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Millennial-scale changes in North Atlantic circulation since the last glaciation

Nature volume 393, pages 557–561 (1998)Cite this article

Abstract

Ocean circulation is closely linked to climate change on glacial–interglacial and shorter timescales. Extensive reorganizations in the circulation of deep and intermediate-depth waters in the Atlantic Ocean have been hypothesized for both the last glaciation1,2,3,4,5,6 and the subsequent Younger Dryas cold interval3,6,7,8,9,10, but there has been little palaeoceanographic study of the subtropical gyres11,12,13. These gyres are the dominant oceanic features of wind-driven circulation, and as such they reflect changes in climate and are a significant control on nutrient cycling and, possibly, atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Here we present Cd/Ca ratios in the shells of benthic foraminifera from the Bahama banks that confirm previous suggestions11,12 that nutrient concentrations in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre were much lower during the Last Glacial Maximum than they are today (up to 50% lower according to our data). These contrasting nutrient burdens imply much shorter residence times for waters within the thermocline of the Last Glacial Maximum. Below the glacial thermocline, nutrient concentrations were reduced owing to the presence of Glacial North Atlantic Intermediate Water. A high-resolution Cd/Ca record from an intermediate depth indicates decreased nutrient concentrations during the Younger Dryas interval as well, mirroring opposite changes at a nearby deep site3,9. Together, these observations suggest that the formation of deep and intermediate waters — North Atlantic Deep Water and Glacial North Atlantic Intermediate Water, respectively — wax and wane alternately on both orbital and millennial timescales.

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Figure 1: Vertical profiles of inferred seawater cadmium concentration, CdW.
Figure 2: Data from core OC205-2-103GGC (26° 04′ N, 78° 03′ W; 965 m).
Figure 3: Records of CdW from the deep and intermediate-depth western North Atlantic.
Figure 4: Estimated seawater PO43− concentrations recorded in core OC205-2-103GGC.

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Acknowledgements

We thank P. Lohmann for providing modern Bahamas PO43− data and sediment grabsamples; M. Jeglinski, D. Ostermann and L. Zou for isotope laboratory assistance; and E. Boyle, L.Keigwin, L. Labeyrie, D. McCorkle, J. McManus and R. Zahn for comments and discussions. This work was supported by the US NSF.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Joint Program in Oceanography, Woods Hole, 02543, Massachusetts, USA

    Thomas M. Marchitto Jr

  2. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, 02543, Massachusetts, USA

    William B. Curry & Delia W. Oppo

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Correspondence to Thomas M. Marchitto Jr.

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Marchitto, T., Curry, W. & Oppo, D. Millennial-scale changes in North Atlantic circulation since the last glaciation. Nature 393, 557–561 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1038/31197

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