Skip to main content
Log in

Nest defence by Magpies(Pica pica) and the brood parasitic Great Spotted Cuckoos(Clamator glandarius) in parasitized and unparasitized nests

Nestverteidigung von durch den Häherkuckuck(Clamator glandarius) parasitierten und unparasitierten Nestern bei Elstern(Pica pica)

  • Published:
Journal für Ornithologie Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Nest defence is a frequent and widespread parental behaviour which enhances brood survival. We have found that in a Spanish Magpie population which is heavily parasitized by the brood parasitic Great Spotted Cuckoo, Magpies defend (1) unparasitized more frequently than parasitized nests, and (2) at the end of the nestling period more frequently than in other stages of the breeding cycle. Great Spotted Cuckoos are brood parasites, which means that their eggs are incubated and their nestlings are raised by members of a host species. Brood parasites are not thought to take care of their own offspring. However, we have found that Great Spotted Cuckoos sometimes scolded us on our regular visits to parasitized magpie nests (but never on those to unparasitized nests). Frequency of nest defence by cuckoos differed significantly among years, being significantly higher at the beginning of the study. Although sporadic observations of adult brood parasites feeding juveniles have been recorded, nest defence has not previously been suggested for any brood parasite.

Zusammenfassung

Nestverteidigung ist ein häufiges und weit verbreitetes elterliches Verhalten zur Erhöhung des Bruterfolges. In einer spanischen Elsterpopulation, die sehr intensiv vom Häherkuckuck parasitiert ist, wurden unparasitierte Nester häufiger verteidigt als parasitierte, und zum Ende der Nestlingsperiode wurden Nestern häufiger verteidigt als zu früheren Phasen des Brutzyklus. Häherkuckucke sind Brutparasiten, deren Eier von den Wirtseltern bebrütet und die Nestlinge von ihnen aufgezogen werden. Solche Brutparasiten kümmern sich im allgemeinen nicht selbst um ihre Nachkommen. Manchmal jedoch haßten Häherkuckuck auf uns, wenn wir parasitierte Nester der Elster kontrollierten, während an unparasitierten Nestern ein solches Hassen niemals erfolgte. Die Häufigkeit dieser Nestverteidugung der Kuckucke variierte zwischen Jahren und war signifikant häufiger zu Beginn unserer Untersuchung. Zwar wurde gelegentlich schon Füttern der Jungvögel durch elterliche Brutparasiten beobachtet, die hier festgestellte Nestverteidung ist bisher aber von keinem Brutparasiten beschrieben.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Andersson, M., Wiklund, C.G. & Rundgren, H. (1980): Parental defence of offspring: a model and an example. Anim. Behav. 28: 536–542.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bazin, R. & Sealy, S.G. (1993): Experiments on the responses of a rejector species to threats of predation and cowbird parasitism. Ethology 94: 326–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brooker, M.G. & Brooker, L.C. (1989): Cuckoo hosts in Australia. Aust. Zool. Rev. 2: 1–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buitron, D. (1983): Variability in the response of black-billed magpies to natural predators. Behaviour 78: 209–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clutton-Brock, T.H. (1991): The evolution of parental care. Princeton University Press, Princeton.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Cramp, S. & Simmons, K.E.L. (Ed., 1985): The Birds of the Western Palaearctic. Vol IV. Oxford.

  • Erpino, M. J. (1968): Nest-related activities of black-billed magpies. Condor 70: 154–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedmann, H. (1968): The evolutionary history of the genusChrysococcyx. Washington.

  • Gill, S.A., Grieef, P.M., Staib, L.M. & Sealy, S.G. (1977): Does nest defence deter or facilitate cowbird parasitism? A test of the nesting-cue hypothesis. Ethology 103: 56–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greig-Smith, P.W. (1980): Parental investment in nest defence by stonechats (Saxicola torcuata). Anim. Behav. 28: 604–619.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hurlbert, S.H. (1984): Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments. Ecol. Monograph. 54: 187–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Montgomerie, R.D. & Weatherhead, P.J. (1988): Risks and rewards of nest defence by parent birds. Q. Rev. Biol. 63: 167–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neudorf, D.L. & Sealy, S.G. (1992): Reactions of four passerine species to threats of predation and cowbird parasitism: enemy recognition or generalized responses? Behaviour 123: 84–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Onnebrink, H. & Curio, E. (1991): Brood defence and age of young: a test of the vulnerability hypothesis. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 29: 61–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Payne, R.B. (1974): The evolution of clutch size and reproductive rates in parasitic cuckoos. Evolution 28: 169–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Payne, R.B. (1977): The ecology of brood parasitism. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 8: 1–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Redondo, T. & Carranza, J. (1989): Offspring reproductive value and nest defence in the magpie (Pica pica). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 25: 369–378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, R.J. & Norman, R.F. (1976): Behavioral defenses to brood parasitism by potential hosts of the brown-headed cowbird. Condor 78: 166–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Röell, A. & Bossema, I. (1982): A comparison of nest defence by jackdaws, rooks, magpies and crows. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 11: 1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rothstein, S.I. (1990): A model system for coevolution: avian brood parasitism. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 21: 481–508.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skutch, A.F. (1976): Parents birds and their young. Austin.

  • Sokal, R.R. & Rohlf, F.J. (1981): Biometry. New York.

  • Soler, M. (1990): Relationships between the great spotted cuckooClamator glandarius and its corvid hosts in a recently colonized area. Ornis Scand. 21: 212–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soler, M., Palomino, J.J., Martinez, J.G. & Soler, J.J. (1994a): Activity, survival, independence and migration of fledgling Great Spotted Cuckoos. Condor 96: 802–805.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soler, M., Soler, J.J., Martinez, J.G. & Møller, A.P. (1994b): Micro-evolutionary change in host response to a brood parasite. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 35: 295–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soler, M., Palomino, J.J., Martinez, J.G. & Soler, J.J. (1995a): Communal parental care by monogamous magpie hosts of fledgling great spotted cuckoos. Condor 96: 802–805.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soler, M., Soler, J.J., Martinez, J.G. & Møller, A.P. (1995b): Magpie host manipulation by Great Spotted Cuckoos: Evidence for an avian mafia? Evolution 49: 770–775.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soler, M., Soler, J.J., Martinez, J.G., Pérez-Contreras, T. & Møller, A.P. (1998): Micro-evolutionary change and population dynamics of a brood parasite and its primary host: the intermittent arms race hypothesis. Oecologia (in press).

  • Trivers, R.L. (1972): Parental investment and sexual selection, p. 136–179. In: Campbell, B.G. (Ed.): Sexual selection and the descent of man 1871–1971. Chicago.

  • Zahavi, A. (1979): Parasitism and nest predation in parasitic cuckoos. Am. Nat. 113: 157–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Manuel Soler.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Soler, M., Martínez, J.G. & Soler, J.J. Nest defence by Magpies(Pica pica) and the brood parasitic Great Spotted Cuckoos(Clamator glandarius) in parasitized and unparasitized nests. J Ornithol 140, 199–205 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01653599

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01653599

Key words

Navigation