Visualization and measurement of helicopter rotor flow with swept back tip shapes at hover flight using the “flow visualization gun” time line technique

Abstract

The Flow Visualization Gun (FVG), a novel time line visualization technique, has been used to investigate the flow field of a helicopter rotor with swept back tip shape in hover flight condition. After introducing the FVG-technique, the paper presents some visualization photographs of the rotor blade tip vortices and the rotor downwash. Using orthogonal sets of flow photographs and digital image analysis, the 3-dimensional time line displacement within the flow and the tip vortex structure are determined. The data of 16 time line experiments are interpolated in space and time to obtain velocity data on an evenly spaced 3-dimensional grid. Vorticity contour plots of the flow field show the complex arrangement of the tip vortices of the blade itself and of the preceding blade and some additional vorticity in the direct wake which may form a secondary vortex. Understanding and control of this vorticity distribution is important for the design of new efficient tip shapes. While the FVG technique has been used so far for qualitative investigation of complex flow patterns at local velocities of up to 20 m/s, a good comparison to laser velocimetry data validates the technique as an interesting tool for both qualitative and quantitative investigation.