Abstract
This short review, based mainly on our own studies, summarizes data on the molecular-cellular mechanisms of non-associative and associative forms of learning (sensitization and classical conditioning) in the edible snail. A hypothesis is proposed which suggests that learning in defensive behavior command neurons in the edible snail is activated by a complex metabolic response specific for the type of conditioned habit. Excitation arriving at the neuron, in addition to activating second messenger systems, initiates the synthesis of short-lived (1–3 h) protein molecules which are specific (in the case of conditioning) or relatively specific (in the case of sensitization) for particular synaptic inputs. When training is inadequate, its effect can disappear from the point at which these proteins are degraded. When learning is better fixed, its effects last for several days (for sensitization) or significantly longer periods of time (for conditioning). Prolonged retention of habits should correspond to the situation of self-maintaining synthesis of long-lived protein molecules, which control the synthesis of synapse-specific short-lived regulator molecules.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
V. D. Goncharuk, S. A. Kozyrev, and V. P. Nikitin, “The development of sensitization in the edible snail: morphofunctional correlates in defensive behavior command neurons,” Neirofiziologiya,1, No. 2, 150–157 (1993).
S. A. Kozyrev, V. P. Nikitin, and V. V. Sherstnev, “The selective involvement of brain-specific non-histone chromatin protein Np-3.5 in the reproduction of a food defensive habit in the edible snail,” Zh. Vyssh. Nerv. Deyat.,41, No. 2, 323–332 (1991).
O. A. Maksimova and P. M. Balaban, Neuronal Mechanisms of Behavioral Plasticity [in Russian], Moscow (1983).
V. P. Nikitin and S. A. Kozyrev, “The dynamics of defensive and food responses in the development of sensitization in the edible snail,” Zh. Vyssh. Nerv. Deyat.,41, No. 3, 478–489 (1991).
V. P. Nikitin and S. A. Kozyrev, “The action of protein synthesis inhibitors on the neuronal mechanisms of sensitization in the edible snail,” Neirofiziologiya1, No. 2, 109–115 (1993).
V. P. Nikitin, S. A. Kozyrev, and M. O. Samoilov, “Conditioning and sensitization in the edible snail: neurophysiological and metabolic features,” Zh. Vyssh. Nerv. Deyat.,42, No. 6, 1260–1270 (1992).
I. N. Todorov, “Mechanisms of cellular stability,” V Mire Nauki,10, 50–61 (1986).
H. P. Davis and L. R. Squire, “Protein synthesis and memory. A review,” Psychol. Bull.96, No. 3, 518–559 (1984).
E. T. Walters, “A functional, cellular and evolutionary model of nociceptive plasticity inAplysia,” Biol. Bull.,180, No. 2, 241–251 (1991).
Additional information
P. K. Anokhin Science Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal im. I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 81, No. 8, pp. 18–23, August, 1995.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nikitin, V.P., Kozyrev, S.A. Molecular-cellular mechanisms of the formation of long-term memory in the edible snail. Neurosci Behav Physiol 27, 212–215 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02462880
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02462880