Abstract
When different techniques are used for the isolation of bacteriophages ofBacillus subtilis a number of different phages may be obtained. Furthermore defective phages are found in old cultures of all strains ofB. subtilis tested so far. The possible use of the phages and the defective phages for classifyingB. subtilis strains into a number of groups according to their susceptibility to different phages and according to the presence of certain defective phages in the cells is discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adams, M. H. 1959. Bacteriophages. - Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York and London.
Boice, L., Eiserling, F. A. andRomig, W. R. 1969. Structure ofBacillus subtilis phage SPO 2 and its DNA. Similarity ofBacillus subtilis phages SPO2, Φ105 and SPP1. - Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm.34: 398–403.
Bott, K. andStrauss, B. 1965. The carrier state ofBacillus subtilis infected with the transducing bacteriophage SP10. - Virology25: 212–225.
Bradley, D. E. 1965. The isolation and morphology of some new bacteriophages specific forBacillus andAcetobacter species. - J. Gen. Microbiol.41: 233–241.
Bradley, D. E. 1967. Ultrastructure of bacteriophages and bacteriocins. - Bacteriol. Rev.31: 230–314.
Csiszar, K. andIvanovics, G. 1964. Transduction inBacillus subtilis. - Acta Microbiol. Acad. Sci. Hung.12: 73–89.
Hamon, Y. etPeron, Y. 1968. Sur la fréquence des bacteries productrices de phages létaux: Distinction entre ces phages et les bacteriocines. - Zentralblatt Bakteriol. Abt. I. Orig.206: 439–444.
Hayes, W. 1968. The genetics of bacteria and their viruses, p. 775. - Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford and Edinburgh.
Hirokawa, H. andKadlubar, F. 1969. Length of DNA of PBSX like particles ofBacillus subtilis induced by 4-nitro-quinoline-1-oxide. - J. Virol.3: 205–209.
Ivanovics, G. andLantos, J. 1958. An effective method for the isolation of Anthrax phages. - Acta Microbiol. Acad. Sci. Hung.5: 1575–1577.
Kallen, R. G., Simon, M. andMarmur, J. 1962. Occurrence of a new pyrimidine base replacing thymine in a bacteriophage DNA: 5-hydroxymethyl uracil. - J. Mol. Biol.5: 248–250.
Kawakami, M. andLandman, O. E. 1968. Nature of the carrier state of bacteriophage SP-10 inBacillus subtilis. - J. Bacteriol.95: 1804–1812.
Nakata, Y., Nakata, K. andSakomoto, Y. 1961. On the action mechanism of mitomycin C. - Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm.6: 339.
Poglazov, B. P. 1966. Structure and functions of contractile proteins, p. 164. - Academic Press, New York and London.
Reilly, B. E. 1965. Ph. D. Thesis. Western Reserve University. Illinois, U.S.A.
Rima, B. K. andvan Kleeff, B. H. A. 1971. Similarity ofBacillus subtilis bacteriophages PBS 1, 3 NT and I 10. Some remarks on the morphology of phage heads. - Antonie van Leeuwenhoek37: 265–274.
Romig, W. R. andBrodetsky, A. M. 1961. Isolation and preliminary characterization of bacteriophages forBacillus subtilis. - J. Bacteriol.82: 135–141.
Seaman, E., Tarmy, E. andMarmur, J. 1964. Inducible phages ofBacillus subtilis. - Biochemistry3: 607–613.
Stickler, D. J., Tucker, R. G. andKay, D. 1965. Bacteriophage-like particles released fromBacillus subtilis after induction with hydrogen peroxyde. - Virology26: 142–145.
Takahashi, I. 1961. Genetic transduction inBacillus subtilis. - Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm.5: 171–175.
Tikhonenko, A. S. 1970. Ultrastructure of bacterial viruses. - Plenum Press, New York and London.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
We thank Prof. Dr. T. O. Wikén and the staff of the laboratory of Microbiology in Delft for helpfull discussions, Mr. B. H. A. van Kleeff for preparing the electron micrographs and Mrs. C. Golten for reading the manuscript. One of the authors (B. K. Rima) was supported by a grant of the Royal Netherlands Fermentation Industries.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rima, B.K., Steensma, H.Y. Bacteriophages ofBacillus subtilis: Comparison of different isolation techniques and possible use for classification ofBacillus subtilis strains. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 37, 425–434 (1971). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02218513
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02218513