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Some effects in liquid helium II — a continuum approach

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Summary

The isotope helium 4 below 2.2°K, known as helium II, exhibits a number of curious mechanical and thermal macroscopic effects. In this paper a possible alternative to the two-fluid theory for helium II is reviewed. Standard techniques of continuum mechanics are used to describe the flow of certain microscopic excitations which are believed to give rise to the observed effects. Appropriate balance laws are formulated and constitutive equations are proposed. Some simple solutions of the resulting theory are discussed which give qualitative agreement with observed effects. These effects include Hall's hanging plate experiment, the fountain effect and smallamplitude second-sound waves.

Zusammenfassung

Das Isotop Helium 4 unter 2,2°K, bekannt als Helium II, zeigt einige merkwürdige mechanische und thermische makroskopische Effekte. In dieser Arbeit wird eine mögliche Alternative zu der Zweiflüssigkeitentheorie für Helium II besprochen. Standardmethoden der Kontinuumsmechanik werden benutzt, um den Fluß gewisser mikroskopischer Anregungszustände zu beschreiben, die als Ursache der beobachteten Effekte angesehen werden. Passende Bilanzgleichungen werden aufgestellt und Stoffgleichungen vorgeschlagen. Einige einfache Lösungen der sich ergebenden Theorie werden diskutiert, die qualitative Übereinstimmung mit den beobachteten Effekten liefern. Diese Effekte betreffen das Experiment der hängenden Platte von Hall, den Springbrunneneffekt und Schall-Wellen zweiter Art bei kleinen Amplituden.

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Atkin, R.J., Fox, N. Some effects in liquid helium II — a continuum approach. Rheol Acta 16, 213–222 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01527917

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