. Comparison of Metal-Bearing Nanoparticles in Soil and Fault Gouge Samples in the Studied Gold Mining Area
5.2. Comparison of Nanoparticles in Soil Samples in the Mining Area and in the Background Area
5.3. Migration Mechanism of Metallic Nanoparticles from Mineralized Bodies to Earth’s Surface
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Particle ID | Size (nm) | Shape | Element | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | O | Na | Mg | Al | Si | S | Cl | K | Ca | Fe | Ni | Cu | As | Zn | Zr | Au | Pb | ||||
1 | 600 × 900 | irregular | wt % | 9.15 | 7.38 | - | - | 3.07 | 5.34 | - | - | 10.33 | - | 12.91 | 5.54 | 12.16 | - | - | - | 34.11 | - |
at % | 30.69 | 18.59 | - | - | 4.59 | 7.66 | - | - | 10.65 | - | 9.31 | 3.81 | 7.71 | - | - | - | 6.98 | - | |||
2 | 600 × 1000 | irregular | wt % | 36.71 | 10.22 | 2.06 | - | 2.25 | 1.08 | - | - | - | - | 0.11 | - | 24.15 | - | - | 21.44 | 1.36 | - |
at % | 67.23 | 14.05 | 1.97 | - | 1.83 | 0.85 | - | - | - | - | 0.11 | - | 8.36 | - | - | 5.17 | 0.15 | - | |||
3 | unmeasurable | aggregation | wt % | 10.21 | 6.52 | - | - | 5.79 | 0.73 | - | - | 0.43 | - | 0.37 | - | 0.40 | - | 9.62 | - | - | 65.93 |
at % | 42.77 | 20.51 | - | - | 10.80 | 1.32 | - | - | 0.56 | - | 0.33 | - | 0.31 | - | 7.40 | - | - | 16.01 | |||
4 | 150 × 300 | circular | wt % | - | 18.35 | - | - | 3.71 | 4.10 | - | - | 0.75 | - | 6.57 | - | - | - | 64.90 | - | - | - |
at % | - | 44.10 | - | - | 5.28 | 5.61 | - | - | 0.74 | - | 4.52 | - | - | - | 38.18 | - | - | - | |||
5 | unmeasurable | aggregation | wt % | - | 8.46 | - | - | 25.98 | 2.37 | 2.58 | 24.27 | - | - | 0.65 | - | 33.83 | - | 1.86 | - | - | |
at % | - | 18.15 | - | - | 33.05 | 2.89 | 2.76 | 23.49 | - | - | 0.40 | - | 18.28 | - | 0.98 | - | - | ||||
6 | 200 × 400 | irregular | wt % | - | 23.04 | - | - | 7.96 | 15.28 | 0.33 | 0.19 | 2.33 | - | 28.79 | - | 0.52 | - | 17.15 | - | - | - |
at % | - | 46.58 | - | - | 8.60 | 16.58 | 0.32 | 0.16 | 1.82 | - | 15.70 | - | 0.25 | - | 7.99 | - | - | - | |||
7 | 1000 × 1000 | Circular | wt % | - | 21.59 | - | - | 2.10 | - | - | - | - | - | 76.31 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
at % | - | 48.30 | - | - | 2.79 | - | - | - | - | - | 48.91 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
8 | 900 × 900 | irregular | wt % | - | 23.25 | - | - | 2.13 | 1.46 | - | - | - | - | 71.33 | - | 0.28 | - | - | - | - | - |
at % | - | 50.24 | - | - | 2.73 | 1.80 | - | - | - | - | 44.15 | - | 0.15 | - | - | - | - | - | |||
9 | 400 × 600 | irregular | wt % | - | 21.87 | - | - | 3.50 | 1.92 | 0.33 | - | - | - | 67.79 | - | 1.23 | - | - | - | - | - |
at % | - | 48.43 | - | - | 4.60 | 1.02 | 0.37 | - | - | - | 43.01 | - | 0.69 | - | - | - | - | - | |||
10 | unmeasurable | aggregation | wt % | - | 25.38 | - | - | 4.37 | 3.66 | 0.45 | - | - | - | 59.85 | - | 0.22 | - | 2.56 | - | - | - |
at % | - | 52.30 | - | - | 5.34 | 4.29 | 0.46 | - | - | - | 35.34 | - | 0.11 | - | 1.29 | - | - | - | |||
11 | 100 × 200 | irregular | wt % | - | 29.70 | - | - | 4.35 | 11.83 | - | - | 1.45 | 0.25 | 45.08 | - | - | - | 0.59 | - | - | - |
at % | - | 54.23 | - | - | 4.71 | 12.31 | - | - | 1.08 | 0.18 | 23.58 | - | - | - | 0.26 | - | - | - | |||
12 | unmeasurable | aggregation | wt % | - | 26.06 | - | - | 4.25 | 3.78 | - | - | - | - | 65.73 | - | 0.18 | - | - | - | - | - |
at % | - | 52.53 | - | - | 5.08 | 4.34 | - | - | - | - | 37.96 | - | 0.09 | - | - | - | - | - | |||
13 | 400 × 500 | irregular | wt % | - | 30.62 | - | 0.59 | 6.05 | 9.93 | 0.61 | - | - | - | 51.31 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
at % | - | 54.95 | - | 0.70 | 6.44 | 10.15 | 0.55 | - | - | - | 26.38 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
14 | unmeasurable | aggregation | wt % | 14.26 | 22.89 | - | - | 3.91 | 1.24 | 0.15 | - | 0.24 | - | 53.09 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
at % | 31.12 | 37.49 | - | - | 3.80 | 1.16 | 0.12 | - | 0.16 | - | 24.92 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
15 | unmeasurable | aggregation | wt % | 57.01 | 14.29 | - | - | 3.23 | 1.60 | - | - | - | - | 22.17 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
at % | 76.26 | 14.35 | - | - | 1.92 | 0.91 | - | - | - | - | 6.38 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Particle ID | Size (nm) | Shape | Element | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | O | Na | Mg | Al | Si | S | Cl | K | Ca | Ti | Ba | Fe | Cu | Zn | ||||
16 | 150 × 300 | irregular | wt % | 9.11 | 31.54 | 1.58 | 2.21 | 8.89 | 4.49 | 4.15 | 0.56 | 1.35 | 31.01 | - | - | 4.17 | 0.28 | - |
at % | 16.20 | 45.10 | 1.68 | 2.21 | 8.02 | 3.89 | 3.15 | 0.38 | 0.84 | 20.71 | - | - | 1.82 | 0.11 | - | |||
17 | 1000 × 1000 | irregular | wt % | 18.84 | 17.63 | - | 1.36 | 5.78 | 0.51 | - | - | - | 55.74 | - | - | 0.13 | - | - |
at % | 35.01 | 24.56 | - | 1.26 | 4.77 | 0.41 | - | - | - | 31.06 | - | - | 0.05 | - | - | |||
18 | 200 × 400 | rectangle | wt % | - | - | 1.32 | - | 4.34 | 0.36 | 15.82 | - | - | 0.78 | - | 76.97 | - | - | - |
at % | - | - | 4.38 | - | 12.26 | 0.98 | 37.63 | - | - | 1.49 | - | 42.74 | - | - | - | |||
19 | 200 × 200 | sphere | wt % | - | 24.71 | - | 1.14 | 7.26 | 8.32 | - | - | - | 3.17 | 48.72 | - | 2.54 | 1.06 | 1.10 |
at % | - | 45.49 | - | 1.38 | 7.93 | 8.72 | - | - | - | 2.33 | 29.96 | - | 1.34 | 0.49 | 0.49 | |||
20 | 200 × 200 | hexagon | wt % | - | 21.62 | - | - | 6.67 | - | 0.45 | - | - | - | 70.11 | - | 0.21 | 0.51 | - |
at % | - | 43.56 | - | - | 7.96 | - | 0.46 | - | - | - | 47.19 | - | 0.12 | 0.26 | - | |||
21 | 1000 × 1000 | cube | wt % | - | 2.33 | 76.80 | - | - | - | - | 19.33 | 1.21 | 0.33 | - | - | - | - | - |
at % | - | 3.58 | 82.07 | - | - | - | - | 13.39 | 0.76 | 0.20 | - | - | - | - | - |
Particle ID | Size (nm) | Shape | Element | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | O | Na | Al | Si | S | Mn | K | Ca | Ti | Fe | Cu | Zn | Au | Pb | ||||
22 | 300 × 300 | irregular | wt % | - | 6.92 | - | - | 1.15 | - | 3.06 | - | - | - | 87.44 | 1.10 | - | 0.33 | - |
at % | - | 20.47 | - | - | 1.94 | - | 2.64 | - | - | - | 74.06 | 0.82 | - | 0.08 | - | |||
23 | 300 × 300 | irregular | wt % | - | 23.07 | - | - | 7.38 | - | 54.24 | 5.31 | 2.26 | - | 6.28 | 1.23 | - | 0.23 | - |
at % | - | 47.80 | - | - | 8.71 | - | 32.72 | 4.50 | 1.87 | - | 3.72 | 0.64 | - | 0.04 | - | |||
24 (I) | 1000 × 1000 | irregular | wt % | - | 14.83 | 1.66 | 8.46 | 11.97 | 16.73 | - | - | 1.16 | - | - | 45.19 | - | - | - |
at % | - | 30.88 | 2.40 | 10.45 | 14.20 | 17.40 | - | - | 0.96 | - | - | 23.70 | - | - | - | |||
24 (II) | wt % | - | 42.12 | - | 20.90 | 31.28 | - | - | - | 2.61 | - | - | 3.10 | - | - | - | ||
at % | - | 56.80 | - | 16.71 | 24.03 | - | - | - | 1.40 | - | - | 1.05 | - | - | - | |||
25 | 900 × 900 | irregular | wt % | - | 32.09 | - | 19.68 | 15.41 | 4.14 | - | 1.00 | 2.61 | - | 14.92 | 10.15 | - | - | - |
at % | - | 51.03 | - | 18.56 | 13.96 | 3.29 | - | 0.65 | 1.65 | - | 6.80 | 4.06 | - | - | - | |||
26 | 100 × 100 | irregular | wt % | - | 16.99 | - | 4.29 | 8.50 | 17.56 | - | 0.33 | 0.15 | - | 24.24 | 0.61 | 26.45 | - | - |
at % | - | 36.08 | - | 5.40 | 10.28 | 18.61 | - | 0.28 | 0.13 | - | 14.75 | 0.33 | 13.75 | - | - | |||
27 | 300 × 300 | irregular | wt % | 30.88 | 4.80 | - | - | 1.04 | 22.92 | - | 1.01 | 0.56 | - | 5.18 | 0.39 | 33.21 | - | - |
at % | 60.22 | 7.03 | - | - | 0.87 | 16.74 | - | 0.61 | 0.33 | - | 2.17 | 0.14 | 11.90 | - | - | |||
28 | 400 × 500 | irregular | wt % | - | 16.10 | - | 7.64 | 2.38 | - | - | - | 1.24 | - | 0.55 | 0.62 | 0.60 | - | 70.87 |
at % | - | 56.66 | - | 15.94 | 4.78 | - | - | - | 1.74 | - | 0.56 | 0.55 | 0.52 | - | 19.26 | |||
29 | 300 × 300 | irregular | wt % | - | 30.51 | 3.03 | 4.90 | 2.50 | 8.90 | - | 7.84 | 0.80 | - | 22.76 | 0.24 | - | - | 16.76 |
at % | - | 56.82 | 3.92 | 5.41 | 2.66 | 8.27 | - | 5.97 | 0.59 | - | 12.14 | 0.11 | - | - | 2.41 | |||
30 | 200 × 300 | irregular | wt % | - | 1.99 | - | 5.42 | 0.95 | - | - | 0.96 | - | - | 0.83 | 1.85 | 0.28 | - | 87.71 |
at % | - | 14.56 | - | 23.50 | 3.97 | - | - | 2.86 | - | - | 1.75 | 3.40 | 0.50 | - | 49.47 | |||
31 | 300 × 500 | irregular | wt % | - | 32.12 | - | 10.52 | 11.78 | 0.28 | - | 0.45 | - | - | 42.52 | 0.60 | 1.02 | - | - |
at % | - | 55.23 | - | 10.73 | 11.54 | 0.24 | - | 0.32 | - | - | 20.95 | 0.26 | 0.43 | - | - | |||
32 | 500 × 1500 | irregular | wt % | - | 27.23 | - | 12.35 | 15.50 | 0.45 | - | 5.31 | - | 0.78 | 34.63 | 0.23 | 0.33 | - | - |
at % | - | 48.33 | - | 13.00 | 15.67 | 0.40 | - | 3.85 | - | 0.46 | 17.61 | 0.10 | 0.14 | - | - | |||
33 | 300 × 500 | irregular | wt % | - | - | 1.32 | 3.52 | 0.67 | 38.13 | - | 2.62 | 0.38 | - | 52.25 | - | 0.22 | - | - |
at % | - | - | 2.36 | 5.37 | 0.98 | 48.98 | - | 2.76 | 0.40 | - | 38.53 | - | 0.14 | - | - |
Element | Unit | Soil over Concealed Ore Bodies (n = 10) | Soil from Background Area (n = 3) | Fault Gouge (n = 2) | Ore (n = 3) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Max | Mean | Min | Max | Mean | Min | Max | Mean | Min | Max | Mean | ||
Au | ng/g | 3.18 | 35.0 | 14.1 | 1.67 | 3.01 | 2.28 | 137 | 722 | 429 | 1050 | 5760 | 3520 |
Ag | μg/g | 0.06 | 1.34 | 0.41 | 0.06 | 0.27 | 0.14 | 4.92 | 14.4 | 9.7 | 89 | 439 | 291 |
Cu | μg/g | 19.0 | 58.6 | 37.1 | 23.5 | 30.7 | 26.8 | 231 | 497 | 364 | 6945 | 10,980 | 8463 |
Pb | μg/g | 30.3 | 430 | 114 | 25 | 32.7 | 28.6 | 1453 | 2617 | 2035 | 5521 | 8950 | 7231 |
Zn | μg/g | 87.7 | 455 | 174 | 67.9 | 99.7 | 79.8 | 2776 | 8692 | 5734 | 4131 | 37,820 | 17,977 |
As | μg/g | 14.2 | 93.6 | 48.3 | 13.5 | 24.7 | 17.3 | 363 | 2329 | 1346 | 7754 | 60,740 | 25,436 |
Sb | μg/g | 1.27 | 4.00 | 2.03 | 1.02 | 1.24 | 1.12 | 12.2 | 60.5 | 36.3 | 294 | 773 | 610 |
Hg | μg/g | 37.8 | 896 | 216 | 27.4 | 52.2 | 38.6 | 17.3 | 28.9 | 23.1 | 41,920 | 57,960 | 49,049 |
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Zhang, B.; Han, Z.; Wang, X.; Liu, H.; Wu, H.; Feng, H. Metal-Bearing Nanoparticles Observed in Soils and Fault Gouges over the Shenjiayao Gold Deposit and Their Significance. Minerals 2019, 9, 414. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9070414
Zhang B, Han Z, Wang X, Liu H, Wu H, Feng H. Metal-Bearing Nanoparticles Observed in Soils and Fault Gouges over the Shenjiayao Gold Deposit and Their Significance. Minerals. 2019; 9(7):414. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9070414
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Bimin, Zhixuan Han, Xueqiu Wang, Hanliang Liu, Hui Wu, and Hui Feng. 2019. "Metal-Bearing Nanoparticles Observed in Soils and Fault Gouges over the Shenjiayao Gold Deposit and Their Significance" Minerals 9, no. 7: 414. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9070414