Abstract
Light waveguides containing silver, introduced by ion-exchange process in soda-lime glass, has been annealed in hydrogen atmosphere at temperatures in the 120–250°C range. Annealings cause a near-surface precipitation of metallic silver to form nanometer-size clusters with good uniformity in size and spatial distribution. Hydrogen permeation and ion-exchange between hydrogen and sodium (which remains in the glass matrix after silver-for-sodium exchange) are steps of the annealing process. A further step is the diffusion of silver ions towards the surface, and its eventual precipitation, with an activation energy close to that measured for silver-sodium interdiffusion in glasses of comparable composition.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
E.M. Vogel: J. Am. Ceram. Soc.72, 719 (1989)
P. Mazzoldi, G.W. Arnold, G. Battaglin, R. Bertoncello, F. Gonella: Nucl. Instr. Meth.B91, 478 (1994)
R.F. Haglund, Jr., L. Yang, R.H. Magruder, III, C.W. White, R.A. Zuhr, Lena Yang, R. Dorsinville, R.R. Alfano: Nucl. Instr. Meth.B91, 493 (1994)
P. Mazzoldi, G.W. Arnold, G. Battaglia, F. Gonella, R.F. Haglund, Jr.: J. Nordin. Opt. Phys. Mat.,2, 285 (1996)
C. Flytzanis, F. Hache, M.C. Klein, D. Ricard, P. Roussignol: Progr. Opt.29, 321 (1991)
C. Estournès, N. Cornu, J.L. Guille: J. Non-Cryst. Solids170, 287 (1994)
M. Chybicki, J. Liwo, K. Trzebatowsk: Phys. Stat. Sol.115, K185 (1989)
J.L. Barton, M. Morain: J. Non-Cryst. Solids3, 115 (1970)
J.E. Shelby: J. Appl. Phys.51, 2589 (1980)
F. Gonella, A. Quaranta: Pure Appl. Opt.2, 405 (1993)
F. Gonella: Optics Lett.17, 1667 (1992)
S. Pelli: private communication
G. Battaglin, G. Della Mea, G. De Marchi, M. Guglielmi, P. Mazzoldi, A. Di Martino: J. Non-Cryst. Solids95–96, 1079 (1987)
A. Quaranta, F. Gonella: J. Non-Cryst Solids192/193, 334 (1995)
G.W. Arnold, J.A. Borders: J. Appl. Phys.48, 1488 (1977)
P. Mazzoldi, L. Tramontin, A. Boscolo-Boscoletto, G. Battaglin, G.W. Arnold: Nucl. Instr. Meth.B80/81, 1192 (1993)
U. Kreibig, M. Vollmer:Optical Properties of Metal Clusters, Springer Series in Materials Science 25 (Springer, Berlin, 1995)
A. Berger: J. Non-Cryst. Solids151, 88 (1992)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
De Marchi, G., Caccavale, F., Gonella, F. et al. Silver nanoclusters formation in ion-exchanged waveguides by annealing in hydrogen atmosphere. Appl. Phys. A 63, 403–407 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01567335
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01567335