Abstract
Results are presented from a two-dimensional, time-dependent model of the atmosphere which has been used to investigate perturbations to the ozone layer due to chlorofluorocarbons. The unperturbed stratosphere is modelled well with the observed features of the ozone distribution reproduced. The main features of the perturbation calculations are the large latitudinal and seasonal variations found in the modelled ozone reductions with greates reductions where the total ozone amounts are largest. The importance of at least a two-dimensional study in problems of this kind is stressed and the important role of dynamical and radiative processes, as well as chemical, is indicated.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ackerman, M. (1975), NO, NO2 and HNO3 below 35 km in the atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci.32, 1649–1657.
Anderson, J. G. (1971),Rocket measurement of OHin the mesosphere, J. Geophys. Res.76, 7820–7824.
Anderson, J. G. (1975),The absolute concentration of O(3 P)in the Earth's stratosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett.2, 231–234.
Anderson, J. G. (1976),The absolute concentration of OH(X2II)in the Earth's stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett.3, 165–168.
Anderson, J. G., Margitan, J. J. andStedman, D. H. (1977),Atomic chlorine and the chlorine monoxide radical in the stratosphere: three in situ observations, Science198, 501–503.
Anderson, J. G., Margitan, J. J., Grassl, H. J., Shetter, R. E. andMaurer, J. C. (1978), Report to the Congress and to the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency on The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Upper Atmosphere Research Program, pp. 26.
Barnett, J. J., Houghton, J. T. andPyle, J. A. (1975),The temperature dependence of the ozone concentration near the stratopause, Quart. J. R. Met. Soc.101, 245–257.
Burrows, J. P., Harris, J. W. andThrush, B. A. (1977),Rates of reaction of HO2 with HOand Ostudied by laser magnetic resonance, Nature267, 233–234.
Cieslik, S. andNicolet, M. (1973),The aeronomic dissociation of nitric oxide. Aeronomica Acta No. 112.
Crutzen, P. J. (1971),Ozone production rates in an oxygen-hydrogen-nitrogen-oxide atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res.76, 7311–7327.
Crutzen, P. J. (1974a),Estimates of possible variations in total ozone due to natural causes and human activities. Ambio3, 201–210.
Crutzen P. J., (1974b),Estimates of possible future ozone reductions for continued use of chlorofluoromethanes, Geophys. Res. Letts.1, 205–208.
Derwent, R. G., Eggleton, A. E. J. andCurtis, A. R. (1976),A computer model of the photochemistry of halogen-containing trace gases in the troposphere and stratosphere, AERE Report R-8325, HMSO, London.
Drummond, J. R. andJarnot, R. F. (1978),Infrared measurements of stratospheric composition II. Simultaneous NOand NO2 measurements. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A364, 237–254.
Dütsch, H. U. (1971),Photochemistry of Atmospheric Ozone, Advances in Geophysics, Vol. 15, Academic Press, New York.
Ehhalt, D. (1978),Cryogenic sampling measurements of stratospheric gases. WMO Publication No. 511, 71–78, WMO, Geneva, Switzerland.
Evans, W. F. J., Fast, H., Kerr, J. B., McElroy, C. T., O'Brien, R. S., Wardle, D. I., McConnell, J. C. andRidley, B. A. (1978),Stratospheric constituent measurements from project stratoprobe. WMO Publication No. 511, 58–59, WMO, Geneva, Switzerland.
Eyre, J. andRoscoe, H. (1977),Radiometric measurements of stratospheric HCl, Nature266, 243–244.
Harwood, R. S. (1977),Dynamical feedback and stratospheric models, Proceedings of the scientific seminar on stratospheric monitoring, Paris, 21–23 March 1977, Secretariat d'Etat aupres du Ministre de l'equipment (Transports), Paris, France.
Harwood, R. S. andPyle, J. A. (1975),A two-dimensional mean circulation model for the atmosphere below 80 km, Quart. J. R. Met. Soc.101, 723–747.
Harwood, R. S. andPyle, J. A. (1977),Studies of the ozone budget using a zonal mean circulation model and linearized photochemistry, Quart. J. R. Met. Soc.103, 319–344.
Harwood, R. S. andPyle, J. A. (1979),On the response of a two-dimensional ozone model to the dynamical formulation. In preparation.
Heidt, L. E., Lueb, R., Pollock, W. andEhhalt, D. H. (1975),Stratospheric profiles of CCl3Fand CCl2F2. Geophys. Res. Letts.2, 445–447.
Howard, C. J. (1978),Recent developments in HO2 chemistry. Paper presented at the WMO conference, Toronto, June 1978. WMO Publication No. 511, 11, WMO, Geneva, Switzerland.
Johnston, H. S. (1971),Reduction of stratospheric ozone by nitrogen oxide catalysts from supersonic transport exhaust, Science173, 517–522.
Kurzeja, R. J. (1975),The diurnal variation of minor constituents in the stratosphere and its effects on the ozone concentration, J. Atmos. Sci.32, 899–909.
Lazrus, A. L. andGandrud, B. W. (1974),Progress report on distribution of stratospheric nitric oxide. Proceedings of the third CIAP conference, 161–167. U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C.
Lazrus, A. L., Gandrud, B. W., Greenberg, J., Bonelli, J., Mroz, E. andSedlacek, W. A. (1977),Mid-latitude seasonal measurements of stratospheric acidic chloride vapor, Geophys. Res. Letts.4, 587–589.
Luther, F. M. (1973),Monthly mean values of eddy diffusion coefficients in the lower stratosphere. AIAA paper 73-498, AIAA/AMS conference, Denver, Colorado.
McCarthy, R. L., Bower, F. A. andJesson, J. P. (1977),The fluorocarbonozone theory — I. Production and release. World production and release of CCl3Fand CCl2F2 through 1975, Atmos. Environ.11, 491–497.
Molina, M. J. andRowland, F. S. (1974),Stratospheric sinks for chlorofluoromethanes: chlorine atom-catalysed destruction of ozone, Nature249, 810–812.
Murcray, D. G., Barker, D. B., Brooks, J. N., Goldman, A., Kosters, J. J., Murcray, F. H. andWilliams, W. J. (1975),Variation of HNO3 total column density with latitude and season and a measurement of stratospheric CF2Cl2. Proceedings of the fourth CIAP conference, 432–437, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C.
Pyle, J. A. (1976), D.Phil. Thesis, University of Oxford.
Pyle, J. A. (1978),A simple calculation of ozone depletion by chlorofluoromethanes using a two-dimensional model, Nature271, 42–43.
Rasmussen, R. A. (1975), Data published in National Academy of Sciences report,Halocarbons: Effect on Stratospheric Ozone, Chapter 6, Washington D.C.
Schmeltekopf, A. L. (1976), Data published in National Academy of Sciences report,Halocarbons: Effect on Stratospheric Ozone, Chapter 6, Washington, D.C.
Schmeltekopf, A. L., Goldan, P. D., Henderson, W. R., Harrop, W. J., Thomson, T. L., Fehsenfeld, F. C., Schiff, H. I., Crutzen, P. J., Isaksen, I. S. A. andFerguson, E. E. (1978),Measurements of stratospheric CFCl3, CF2Cl2 and N2O. Geophys. Res. Letts.2, 393–396.
Tuck, A. F. (1979),A comparison of one-, two- and three-dimensional model representations of stratospheric gases. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A290, 477–494.
Vupputuri, R. K. R. (1978),The possible impact of past and projected future atmospheric release of CFM's on stratospheric ozone and its climate investigated in a 2-D time dependent model. WMO Publication No. 511, 263–267, WMO, Geneva, Switzerland.
Vupputuri, R. K. R. (1979),The structure of the natural stratosphere and the impact of chlorofluoromethanes on the ozone layer investigated in a 2-D time dependent model. Pure Appl. Geophys.117, 448–485.
Zahniser, M. S., Chang, J. S. andKaufman, F. (1977),Chlorine nitrate: kinetics of formation by ClO+NO2+Mand of reaction with OH, J. Chem. Phys.67, 997–1003.
Zellner, R. (1977),Fall-off curves for the reaction ClO+NO2(+N2)→ClONO2(+N2). Z. Naturforsch.32a, 648–651.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pyle, J.A. A calculation of the possible depletion of ozone by chlorofluorocarbons using a two-dimensional model. PAGEOPH 118, 355–377 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01586458
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01586458