Abstract
Many possible explanations have been suggested for the January effect, with tax considerations receiving the most attention. This analysis suggests a new explanation. The data show that money supply announcements during January contribute at least as much as tax considerations to explaining stock returns during the first five trading days in January. The seasonal behavior of money during December and January appears to be responsible for the money-supply-announcement effect. In addition, the end-of-year seasonal pattern of the money supply is present in other countries and was present before the adoption of personal taxes, so money supply announcements may offer a more consistent explanation of the January effect than tax considerations.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Barsky, Robert B.; Miron, Jeffrey, A. "The Seasonal Cycle and the Business Cycle,"Journal of Political Economy, 97, June 1989, 503–34.
Bodie, Z. "Common Stocks as a Hedge Against Inflation,"Journal of Finance, 31, 1976, 459–70.
Brown, Phillip; Keim, Donald B.; Kleidon, Allan W.; Marsh, Terry A. "Stock Return Seasonalities and the Tax-Loss Selling Hypothesis: Analysis of the Arguments and the Australian Evidence,"Journal of Financial Economics, 12, June 1983, 105–28.
Fama, Eugene. "Stock Returns, Real Activity, Inflation, and Money,"American Economic Review, 71, September 1981, 545–65.
Fama, Eugene; Schwert, G. William. "Asset Returns and Inflation,"Journal of Financial Economics, 5, November 1977, 114–46.
Fishe, Raymond P. H. "The Federal Reserve Amendments of 1917: The Beginning of a Seasonal Note Issue Policy,"Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, 23, August 1991, 309–26.
French, Kenneth; Ruback, Richard; Schwert, G. William. "Effects of Nominal Contracting on Stock Returns,"Journal of Political Economy, 91, January 1983, 70–96.
Friedman, Milton; Schwartz, Anna J.A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963.
Geske, Robert; Roll, Richard. "The Fiscal and Monetary Linkage Between Stock Returns and Inflation,"Journal of Finance, 38, March 1983, 1–33.
Givoly, Dan; Ovadia, Arie. "Year-End Tax-Induced Sales and Stock Market Seasonality,"Journal of Finance, 38, March 1983, 171–85.
Gultekin, Mustafa N.; Gultekin, N. Bulent. "Stock Market Seasonality: International Evidence,"Journal of Financial Economics, 12, December 1983, 469–81.
Gultekin, N. Bulent. "Stock Market Returns and Inflation: Evidence From Other Countries,"Journal of Finance, 38, 1983, 49–65.
Huizinga, John; Leiderman, Leonardo. "The Signalling Role of Base and Money Announcements and Their Effects on Interest Rates,"Journal of Monetary Economics, 20, December 1987, 439–62.
Jones, Charles P.; Pearce, Douglas K.; Wilson, Jack W. "Can Tax-Loss Selling Explain the January Effect? A Note,"The Journal of Finance, 42, June 1987, 453–61.
Kaul, Gautam. "Stock Returns and Inflation: The Role of the Monetary Sector,"Journal of Financial Economics, June 1987, 273–96.
Keim, Donald B. "Size-Related Anomalies and Stock Return Seasonality: Further Empirical Evidence,"Journal of Financial Economics, 12, June 1983, 13–32.
Kemmerer, Edwin W. "Seasonal Variations in the Relative Demand for Money and Capital in the United States: A Statistical Study," National Monetary Commission, Washington: USGPO, 1910.
Modigliani, Franco; Cohn, Richard A. "Inflation, Rational Valuation and the Market,"Financial Analysts Journal, March/April 1979, 3–23.
Nelson, Charles R. "Inflation and Rates of Return on Common Stock,"Journal of Finance, 31, May 1976, 471–83.
Ogden, Joseph P. "Turn-of-Month Evaluations of Liquid Profits and Stock Returns: A Common Explanation for the Monthly and January Effects,"The Journal of Finance, 45, September 1990, 1259–72.
Reinganum, Marc R. "The Anomalous Stock Market Behavior of Small Firms in January: Empirical Tests for the Tax-Loss Selling Effects,"Journal of Financial Economics, 12, June 1983, 89–104.
Reinganum, Marc R.; Shapiro, Alan C. "Taxes and Stock Return Seasonality: Evidence From the London Stock Exchange,"Journal of Business, 60, April 1987, 281–95.
Roley, V. Vance. "The Response of Short-Term Interest Rates to Weekly Money Supply Announcements,"Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, 15, August 1983, 344–54.
Roll, Richard. "Vas ist das? The Turn-of-the-Year Effect and the Return Premia of Small Firms,"Journal of Portfolio Management, Winter 1983, 18–28.
Rozeff, Michael S.; Kinney, William R. "Capital Market Seasonality: The Case of Stock Returns,"Journal of Financial Economics, 3, 1976, 379–402.
Stoll, Hans R.; Whaley, Robert E. "Transaction Costs and the Small Firm Effect,"Journal of Financial Economics, 12, June 1983, 57–79.
Stulz, Rene M. "Asset Pricing and Expected Inflation,"The Journal of Finance, 41, March 1986, 209–22.
Thaler, Richard H. "Anomalies: The January Effect,"The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 1, Summer 1987, 197–201.
White, Halbert. "A Heteroskedasticity-Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and a Direct Test for Heteroscedasticity,"Econometrica, 48, May 1980, 817–38.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, LL., Fishe, R.P.H. Seasonal money movements and the January effect. Atlantic Economic Journal 22, 26–42 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02298857
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02298857