Summary
The course of meiosis in higher plants is controlled by a large number of genes, the function of which can be discerned by means of mutants showing any kind of meiotic anomaly. In general, there are three main groups of genes belonging to this system. The as-genes control the pairing behaviour of the homologous chromosomes, causing asynapsis in the mutated condition. The ds-genes are responsible for chiasma formation and chiasma frequency, causing desynapsis in the mutated condition. As- and ds-genes influence micro- and macrosporogenesis in a similar way but the ms-genes become effective only in microsporogenesis, resulting in a complete breakdown of meiosis at a stage specific for each gene of the group.
In Pisum sativum, 58 mutants showing genetically conditioned meiotic anomalies have been cytogenetically analysed: 34 of them belong to the ds- and 7 to the as-group; one gene causes asynaptic as well as desynaptic effects; 13 genotypes are male sterile due to degeneration of the chromosomes; the remaining 3 genes cause less specific meiotic disturbances. The lethality of a mutant can be overcome by distinct environmental conditions but the mutant is sterile because of manifold meiotic anomalies.
One gene in the Pisum genome controls the transition from the vegetative to the reproductive stage of the plants. Other genes influence the differentiation of the growing points in such a way that the sporogenic tissues are not formed. In these mutants, no sporocytes are present which can undergo meiosis.
From the findings available for many species of the plant kingdom, it can be assumed that hundreds of genes controlling meiosis are present in the genome of each higher plant.
Similar content being viewed by others
Literature
Beadle, G.W.: Genes in maize for pollen sterility. Genetics 17, 413–431 (1932)
Emerson, R.A.: A recessive zygotic lethal resulting in a 2∶1 ratio for normal vs male sterile and coloured vs colourless pericarp in F2 of certain maize hybrids. Science 75, 566 (1932)
Gottschalk, W.: Die Wirkung mutierter Gene auf die Morphologie und Funktion pflanzlicher Organe. Bot. Studien 14, 1–359 (1964)
Gottschalk, W. : Investigations on the genetic control of meiosis. The Nucleus, Seminar Volume, 345–361 (1968)
Gottschalk, W.: A mutant gene in Pisum causing lethality and sterility. J. Cytol. Genet. 4, 25–31 (1969)
Gottschalk, W.: The genetic control of meiosis. Genetics 74, Suppl. ; 99 (1973)
Gottschalk, W.: The genetic control of meiosis. Proc. XII. Intern. Bot. Congress Leningrad 1, 215 (1975)
Gottschalk, W.; Baquar, S.R.: The effect of mutated genes on the germ cell formation in Pisum. Pakistan J. Sci. Ind. Res. 14, 223–227 (1971a)
Gottschalk, W.; Baquar, S.R.: Desynapsis in Pisum sativum induced through gene mutation. Canad. J. Genet. Cytol. 13, 138–143 (1971b)
Gottschalk, W.; Baquar, S.R.: Breakdown of meiosis in a mutant of Pisum sativum. Cytobiologie 5, 42–50 (1972)
Gottschalk, W.; Jahn, A.: Cytogenetische Untersuchungen an desynaptischen und männlich-sterilen Mutanten von Pisum. Z. Vererbungslehre 95, 150–166 (1964)
Gottschalk, W.; Kaul, M.L.H.: The genetic control of microsporogenesis in higher plants. The Nucleus 17, 133–166 (1974)
Gottschalk, W.; Konvička, O.: Die Meiosis einer partiell sterilen Mutante von Brassica oleracea var. capitata. Cytologia 36, 269–280 (1971)
Gottschalk, W.; Konvicka, O.: Desynapsis bei Brassica oleracea. Biologia 27, 179–186 (1972)
Gottschalk, W.; Konvička, O.: Die Meiosis einer partiell asynaptischen Pisum-Mutante. Cytobiologie 10, 458–467 (1975)
Gottschalk, W.; Milutinović, M.: Trisomics from desynaptic mutants. Nucleus 16, 1–10 (1973)
Gottschalk, W.; Villalobos-Pietrini, R.: The influence of mutant genes on chiasma formation in Pisum sativum. Cytologia 30, 88–97 (1965)
Klein, H.D. : Die Beeinflussung der Meiosis durch mutierte Gene. Diss. Math. Nat. Fak., Univ. Bonn, 1–97 (1968)
Klein, H.D.: Desynapsis und Chromosomenbrüche in einer Mutante von Pisum sativum. Mutation Res. 8, 277–284 (1969a)
Klein, H.D.: Desynaptische Mutanten mit Unterschieden im Univalentenverhalten. Genetica 40, 566–576 (1969b)
Klein, H.D.: Male sterility in Pisum. The Nucleus 12, 167–172 (1969c)
Klein, H.D.: Asynapsis and extensive chromosome breakage in Pisum. Caryologia 23, 251–257 (1970)
Klein, H.D.: Eine Pisum-Mutante mit zahlreichen meiotischen Störungen. Cytologia 36, 15–25 (1971)
Klein, H.D.: Baquar, S.R.: Genetically controlled chromosome breakage and reunions in the meiosis. Chromosoma 37, 223–231 (1972)
Klein, H.D.; Milutinović, M.: Expressivitätsschwankungen mutierter Gene in der Meiosis. Genetica 3, 285–294 (1971a)
Klein, H.D.; Milutinović, M.: Genetische Kontrolle des Konjugationsprozesses der Meiosis in röntgen- und neutronen-induzierten Mutanten. Genetica 3, 1–12 (1971b)
Klein, H.D.; Milutinović, M.: Genbedingte Störungen der Infloreszenz und Blütenbildung. Theor. Appl. Genetics 41, 255–258 (1971c)
Klein, H.D.; Quednau, H.D.: Die biometrische Bewertung des Univalenten-Verhaltens in konjugationsgestörten Mutanten von Pisum sativum. Theor. Appl. Genetics (in press; 1976)
Koller, P.C.: Asynapsis in Pisum sativum. J. Genet. 36, 275–306 (1938)
Konvička, O.; Gottschalk, W.: Cytologische Untersuchungen an strahleninduzierten Mutanten von Brassica oleracea var. capitata. Biol. Plant. 13, 325–332 (1971)
Madjolelo, S.D.P.; Grogan, C.O.; Sarvella, P.A.: Morphological expression of genetic male sterility in maize (Zea mays L.). Crop Sci. 6, 379–380 (1966)
Rick, C.M.: A new male-sterile mutant in the tomato. Science 99, 543 (1944)
Rick, C.M.: A survey of cytogenetic causes of unfruitfulness in the tomato. Genetics 30, 347–362 (1945)
Rick, C.M.: Genetics and development of nine male-sterile tomato mutants. Hilgardia 18, 599–633 (1948)
Rick, C.M.: New male-sterile mutants. Rep. Tomato Genet. Coop. 3, 19–20 (1953)
Rick, C.M.: Abortion of male and female gametes in the tomato determined by allelic interaction. Genetics 53, 85–96 (1966)
Rick, C.M.; Boynton, J.E.: A temperature-sensitive, male-sterile mutant of the tomato. Amer. J. Bot. 54, 601–611 (1967)
Rick, C.M.; Butler, L.: Cytogenetics of the tomato. Adv. Genet. 7, 267–382 (1956)
Rick, C.M. ; Khush, G.S.: Chromosome engineering in Lycopersicon. In: Chromosome Manipulation and Plant Genetics. Suppl. Heredity 20, 8–20 (1965)
Sandler, L.; Lindsley, D.L.; Nicolette, B.; Trippa, G.: Mutants affecting meiosis in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 60, 525–558 (1968)
Singleton, W.R.; Jones, D.F.: Heritable characters in maize. XXXV. Male sterile. J. Hered. 21, 266–268 (1930)
Weijer, J.: A catalogue of genetic maize types together with a maize bibliography. Bibliographia Genetica 14, 189–425 (1952)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Communicated by H. F. Linskens
The investigations were supported by the Ministry of Research and Technology of the Federal Republic of Germany and by the European Atomic Community.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gottschalk, W., Klein, H.D. The influence of mutated genes on sporogenesis. Theoret. Appl. Genetics 48, 23–34 (1976). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00282407
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00282407