Skip to main content
Log in

Review of studies of trapped radiation with satellite-borne apparatus

  • Published:
Space Science Reviews Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Conclusions

Experimental studies of the radiation zones have been subject to the same imperfections as most other experimental physics, with some extra problems because of the features peculiar to rocket and satellite work. We consider that the theoretical physicists must review the existing knowledge, and suggest specific experiments which would be of particular significance. The theoretical studies of radiation-zone phenomena are so new that the theoretician can start essentially afresh, without being fettered by theories based more on longevity than veracity. We trust that this critical review of experimental work may be of value in such efforts.

The following quotation from Maritain(1959) is so apt to this paper that it will serve as a conclusion:

“The intellect ... is no longer interested in anything but the invention of apparatus to capture phenomena — conceptual nets that give the mind a certain practical dominion over nature, coupled with a deceptive understanding of it; ... by advancing in this fashion, not by linking new truths to already acquired truths, but by substituting new apparatus for outmoded apparatus; by handling things without under standing them; by gaining ground against the real bit by bit, patiently, through victories that are always piecemeal and provisory — by acquiring a secret taste for the matter with which it conspires — thus has the modern intellect developed within this lower order of demiurgy a kind of manifold and marvellously specialized touch as well as wonderful instincts for the chase.”

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References (and Bibliography of Experiments)

  • Allen, L., J. L. Beavers, W. A. Whitaker, J. A. Welch, and R. B. Walton, 1959, Journ. Geophys. Res. 64, 893–908.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, K. A. and D. C. Enemark, 1960, Journ. Geophys. Res. 65, 3521–3538.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aono, Y. and K. Kawakami, 1958, Report Ionosphere Research Japan 12, 28–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, A. H., F. B. Harrison, H. H. Heckman, and L. Rosen, 1961, Journ. Geophys. Res., 66, 351–357.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnoldy, R. L., R. A. Hoffman, and J. R. Winckler, 1960a, Journ. Geophys. Res., 65, 1361–1375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnoldy, R. L., R. A. Hoffman, and J. R. Winckler, 1960b, Space Research 1, North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam.

  • Arnoldy, R. L., R. A. Hoffman, and J. R. Winckler, 1960c, Journ. Geophys. Res. 65, 3004–3007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnoldy, R. L., R. A. Hoffman, and J. R. Winckler, 1962, Journ. Geophys. Res. 67, 2595–2612.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnoldy, R. L., R. A. Hoffman, J. R. Winckler, and S.-I. Akasofu, 1962, Journ. Geophys. Res. 67, 3673–3686.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bame, S. J., J. P. Conner, H. H. Hill, and F. E. Holly, 1961, Presented at the American Geophysical Union Meeting, Los Angeles (December, 1961).

  • Bardin, I. P., 1958, Annals of I. G. Y. 6, Part 3, 220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basler, R. P., R. N. DeWitt, and G. C. Reid, 1960, Journ. Geophys. Res., 65, 1135–1139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, S. D., R. C. Kaifer, and C. D. Schrader, 1960, IRE Transactions on Nuclear Science, NS-7, 170–174.

  • Bostrom, C. O., D. J. Williams, and G. F. Pieper, 1962, American Geophysical Union Meeting, Washington, D.C. (April, 1962).

  • Bridge, H. S., C. Dilworth, A. J. Lazarus, E. F. Lyon, B. Rossi, and F. Scherb (1962), Journ. Phys. Soc. (Japan) 17, Suppl. A-II, pp. 553–560.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brini, D., U. Ciriegi, A. Gandolfi, and G. L. Tabellini, 1961, Nuovo Cimento, Suppl. 22, 545–589.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cahill, L. and Amazeen, 1962, University of New Hampshire publication.

  • Carter, R. E., F. Reines, J. J. Wagner, and M. E. Wyman, 1959, Phys. Rev. 113, 280–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christofilos, N. C., 1959, Journ. Geophys. Res. 64, 869.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chubb, T. et al., 1962, Naval Research Laboratory publication.

  • Cladis, J. B., L. F. Chase, W. L. Imhof, and D. J. Knecht, 1961, Journ. Geophys. Res. 66, 2297–2312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cline, T. L., E. W. Hones, and P. Serlemitses, 1962, Presented at the Eighth Scintillation and Semi-conductor Counter Symposium, Washington, D.C. (March 1–3, 1962).

  • Davis, L. R., O. E. Berg, and L. H. Meredith, 1960, Space Research 1, 721–735, North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam.

  • Davis, Leo R. and Williamson, 1962, Space Research 3, in course of publication.

  • Dessler, A. J., 1960, Journ. Geophys. Res. 65, 3487–3490.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dessler, A. J., 1961, Satellite Environment Handbook (ed. by F. S. Johnson) Stanford University Press, Stanford.

  • Dyce, R. B. and M. P. Nakada, 1959, Journ. Geophys. Res. 64, 1163–1168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Earl, JamesA., 1961, Phys. Rev. Lett. 6, 125–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Enemark, D., 1959, Electronics, 32, 52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan, C. Y., P. Meyer, and J. A. Simpson, 1960a, Space Research 1, 951–966, North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam.

  • Fan, C. Y., P. Meyer, and J. A. Simpson, 1960b, Journ. Geophys. Res. 65, 1862.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan, C. Y., P. Meyer, and J. A. Simpson, 1961a, Journ. Geophys. Res. 66, 2607–2640.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan, C. Y., P. Meyer, and J. A. Simpson, 1961b, Space Research 2, North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam.

  • Farley, T. A. and N. L. Sanders, 1962, Journ. Geophys. Res. 67, 2159–2168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finch, S. E. and B. R. Leaton, 1957, Monthly Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. (Geophysical Supplements) 7, 314–317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischell, R. E., 1961, Space Research 2, 373–412, North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam.

  • Forbush, S. E., D. Venkatesan, and C. E. McIlwain, 1961, Journ. Geophys. Res. 66, 2275–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forbush, S. E., G. Pizzella, and D. Venkatesan, 1962, Journ. Geophys. Res. 67, 3651–3668.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank, L. and J. A. Van Allen, 1962, to be published.

  • Freden, S. C. and R. S. White, 1959, Phys. Rev. Lett. 3, 9–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freden, S. C. and R. S. White, 1960, Journ. Geophys. Res. 65, 1377–1383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freden, S. C. and R. S. White, 1962, Journ. Geophys. Res. 67, 25–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, J. W., 1962, Journ. Geophys. Res. 67, 921–928.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedland, S. S., F. P. Ziemba, R. M. Olson, and H. Delyser, 1962, Presented at the Eighth Scintillation and Semi-conductor Counter Symposium, Washington, D.C. (March 1–3, 1962).

  • Gibson, G., W. C. Jordan, and E. J. Lauer, 1960, Phys. Rev. Lett. 5, 141–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilroy, John, 1962, Presented at the Eighth Scintillation and Semi-Conductor Counter Symposium, Washington, D.C. (March 1–3, 1962).

  • Ginzburg, V. L., L. V. Kurnosova, V. I. Logachev, L. A. Razorenov, and M. I. Fradkin 1962, Journ. Phys. Soc. (Japan) 17, A-II, 128–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gurtler, C. A., 1961, Journ. Geophys. Res. 66, 3050–3054.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gringauz, K. I., 1961a, Space Research 2, 539–553, North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam.

  • Gringauz, K. I., 1961b, Space Research 2, 574–592, North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam.

  • Gringauz, K. I., V. V. Bezrukikh, V. D. Ozerov, R. E. Rybchinskii, 1961a, Artificial Earth Satellites 6, 122–129, Plenum Press, Inc., New York, 1961.

  • Gringauz, K. V. G. Kurt, V. I. Moroz, I. S. Shklovskii, 1961b, Artificial Earth Satellites 6, 130–136, Plenum Press, Inc., New York, 1961.

  • Gringauz, K. I., S. M. Balandina, G. A. Bordovsky, N. M. Shutte, 1962, Space Research 3, North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam.

  • Heckman, H., A. H. Armstrong, 1962, Journ. Geophys. Res. 67, 1255–1262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heppner, J. P., T. L. Skillman, J. C. Cain, 1961 Space Research 2, 681–691, North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam.

  • Herz, A. J., K. W. Ogilvie, J. Olley, R. E. White, 1960, Proceedings of the Moscow Cosmic Ray Conference, Vol. III, (edited by S. I. Syrovatsky), International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, Moscow, 1960, pp. 32–40.

  • Hess, W. N., H. W. Patterson, R. Wallace, E. L. Chupp, 1959, Phys. Rev. 116, 445–457.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess, W. N., S. Bloom, L. Mann, F. Seward, M. West 1962, Space Research 3, North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam, in course of publication.

  • Hess, W. N., A. J. Starnes, 1960, Phys. Rev. Lett., 5, 48–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, R. A., R. L. Arnoldy, J. R. Winckler, 1962, Journ. Geophys. Res. 67, 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holly, F. E., R. G. Johnson, 1959, Post-deadline paper Session G, American Physical Society, Washington, D. C., April 30, 1959, Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holly, F. E., R. G. Johnson, 1960, Journ. Geophys. Res. 65, 771–772.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holly, F. E., L. Allen Jr., R. G. Johnson, 1961, Journ. Geophys. Res. 66, 1627–1639.

    Google Scholar 

  • Imhof, W. L., R. V. Smith, P. C. Fisher, 1962, Space Research 3, North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam, in course of publication.

  • Ivanov-Kholodny, G. S., 1962, Symposium on Theoretical Interpretation of Upper Atmosphere Emissions, Paris, 1962.

  • Jensen, D. C., W. A. Whitaker 1960, Journ. Geophys. Res. 65, 2500.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, G., R. Dyce, 1960, Stanford Research Institute Report, July, 1960.

  • Johnson, R. G., F. E. Holly, 1959, American Physical Society Meeting, Washington, D.C., April, 1959.

  • Josias, C. P., 1960, Proc. IRE, 48, 735–743.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knecht, D. J., 1960, Technical Note AFSWC-TN-60–24, Air Force Special Weapons Center, Kirtland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knecht, D. J., 1962, Presented at Americal Geophysical Union Meeting, Washington, D.C., April, 1962.

  • Krasovskii, V. I., Yu. M. Kushnir, G. A. Bordovskii, G. F. Zakharov, E. M. Svetlitskii, 1960, Artificial Earth Satellites 2, Plenum Press, Inc., New York, 1960, pp. 75–77.

  • Krasovskii, V. I., I. S. Shklovskii, Yu. I. Gal'Perin, E. M. Svetlitskii, Yu. M. Kushnir, G. A. Bordovskii, 1961, Artificial Earth Satellites 6, Plenum Press Inc., New York, 1961, 137–155.

  • Krasovskii, V. I., I. S. Shklovskii, Yu. I. Gal'perin, E. M. Svetlitskii, Yu. M. Kushnir, G. A. Bordovskii, 1962, Planet. Space Sci. 9, 27–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laughlin, C. D., 1960, State University of Iowa Research Report, 60–14, August 1960, 79 pp., unpublished.

  • Lin, W. C., 1961, State University of Iowa Research Report, 61-16, August 1961, unpublished.

  • Ludwig, G. H., 1959, Review of Scientific Instruments, 30, 223–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ludwig, G. H., 1960, State University of Iowa Publication, 60-12.

  • Ludwig, G. H., W. A. Whelpley, 1960, Journ. Geophys. Res. 65, 1119–1124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lundquist, C. A., 1960, Space Research 1, North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam.

  • Lundquist, C. A., R. J. Naumann, S. A. Fields, 1961, Space Research 2, 520–536, North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam.

  • Mann, L. G., S. D. Bloom, H. I. West 1962, Space Research 3, North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam, in course of publication.

  • McDiarmid, I. B., D. C. Rose, E. Budzinski, 1961, Can. Journ. Phys. 39, 1888–1900.

    Google Scholar 

  • McIlwain, C. E., 1960a, Journ. Geophys. Res. 65, 2727–2747.

    Google Scholar 

  • McIlwain, C. E., 1960b, IRE Transactions in Nuclear Science, NS, 7, No. 2–3, 159–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • McIlwain, C. E., 1961, Journ. Geophys. Res. 66, 3681–3692.

    Google Scholar 

  • McIlwain, C. E., G. Pizzella, 1962, Journ. Geophys. Res. in course of publication.

  • Maritain, J., 1959, The Degrees of Knowledge, Geoffrey Bles, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, and Vogt, 1961, Phys. Rev. Lett. 6, 193–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miyazaki, Y., H. Takeucki, 1960, Space Research 1, North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam.

  • Naugle, J. E., D. A. Kniffen, 1961, Phys. Rev. Lett. 7, 3–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naugle, J. E., D. A. Kniffen, 1962, Journ. Phys. Soc., Japan, 17, Suppl. A-II, 118–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Brien, B. J., G. Ludwig, 1960, Journ. Geophys. Res. 65, 2695–2699.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Brien, B. J., J. A. VanAllen, F. E. Roach, C. W. Gartlein, 1960, Journ. Geophys. Res. 65, 2759–2766.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Brien, B. J., J. A. VanAllen, C. Laughlin, L. Frank, 1962a, Journ. Geophys. Res. 67, 397–403.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Brien, B. J., C. Laughlin, L. Frank, J. A. VanAllen, 1962b, Journ. Geophys. Res. 67, 1209–1225.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Brien, B. J., C. D. Laughlin, J. A. VanAllen, 1962c, Nature 195, 943.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Brien, B. J., 1962a, Journ. Geophys. Res. 67, 1227–1233.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Brien, B. J., 1962b, Journ. Geophys. Res. 67, 3687–3706.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Brien, B. J., 1962c, Presented at Midwest Cosmic Ray Conference, Minneapolis, October, 1962.

  • O'Brien, B. J., C. D. Laughlin, 1962a, Journ. Geophys. Res. 67, 2667–2672.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Brien, B. J., C. D. Laughlin, 1962b, Space Research 3, North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam, in course of publication.

  • O'Brien, B. J., W. A. Whelpley, 1962, to be published.

  • Pieper, G. F., A. J. Zmuda, C. O. Bostrom, B. J. O'Brien, 1962, in course of publication.

  • Pizzella, G., C. E. McIlwain, J. A. VanAllen, 1962a, Journ. Geophys. Res. 67, 1235–1253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pizzella, G., C. D. Laughlin, B. J. O'Brien, 1962b, Journ. Geophys. Res. 67, 3281–3288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pomerantz, M. A., S. P. Agarwal, H. Hanson, 1961, Phys. Rev. Lett. 6, 362–364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray, E. C., 1960, Journ. Geophys. Res. 65, 1125–1134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richter, H. L. Jr., W. Pilkington, J. P. Eyrand, W. S. Shipley, L. W. Pandolph, 1959, Electronics 32, No. 6, 39–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, A., C. P. Sonett, P. J. Coleman, C. E. McIlwain, 1959, Journ. Geophys. Res. 64, 709–712.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, A., T. A. Farley, C. P. Sonett, 1960, Space Research, 1, North-Holland Publ. Co. Amsterdam.

  • Rosen, A., T. A. Farley, 1961, Journ. Geophys. Res. 66, 2013–2028.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosser, W. et al., Journ. Geophys. Res. in course of publication.

  • Rothwell, P., C. E. McIlwain, 1960, Journ. Geophys. Res. 65, 799–806.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savenko, I. A., P. I. Shavrin, N. F. Pisarenko, 1961, Geomagnetism i aeronomija, 1, No. 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savenko, A., E. Chudahov, P. I. Shavrin, 1962, Journ. Phys. Soc., Japan, 17, Suppl. A-II, 162–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seward, F. D., F. C. Gilbert, H. N. Kornblum, R. S. White, 1962, Bull. Amer. Phys. Soc. Series II, 7.

  • Simpson, J. A., C. Y. Fan, P. Meyer, 1962, Journ. Phys. Soc., Japan, 17, Suppl. A-II, 154–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. V., P. C. Fisher, W. L. Imhof, R. D. Moffat, J. B. Reagan, 1962, Space Research 3, North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam, in course of publication.

  • Sonett, C. P., 1960, Advances in Space Science 2, 1–115. Academic Press, New York-London.

  • Störmer, C., 1955, The Polar Aurora, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

  • VanAllen, J. A., 1956, Scientific Uses of Earth Satellites, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 316 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • VanAllen, J. A., 1958, Special joint meeting of National Academy of Sciences and American Physical Society, Washington, D.C., May 1, 1958. Verbatim transcript of lecturers published in IGY Satellite Report No. 13, Jan. 1961, IGY World Data Center A, Rockets and SatellitesNational Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • VanAllen, J. A., G. H. Ludwig, E. C. Ray, C. E. McIlwain, 1958, IGY Satellite Report Series No. 3, “Some Preliminary Reports of Experiments in Satellites 1958 Alpha and Gamma”, 73–92, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • VanAllen, J. A., C. E. McIlwain, G. H. Ludwig, 1959a, Journ. Geophys. Res. 64, 271–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • VanAllen, J. A., C. E. McIlwain, G. H. Ludwig, 1959b, Journ. Geophys. Res. 64, 877–891.

    Google Scholar 

  • VanAllen, J. A., L. A. Frank 1959a, Nature (Londen), 183, 430–434.

    Google Scholar 

  • VanAllen, J. A., L. A. Frank, 1959b, Nature (London), 184, 219–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • VanAllen, J. A., 1959, Journ. Geophys. Res. 64, 1683–1689.

    Google Scholar 

  • VanAllen, J. A., W. C. Lin, 1960, Journ. Geophys. Res. 65, 2998–3003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Allen, J. A., 1961, Annals of IGY, XII, Part. 2.

  • Van Allen, J. A., 1962, Transactions International Astronomical Union, in press.

  • Vernov, S. N., Yu. I. Logachev, A. Ye. Chudakov, Yu. G. Shafer, 1957, Publication JA-907 of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Oct., 1957.

  • Vernov, S. N., N. L. Grigorov, Yu. I. Logachev, A. E. Chudakov, 1958, Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, 120.

  • Vernov, S. N., A. E. Chudakov, P. V. Vakulov, Y. I. Logachev, 1959, Astronautics 23, 86–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vernov, S. N., A. E. Chudakov 1960a, Space Research 1, North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam.

  • Vernov, S. N., A. E. Chudakov, P. V. Vakulov, Yu. I. Logachev, A. G. Nikolayev, 1960b, Space Research 1, North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam.

  • Vernov, S. N., P. V. Vakulov, E. V. Gorchakov, Yu. I. Logachev, A. Y. Chudakov, 1961, Annals of IGY XII, 658–667, Pergamon Press, London.

  • Vernov, S. N., E. V. Gorchakov, Yu. I. Logachev, V. E. Nesterov, N. F. Pisarenko, I. A. Vernov, S. N., A. E. Chudakov, P. V. Vakulov, Yu. I. Logachev, A. G. Nickolayev 1961, Artificial Earth Satellites 5 (edited by L. V. Kurnosova), Plenum Press, Inc., New York, 1961, pp. 503–511.

  • Vestine, E. H., W. L. Sibley, 1960, Journ. Geophys. Res. 65, 1967–1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • West, H. L., L. G. Mann, S. D. Bloom, 1962, Bull. Amer. Phys. Soc., Series II, 7.

  • Williams, D. J., C. O. Bostrom, G. F. Pieper, 1962, American Geophysical Union Meeting, Washington, D.C., April 1962.

  • Winckler, J. R., 1960, Journ. Geophys. Res. 65, 1331–1360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yagoda, H., 1960, Phys. Rev. Lett. 5, 17–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yagoda, H., 1961, Space Research 2, 849–866, North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam.

  • Yoshida, S., G. H. Ludwig, J. A. VanAllen, 1960, Journ. Geophys. Res. 65, 807–813.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

O'Brien, B.J. Review of studies of trapped radiation with satellite-borne apparatus. Space Sci Rev 1, 415–484 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00225266

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00225266

Keywords

Navigation