Skip to main content
Log in

Wage setting, taxes and demand for labour: Multivariate analysis of cointegrating relations

  • Published:
Empirical Economics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A 10-dimensional vector space is defined which is in accordance with a model of wage setting and demand for labour specified in a bargaining framework. Structural restrictions identifying the long-run relations of interest are specified. Restrictions which characterize wage-seting and labour demand schedules are imposed and tested, first separately and then jointly. The FIML procedure proposed in Johansen and Juselius (1990) is applied.

Generally, restrictions satisfying the condition for formal identification pass the tests at a fairly high signficance level. The plausibility of resulting cointegrating relations applies not only to the signs but also to the magnitudes of the coefficients. The relations show up almost identically in partial and joint analysis. They do not appear to be sensitive to the choice between four or three cointegrating relations in the system. Finally, the relations are hardly influenced at all by alterative conjectures concerning endogeneity of various tax rates. The results indicate that there has been a considerable degree of real wage resistance in action in Finland.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Andersen TB, Risager O (1990) Wage formation in denmark. In: Calmfors L (ed) Wage formation and macroeconomic policy in the nordic countries. Oxford University Press

  • Andrews MJ (1988) Some formal models for the aggregate labour market. In: Beenstock M (ed) Modelling the labour market. Chapman & Hall

  • Bean C (1992) European unemployment: A survey. London School of Economics, Centre for Economic Performance, Discussion Paper No 71

  • Binmore K, Rubinstein A, Wolinsky A (1986) The Nash bargaining solution in economic modelling. Rand Journal of Economics 17/2

    Google Scholar 

  • Calmfors L, Nymoen R (1990) Nordic employment. Economic Policy 7

  • Eitrheim Ø (1991) Inference in small cointegrated systems. Some Monte Carlo Results, Bank of Norway, Discussion Paper No 9

  • Engle RF, Hendry DE, Richard J-F (1983) Exogeneity. Econometrica 51/2

  • Engle RF, Granger CWJ (1987) Co-integration and error correction: Representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica 55/2

  • Granger CW (1986) Developments in the study of cointegrated economic variables. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 48/3

  • Harmermesh DS (1991) Labor demand: What do we know? What don't we know? NBER Working Papers 3890

  • Jackobsson U (1976) On the measurement of the degree of progression. Journal of Public Economics 5

  • Johansen S (1991a) An I(2) cointegration analysis of the purchasing power parity between Australia and the United States. A paper published in the Proceedings of the meeting of Australasian Economic Modelling, Port Douglas, August 27–30

  • Johansen S (1991b) Estimation and hypothesis testing of cointegration vectors in gaussian vector autoregressive models. Econometrica 59/6

    Google Scholar 

  • Johansen S (1992a) Testing weak exogeneity and the order of cointegration in UK money demand data. Journal of Policy Modelling 14

  • Johansen S (1992b) Cointegration in partial systems and the efficiency of single-equation analysis. Journal of Econometrics 52

  • Johansen S, Juselius K (1990) Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration —with applications to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 52/2

  • Johansen S, Juselius K (1992) Testing structural hypotheses in a multivariate cointegration analysis of the PPP and the UIP for the UK. Journal of Econometrics 53

  • Johansen S, Juselius K (1994) Identification of the long-run and the short-run structure. An Application to the ISLM Model, forthcoming in Journal of Econometrics

  • Juselius K, Hargreaves C (1992) Long-run relations in Australian monetary data. In: Hargreaves C (ed) Modelling the Long-Run, Edward Elgar

  • Layard R, Nickell S, Jackman R (1991) Unemployment. Oxford University Press

  • Lockwood B, Manning A (1993) Wage setting and the tax system: Theory and evidence for the UK. Centre for Economic Performance, Discussion Paper 115

  • Manning A (1992) Wage bargaining and the Phillips curve: The identification and specification of aggregate wage equations. Centre for Economic Performance, Discussion Papers 62

  • Nickell SJ (1978) The investment decisions of firms. Cambridge University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickell SJ, Symons J (1990) The real wage-employment relationship in the United States. Journal of Labor Economics 8/1

    Google Scholar 

  • Osterwald-Lenum M (1990) Recalculated and extended tables of the asymptotic distribution of some important maximum likelihood cointegration test statistics. Mimeo, Institute of Economics, University of Copenhagen

  • Padoa Schioppa F (1992) A cross-country analysis of the tax-push hypothesis. International Monetary Fund, Working Paper 11/92

  • Tyrväinen T (1988) Palkat ja työllisyys järjestäytyneillä työmarkkinoilla (Wages and Employment in a Unionized Economy, in Finnish) Bank of Finland D:68

  • Tyrväinen T (1992a) Unions, wages and employment: Evidence from Finland. Applied Economics 24

  • Tyrväinen T (1992b) Tax incidence in union models. Bank of Finland, Discussion Papers 23/92

  • Tyrväinen T (1992c) Wage drift and error correction: Evidence from Finland. Bank of Finland, Discussion Papers 35/92

  • Tyrväinen T (1992d) Wage setting, taxes and demand for labour: multivariate analysis of the cointegrating relations. Bank of Finland, Discussion Papers 22/92

  • Tyrväinen T (1995) Real wage resistance and unemployment: Multivariate analysis of the cointegrating relations in 10 OECD economies. The OECD Jobs Study: Working Paper Series, OECD,Paris

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Tyrväinen, T. Wage setting, taxes and demand for labour: Multivariate analysis of cointegrating relations. Empirical Economics 20, 271–297 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01205439

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01205439

JEL Classification System-Numbers

Navigation