Management and Administrative Sciences Review ISSN: 2308-1368

Purpose: The crop up of technologies has emerged in the direction of connected vehicleinfrastructure-pedestrian environment. It became convenient and have low cost to accumulate, stock, utilize, and disposal of data which is taken from different sources. The purpose of research paper is to develop the smart cities and traffic intelligence system by using Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques and tricks in management of smart cities traffic networks. Methods: The data assembly of this paper explaining and mentioning review of the present vogue in intelligence of transportation. Findings: the findings from research of connected environment information elaborates Smart Traffic Mobility Management and finally the finding helps to plan activities for future ITS and smart cities. Value: the findings of the presented research will assist the administration of smart cities in analyzing public attitudes and perceptions from cyber sources, modelling of CSP Traffic Networks and flow models u...

This research is a preliminary study, which aims to examine the relationship among peer relationship, organizational commitment, organizational culture and job satisfaction. Besides, the mediation role, the study also investigates the significance of job satisfaction. Further, while investigating the moderating impact of psychological capital " PsyCap " between the peer relationship and organizational commitment, it determined that PsyCap strengthens peer relationship and organizational commitment in Pakistan Railways. Thus, at large, job satisfaction had played mediating role between culture and employee commitment. On the other hand, PsyCap has a moderating impact in this study, whereas the job satisfaction does not arbitrate among peer relationships, organizational culture and organizational commitment.

The traditional approaches of handling transportation problem is inadequate to reduce the carbon oxide (CO2) emission and keeping sustainability in transportation sector. The reason is that, it does not involve public for changing their complex psychological behaviour toward transportation. Therefor new technique and processes required which must be customer orientated and useful for reduction of CO2 emission and keeping sustainability in transportation. For that reason social marketing is a best approach to be used for policy planning in transportation. Therefore, the current research aims is to motivate policy maker to use social marketing approach for policy planning in transportation. This research also provide the detail understanding of social marketing and its component that is use for changing the complex socio-psychological process of human being and demonstrates its advantages over traditional approaches. It also provide alternative use of transportation instead of private vehicles.

This paper presents a trend in the challenges in the youth unemployment with particular emphasis on Uganda taking northern Uganda as a case. Youth unemployment remains a serious development challenge in most developing countries with sub-Saharan African countries being the most affected. Despite the positive economic growth rates experienced in Africa over the past decade this growth has not generated sufficient and decent employment opportunities for the youth (AfDB et al., 2012, UNECA, 2011). In Uganda 64 percent of the youth (18-30 years) remained unemployed (UBoS 2014) yet three quarters of the population are below the age of 30 years. This implies that in the near future the proportion of the youth is bound to surpass the adults hence posing strain on the meager resources that is already eminent in the high unemployment rate. We used qualitative and quantitative methods in this study and sampled two districts (Gulu and Oyam). We assessed the effectiveness of the Youth Livelihood Programme (YLP) in addressing unemployment challenges and promoting job creation among the youth. The findings indicate that while the guidelines in the implementation of the programme were adhered to the budget for the start-up was largely inadequate and the delays in disbursement of the funds greatly affect the performance of the groups. Inadequate training before disbursement of the funds also affected the performance of the groups. Amidst the challenges noted, the paper concludes that to a greater extent the YLP is creating self-employment for youth and thus needs to be sustained.

Most of the entrepreneurial venture exit business in first few years. Failures are more common than success. Entrepreneur and firm as distinct entities can quit market together or individually. The firm survives through transfer of ownership and entrepreneur survives through different avocation or a subsequent entrepreneurial attempt. Quit may not be final for entrepreneurial process. Entrepreneurial exit is a contrarian action to venture creation and thus has to be result of fundamental paradigm shift. The intervening period between venture creation and exit is a measure of entrepreneurial persistency. The objectives to understand the antecedents and contexts dictated an exploratory research design. Quit is generally labelled as failure and very few like to be identified as one. This aspect creates a methodological limitation for the research design. Through a purposive selection, a focus group discussion (FGD) was conducted among the entrepreneurs who have exited. FGD was video recorded. Transcript was prepared and verified from the participants. At the first stage entrepreneurs discussed about their own context of exit and subsequently the group discussed about common exit factors. Findings of exploratory research with purposive sampling can't be generalized, however this research finds exit factors not reported in previous researches. Entrepreneurial exit is influenced by personal factors, market forces and social factors. Under socio-cultural factors this research finds that sabotage, general lack of employee professionalism influences exit decision. For further substantiation and generalisation, a multi-method approach to this research is proposed. The findings help in creating entrepreneurial awareness and emphasize the need of having mitigation strategies for such risk of exit.

This Study attempts to evaluate the adoption and impact of Marketing strategies employed in Adama beverages company limited Yola, in Adamawa Northern Nigeria. Adama beverage being one of the biggest beverage company in Northern Nigeria supplies water and beverage and copes with the high and increasing demand of people of Adamawa state and its environs as it is one of the hottest states. The study uses questionnaires as the main instrument in collecting data. Questions were set based on issues relating to customer, competition and the company. A total number of 420 questionnaires were distributed to the staff of Adama beverage, out of which 223 were returned. Simple percentages were used in analyzing the data. The findings revealed that the company tend to adopt a strong marketing strategy of serving their customers better and trying to gain steady market growth. This will help other similar organizations to improve on their customer value and maintain a steady sales growth.

The present study aimed to investigate feasibility of brand strategic management on brand
identity dimensions (A study of the brand of Sepah Bank). To do this, by referring to the
studies and adjusted model of brand strategies, dimensions and components of brand
identity are identified and based on these variables, a 25-item questionnaire is designed and
its validity is supported by faculty member of management and economy department. The
study population is the customers using Sepah bank services. The sample size is 384 based
on Morgan Table and the samples are selected randomly. To test the hypotheses of this
development study, structural equations modeling is applied. The results show the support
of all the study hypotheses and the high impact of bran reputation on creating a good image
of brand (applied software LISREL 8.54)

The study sought to analyze the effect of leadership styles on implementation of strategic plans
in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). Specifically the study: analyzed the effect of
autocratic leadership style, assessed the effect of democratic leadership style and evaluated the
effect of laissez faire leadership style on implementation of strategic plans in SMEs.
Descriptive research design was used. The study population consisted of 4531 SMEs
registered by Ministry of Industrialization and Enterprise development. A sample of 354
SMEs was selected using stratified random sampling. A questionnaire composed of open and
closed ended questions was used to collect primary data. Quantitative data was analysed
using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (Version 21). In addition, a multivariate
regression model was generated to assist in determination of the relative importance of each of
the three variables to implementation of strategic plans. The regression showed that autocratic
leadership had the highest effect of implementation of strategic plans with a coefficient of
0.488, followed by democratic leadership with a coefficient of 0.384 and laissez faire with a
coefficient 0.269. The study recommends that organizations should use all the three leadership
styles to maximize implementation of strategic plans.

Export is one of the most well-known, cost-effective and low-risk ways for entering foreign
markets and both contributes to economic development and improves companies'
performances because of fierce competition in foreign markets. The present research aims to
investigate the influence of intra-organizational factors on export performance of exporting
companies. To this end, a model was developed which contained important variables like
pivotal strategy, export knowledge, Learning orientation, information technologies and
entrepreneurship orientation. Data were collected from managers and employees of
exporting companies in Boushehr Province by means of a 31-item questionnaire. The
questionnaires were distributed among respondents in the form of a census. Reliability of
latent variables was located in acceptable range. Partial least squares method and Smart
PLS software (version 20) were used for testing the model. Results showed that export
knowledge and use of information & communication technologies influence organizational
strategy and indirectly influence export performance. Furthermore, export knowledge,
information & communication technologies and Learning orientation influence export
performance directly.

As suggested by various studies on different management and organizational arenas, assuring the
existing of needed skills to implement a strategic perspective are too important after designing and
architecting HR strategy and it needs to assure the necessary competencies by organization,
employees and managers. This issue is more important when we look for identifying HR
incumbents’ competencies especially managers since those individuals who are responsible for
establishing a competency – based management system should have the needed competencies and
also monitor competencies in other areas, employees and managers. After explaining the problems,
we study relevant literature and background, methodology, data analysis, results and
recommendations. In recent decades, different organizations have attempted to develop their
managers effectively by designing competency pattern. In designing such pattern, various
environmental and intra-organizational patterns are considered to identify right competencies and
to take right decision in HR management based on such competencies. In present study, we
initially explain different ways to devise competency model and then devised competency model for
surveyed organization is provided and explained precisely. In fact, a guideline is provided to create
and execute competency mode from the beginning to end.

The aim of presented study is to identify Factors affecting consumers purchase intensions
regarding specialty products in Pakistan. The questionnaires were sent to 250 customer of
metro and hyper star. Statistical analysis included five figure summary, scatter Plots,
correlation and regression analysis to analyzed the data. The findings that brand name,
brand logo, packaging and country of origin are positively correlated with the each other.
So the brand name, brand logo, packaging and country of origin are the strong predictors
of purchasing intention. The findings of this reseearch are limited because this chooses
very few practices in relation with purchasing intention. Moreover this research is limited
to metro and hyper star in Lahore Pakistan only because the data was collected only from
the customer of metro and hyper star. It fulfills a research gap in the area of customer
purchase intention in specialty products in Pakistan.

Today, companies are trying to improve the mental image of their clients, through identify
their social responsibilities and their targets to implement these plans. The programs
related to social responsibility has different effects on corporate performance. The main
objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of social responsibility on the
performance of cement companies in the province
This study is applicative in term of the purpose and descriptive in term of the nature of the
survey. The statistical society includes senior and middle managers of Cement companies
in Fars. They were 91. Sample size was 74 using random sampling method and Morgan
table. The questionnaire was used to gather data the reliability and validity were approved
using Cronbach's Alpha test with regard to academic and industry experts. In the process
of analyzing data, Excel and Spss software was used. Variables in the analysis of one
sample t-test showed that the variables of social responsibility and performance of the
cement companies are in good condition. Also, multiple regression was used to examine the
impact of social responsibility (liability, economic, legal, ethical and responsible selfless)
and concluded except the economic responsibility, other three dimensions of social
responsibilities influence on the performance. Finally, using linear regression, the impact of
social responsibility on the performance of cement companies were reviewed and discussed
and this thesis was approved.

Managing intangible assets in recent decades has gained noticeable prominence and brand
as a key intangible asset made brand management as a fundamental issue for most of
company’s activities. Company’s goals regarding brand/s are keeping and utilizing them for
developing their competitive market share. Different strategies are available for such purpose
and brand extension is one of the most important one. In fact brand extension exploits main
brand’s capabilities for developing product portfolios to other categories. Since, brand
extension can have positive and negative effects on main brand’s image, investigation of
influencing factors on extended brand image is a challenging topic in management issues.in
this study, in order to keep generalizability and market oriented approach, vast exploration
has been conducted to develop a model of influencing factors on extended brand image and
then a proposed model has been evaluated in Fast Moving Consuming Goods market.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between job-personal
characteristics and supportive conditions with entrepreneurial behavior among employees of
Iran’s Ministry of Social Security and Welfare. This research is a descriptive and
correlational study and sample size of 97 persons was calculated using Cochran formula and
simple sampling method was used. Data were gathered using Zampetakis et al questionnaire
(2007) which was indigenized by the scholar. T-Test, Chi-Square Test, and Pearson’s
correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data. T-test showed that average
entrepreneurial behavior and its elements are higher than mean.
Chi-square test also showed that among personal-job characteristics only educational level
and gender have a significant relationship with entrepreneurial behavior and its elements;
so, organizational position, job experience, and age do not have a significant relationship
with entrepreneurial behavior and its elements. Moreover, Pearson’s correlation coefficient
showed that there is a significant relationship between supportive context and
entrepreneurial behavior and its element of change tendency.

This research has been conducted to evaluate the effect of implementing ERP systems on
relevance of accounting data and the subsequent effect of accounting data relevance (with a
special emphasis on timing) on financial reporting quality (with a special emphasis on the
quality of accruals).
For this purpose, samples selected from Tehran Stock Exchange data in 1387-1391 time
spanusing systematic sampling method. Then, the collected data were processed and
analyzed with appropriate accounting data relevance and financial reporting quality
theories.
The results of regression models showed that there is a significant relationship between the
relevance of accounting data and the financial reporting quality in a way that increased delay
of reporting, would decrease the earnings management. Moreover, the implementation of
ERP has a significant relationship to the relevance of accounting data and its application on
Iran’s stock enterprises has increased the reporting delay.

The core motive for conducting this study is to assess the impact of microfinance on poverty
alleviation keeping in view the factors that affect the poverty including to fulfillment of basic needs,
living standard and self-employment. This is a survey based research & primary data is collected for
this study through a structured questionnaire that comprising various aspects of microfinance &
poverty alleviation including fulfillment of basic needs, living standard & self-employment.
Conveyance sampling technique was used for data collection form the customers of Khushalli Bank
Ltd (KBL), Kashaf Microfinance Bank, Tameer Microfinance Bank Ltd (TMBL) & Akhovat Trust
that are operating in district Bahawalnagar. Total valid no of respondents are N=263. Correlation
analysis, and three Linear Regressions model is used to determine the relationship among
microfinance, basic needs, living standard and self-employment to examine the impact of
microfinance on poverty. The study found a positive impact of microfinance on poverty alleviation as
the significant relationship between independent variable Microfinance (MF) and dependent
variable including Fulfillment of basic needs (BN), Living Standard (LS) & Self Employment was
fund that leads to decrease in poverty as well.

Todays, most experts believe that organizations should seek effective methods to disseminate organizational knowledge in human resources among different levels in their organizations. Also main dimension of the competition each firm is creation and transfer of knowledge within the organization. Thus, the need to identify and employ effective methods for sharing and knowledge transfer within the organization and knowledge management has been more evident. Few attempts have been done to study the appropriateness of knowledge management and organizational performance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the appropriateness of knowledge management model with organizational performance in terms of strategy; knowledge management, information technology and human resource management are aligned with each other and are tested. Research methods in nature are survey- analytically. This research data has been collected through questionnaire by survey of 129 Mashhad Maghsoud Porcelain Factories Group workers.  Structural equation modeling techniques were used to test the hypotheses. Performance evaluation results indicate that the growth and profitability is affected by proportion of these three strategies, is related to knowledge management. Structural equation modeling techniques were used to test the hypotheses. The results indicate that the growth and profitability in performance evaluation is affected by proportion of these three strategies that are related to knowledge

In this paper, we aim at identifying and prioritizing the factors and sub-factors that influence bank selection in retail banking of Iran. To do this, a questionnaire of 33 questions is designed based on literature review and is given to customers where 400-filled questionnaires are gathered. Data is analyzed by use of exploratory factor analysis in order to identify factors and sub-factors through the questionnaire, use of confirmatory factor analysis in order to prioritize identified factors, and use of Friedman test in order to prioritize identified sub-factors. We identified three factors; welfare, economical, and social. In addition, numbers of sub-factors are identified; 10 sub-factors for welfare factor, 8 sub-factors for economical factor, and 8 sub-factors for social factor. The most important sub-factors for welfare, economical, and social factor are Bank branches locations, deposit interest rate, and bank goodwill respectively.

The study was conducted with an aim to provide an insight into the training and
development system at TTL Technologies ltd., and to provide some suggestions for
enhancing the effectiveness of training and development process. Research design is
exploratory by nature. Convenience sampling and judgment sampling techniques were used.
The sample size consisted of 15 employees. Training methodologies are good and well
implemented but still there are some new technologies like EPSS and internet based training
technique that demand attention. Majority of the employees agreed that the training helped
it up-grade their skills and enhance their knowledge in concerned areas. Employees also agree
that training module and materials were well designed and categorized with the company
goals and priorities in perspective. To conclude, the study indicates that the training
procedure has been effective and systematic to a large extend. Nevertheless, there has been
some apprehension/disagreement from some quarters/section of the employees.

One of the main duties of managers is to attempt to establish a proper organizational
culture, as well as to prepare and propagate the financial information of the company. In
developed countries, numerous researches were conducted in order to clarify the effective
factors in establishing organizational culture of the institutes and companies, but on the
whole, research on this topic in the Iranian context is severely lacking. The present study is
an attempt at closing this gap by studying some important aspects affecting the
organizational culture, which are ownership focus and structure as the main factors in the
deference of organizational culture. In this research, factor analysis approach has been used
to determine the cultural difference. The results indicate that despite differences in
governing ownership type, there is no meaningful difference in cultural values of private
audit firms (IACPAs) and Audit Organization (governmental institute). This difference
could be explained using the Organizational Culture Profile (OCP) questionnaire as a
criterion to determine the values presented by audit firms.

The fast food industry is growing day by day. The demand for fast food product is now
growing as it is convenience which suits the lifestyle of customers. With the changing
lifestyle of Pakistani consumers, more educated people and affluent, people like to eatingout especially in fast food restaurants. Along with the heavy promotion through media and
information technology exposure, customers have now variety of choices of fast food pattern
and restaurants. That's why, all fast foods restaurants have to be sensitive to these
changing trends and to be innovative and get prepare to change accordingly to avoid from
losing their existing and future potential customers. The aim of this study is to examine
how the Environment impacts the Brand Image of fast food restaurants in Pakistan. With
this important and effective information, strategy planner or marketers can formulate or
develop an appropriate strategy on these factors that able them to outdo the competitors.
Furthermore, they also can find out which factors will influence customer loyalty more and
made innovative changes to keep track and add value to their fast food restaurants.
Moreover, this study will give important information to marketers` for Pakistan Fast Food
Business, Multinational fast food restaurant business to become more competitive in the
current business practices. It is because this study will provide respondents’ perception
towards their preferred restaurants and also about other fast food chains that how they are
taking above mentioned factors. The findings of this study indicated that fast food chains
Environment is the dominant variable that drives the customer loyalty to preferred fast
food restaurants.

The aim of this research has been to study the relationship between emotional intelligence
and Esfahan municipality personnel’s organizational commitment and job satisfaction.
Statistical society included opinions of 254 official personnel of organization. Gathered data
through inquiries analyzed by "SPSS18" software. The study results show that Esfahan
municipality personnel's organizational commitment and job satisfaction remarkably
affected by emotional intelligence. Besides, there is a positive and significant relationship
between emotional intelligence and job satisfaction. Moreover, the relationship between
emotional intelligence and organizational commitment approved. Data analyzes declare
that there is significant relationship between emotional intelligence and personnel's
emotional commitment, continued commitment and normative commitment. On the other
hand, emotional intelligence has a positive significant relationship with satisfaction of job,
satisfaction of supervising style, satisfaction of co-workers, satisfaction of job promotion
opportunities and satisfaction of income.

This study aims to determine the level of implementation of the disaster-risk reduction of
higher education institutions’ (HEI’s) along prevention and mitigation, preparedness,
response and rehabilitation and recovery. A qualitative design was utilized in this study. Six
higher education institutions were involved. This comprised two state universities, two
private sectarian and two private non-sectarians in Cebu City. Respondents from each
institution include Vice President for Administration, University Engineer, College Deans,
faculty members, administrative staff, and students. Findings revealed that higher education
institutions in Cebu City have done initial flurry on disaster risk-reduction management
however considering that it is still sporadic for most of the respondents and on the initial
stage for others; thus weaknesses are present. The possibility of being a victim is still lurking
among the HEI’s. Having a disaster risk-reduction plan may better prepare the school
community in the event of a disaster. The utmost desire of parents and school administrators
is a safer environment. Hence, changing the mindset and scaffolding the skills on emergency
preparedness of the school community are therefore recommended to becoming victors in the
event of a calamity.

In this article, two systems subject to shocks occurring based on a non-homogeneous Poisson
process (NHPP) and failure rate are analyzed. The first system is consisted of a single unit
that partial preventive replacements (PPR) of lower indenture level components can be
done. The second system is consisted of single unit with age based replacement policy
(ABR). In PPR system, occurrence of a defeat causes system stopping and consequently
system will be received minimal repairs and following the occurrence of a shock the system
has received inspection. Also this system is replaced after time T preventively. In ABR
system a defeat leads to unit stopping and accordingly the unit has received minimal repairs
and after a shock has received inspection. This system is replaced at time T or at times less
than T preventively, due to failure of unit. The systems will be replaced with new and the
same types, so analysis done based on average cost rate. Two examples are studied and
optimal replacement age which minimizes expected cost is obtained and according to results
and comparison of models, some analyses are provided.

Due to increasing popularity of internet applications, many tourism organizations such as
hotels, airline companies and travel agencies have started using internet as one of their
important marketing and communications strategies. In this way, internet has been one of
the strongest elements of competition in tourism sector. Social media has started being used
as a new marketing approach within the growing internet technologies by tourism sector.
The aim of this study is discussing the importance of social media in tourism marketing. The
study is based on a survey implemented on the students of Atilim University evaluating the
effects of social media among young generation. The data collection technique of this article
is survey analysis. 624 survey forms have been distributed according to the number of
students at 6 faculties, but 550 survey forms have been responded. According to the results
of the survey, social media has influences in tourism sector both in positive and negative
ways, as the tourism decisions of young generation have been strongly affected by comments
and personal experiences of other users on social media.

In this paper the author explores some of the works of leadership guru, founder, and
president of Strategic Global Assistance, Inc., Malcolm Webber, Ph.D. The author believes
that Webber has some important practical lessons on teams, change, and leadership
stemming from his extensive writings and works in the area of leadership and that these are
important to be considered in mainstream academic literature on the subject. Furthermore,
the author points out that Webber’s work, while existing mainly within the framework of
ministry and Christian theology and philosophy of leadership and followership, is extremely
important in expanding one’s perspectives beyond the parochialism defining theories and
ideas in leadership, especially concerning teams and change. Finally, the author recommends
that mainstream academic leaders and scholars need to take a more expansive approach to
exploring the literature in their fields in order to encounter and integrate important authors
and writers, practitioners and scholars such as Malcolm Webber within existing frameworks
and body of literature.

This study was conducted to made comparison between conventional microfinance banks
& interest free microfinance institutes with special reference to poverty reduction.
Primary data was collected from conventional microfinance banks including Khushall
Bank Ltd, FINCA Microfinance Bank Ltd & Asha Microfinance Trust and interest free
microfinance institute including Akhuwat Trust through a questionnaire comprises on 20
items regarding microfinance and poverty reduction including basic needs, living
standard & self-employment. For data collection conveyance sampling techniques was
used & sample size was comprises on 200 customers out of 100 customer of conventional
microfinance banks and 100 customer of Akhuwat Trust. It is observed that customer of
interest free microfinance institutes succeeded to reduce their poverty level by improving
their basic needs & living standard as compare to the customer of conventional
microfinance banks but product line and overall management and loaning procedure of
conventional microfinance banks is better.

Not a long time that entrepreneurship training has found its place in Iran. Hence, not
many researches have been performed on efficiency and damages facing entrepreneurship
training. Present study tries to review damages facing entrepreneurship training from
viewpoint of entrepreneurship professors and teachers. Semi-structured interviews have
been used to collect data, and content analysis has been used to analyze data. The results
indicate that following factors are the most important factors which affect entrepreneurship
training in Iran: Lack of heart trust in necessity and importance of entrepreneurship in
comprehensive development, lack of trained professors, and lack of experience of Iranian
entrepreneurs.

The core objective of this study is to observe the causes of corruption in government
department working in District Bahawalnagr, Punjab, Pakistan. Primary data for this
study is collected from the entire administrative department working in district
Bahawalnagar through a questionnaire. Non-Probability (Conveyance) sampling techniques
used for data collection. All the variables of study Corruption (Dependent variables) and
independent variables including personal financial problems (PFP), lack of legalization
(LOL), forced corruption (FC) and Other reasons (OR) divided into different relevant
dimensions. According to results of study positive and significant relation observed between
corruption (CR), personal financial problems (PFP), lack of legalization (LOL), forced
corruption (FC), whereas negative relationship found between corruption (CR) and others
reasons (OR).

Undoubtedly, innovation, as one of the most important factors in creating competitive
advantage, has a special position comparing to other factors. Hence, all organizations try to
create innovation culture and encourage it among their employees. As many researchers
believe, entrepreneurship, organizational learning, and market orientation variables are the
main factors which lead to development of innovation in organizations. But that innovator
companies rely more on which of these factors has not been considered. Hence, this study
reviews 15 big companies in different industries which are innovator in their industry. The
required data were collected through semi-structured interviews with these companies`
managers. Analysis of results using entropy method indicates that in all companies market
orientation has been more considered.

Change is inevitable in today's dynamic environment. Organizations should adapt the
changing environment in order to survive. Therefore, they need to implement the change
strategies that can coordinate the activities of organization with the environmental
conditions and changes. This paper intended to determine the relationship between the
implementation of such change strategies (power, compulsion (compulsory), rationalexperimental
(verbal),
normative-
retraining
(cooperative)
and
transformational)
and
longterm

performance of organizations in serving organizations. Descriptive study was
conducted from the perspective of branch correlation. This study was a descriptive
correlational research. A questionnaire was designed to measure basic concepts of the study
and research data was analyzed using statistical tests. The final results indicated that the
implementation of cooperative and transformational change strategies had a positive effect
on the performance of organization in the long-term; however, compulsory and verbal
strategies had a negative effect on the performance of organization in the long-term.

There is a huge gap between the development of successful strategies and success. This gap can only be filled up with the concept of a successful implementation. Thus, if strategy implementation is the main, what is the main in it? In this article, it is believed that people are at the heart of strategy implementation. accordingly, it is in a set of complex social actions. And, also, is a process which start from upper level to lower level. In this process, there are many implementers, by hierarchy, comprised of top management, middle management, lower management and non-management. our primary aim is to indicate vital role of them. With the idea that certain skills are needed at every level.

Nowadays, the organizational culture as an underlying infrastructure plays a key role in implementation of knowledge management system in every organization. In the present study, the association between organizational culture as an independent variable and knowledge management as a dependent variable is explored in Water and Wastewater Company of RazaviKhorasan Province. Denison's model is chosen for analysis of diverse aspects of organizational culture and Wiig's model is selected for examination of different dimensions of knowledge management. The identification of items and selection of proper factors to study the organizational culture are followed by developing five hypotheses to analyze their relationship. To test the hypotheses, a sample of 50 individuals among the managers and employees of the company is defined through stratified random sampling. After verification of data symmetry through Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Spearman's correlation coefficient, the hypotheses of correlation among the variables are tested. The obtained results support all of the developed hypotheses of present study and as a result, the existence of a significant association between organizational culture and different processes and aspects of knowledge management in this company is supported.

The study aims to measure employee satisfaction at two organizations viz, Taj Mahal Hotel and ITC Maurya Hotel, and to analyze which parameters play an important role in determining overall Employee Satisfaction. It is a descriptive research in nature. The sample population is 30 employees each from the two aforesaid organizations. The sample size is 60. Non Comparative Scaling Technique has been used in the study. Conclusively it may be stated that Employee Satisfaction is a multidimensional phenomenon with a number of factors operating simultaneously. The employees of Taj Mahal feel extremely satisfied when they were exposed to the eight selected parameters.

This paper examines the impact of advertisement by accountants on the perceived value among Saudi accountant consumers. A questionnaire was distributed among 180 participants, the valid questionnaires were 130, and thus the response rate is 0.72. The study investigated (attitude towards advertising, trust and credibility) as independent variables, perceived value as dependent variable. The findings of the study confirmed the previous studies which highlight the importance of involving professionals such as accountant in ads.

The concept of corporate governance has been a response to the failure and widespread dissatisfaction with the way corporate organizations function. There are various indications that corporate organizations and their leaders are currently not perceived as trustworthy. The study examined the impact of corporate governance and perceived trust in pension management in Nigeria. Qualitative research method was adopted for the study. An extensive review of literature in terms of research findings from other related studies were also employed. The study in hand, provides an overview of the pension scheme in Nigeria and it major challenges. Major findings indicate that an adherence to the principles and practice of good corporate governance will bolster the trust of stakeholders in pension industry in Nigeria. The study therefore concluded that good corporate governance system has the potential of enhancing the trustworthiness of corporate organizations and their leaders and effective regulatory framework within which corporate organization operate can provide stakeholders with the peace of mind that their interest and rights would be protected.

Panel data models play an important role in consequence of stock market development on economic growth in lower-middle income regions. Stock market development represented through three indicators namely total stock value traded ratio (VTR), market capitalization ratio (MCR) and turnover ratio (TR). The panel data of 20 lower-middle income countries gathered from the period of 1990 to 2012. The study examines the impact of stock market development on economic growth by panel data techniques by fixed effects and random effects by applying Hausamn test. Overall results suggests that there is positive and significant impact of stock market development on economic growth. The findings show a positive relationship between stock market development and economic growth. This study also measures the exact impact of stock market development on growth of economy by control variables such as financial depth (FD), investment (INV), foreign direct investment (FDI), trade openness (TO) and inflation (INF) but stock market development which is TR (ratio of total value traded to the total value of listed shares) has insignificant relationship with economic growth. This study is very beneficial for making effective decisions about financial development, stock market development and economic development by prevailing stock market conditions of countries.

With vigorous development of global network community, smart phones and mobile devices, enterprises can rapidly collect various kinds of data from internal and external environments. How to discover valuable information and transform it into new business opportunities from big data which grow rapidly is an extremely important issue for current enterprises. This study treats Company S as the subject and tries to find the factors of big data application in enterprises by a modified Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) and perceived benefits ─ perceived barriers relation matrix as reference for big data application and management of managers or marketing personnel in other organizations or related industry.

collected through a standard questionnaire and reliability and validity of the questionnaires were confirmed by experts in the field. Data were analyzed by Pearson's correlation, multivariate regression analysis, and Amos path analysis. The results of the regression analysis and path analysis confirmed the relationship between job resources and job Burnout, job resources and equity, as well as the relationship between equity and job Burnout. It was concluded that equity operated as a mediator.

In this paper, a new model is provided to calculate pay-off matrix by using of effective factors. This model is based on a cooperative game with N player and can be used for multiple cases including industry, tradition, management and etc. An analysis is derived by considering a three-state simulation and solved by Nash equilibrium method for each section. Cooperative game extended for two and three players and each player is looking for increase its market share in cooperation with other competitors. The calculation is based on factors like capability of players to perform their strategic behaviors, market share adjustment by face to face comparison, the ability of any player in defined section and the importance of competitive advantage for players.

Training aims at the individual's development and organizational change aims at the organization's development, they both meet halfway that development comes only through one source, " the individual ". This paper is an endeavor to probe how training, as the corner stone for change, is a substantial element in improving the performance of individuals and equip them with the necessary knowledge required for conducting business, in addition to the way it makes the human being more acceptable to such change and development. This paper aims to address the question " what is the effect of training evaluation on commitment to change? " using the widely accepted theories in management. This descriptive study utilizes survey methodology approach designed to identify the relationship between employees' training and employees' organizational commitment to change measured by three organizational commitment components as suggested by Herscovitch and Meyer 2002 The target population of this study consisted of ARAMCO employees with 321 participants. The major findings from this study is that the training-related variables were significantly related to dimensions of commitment to organizational change. Affective commitment to organizational change is highly affected by training evaluation program; while, continuance and normative commitment to change are less influenced.

Financial literacy has ever increasing importance in our day. Whether people are financially knowledgeable, helps greatly in making rational investment decisions. Numerous studies have been undertaken to explore, investigate and measure financial literacy in several developed countries. However, very few of them have been conducted in the Arab World and Gulf Countries. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to measure the level of financial literacy of the Bahraini individual investors. In addition to, examine the relationship between financial literacy and investment decisions in the Kingdom of Bahrain. The study draws on 228 questionnaire surveys of investors in Bahrain. In order to measure the level of financial literacy of the Bahraini investors, the approach of Lusardi and Mitchell (2006) was utilized in this research effort. The data were analyzed using Pearson Correlation, t-teat and Chi-square test. The results reveal that the financial literacy level of the Bahraini investors is found to be low (38.6%) and far from the needed level. When we analyzed the level of financial literacy based on the demographic variables, we found that women are generally less financially literate than are men; respondents of age 41-50 are more knowledgeable than all other age groups, and financial literacy is highly correlated with education. Moreover, participants in high financial literacy group (HFLG) have higher awareness level for all financial products except for certificate of deposit and post office savings. Further, participants in low financial literacy group (LFLG) mainly prefer to invest in traditional and safe financial products and do not invest much in complex financial products which are comparatively more risky and can give higher return.

Audit committee effectiveness has gained considerable attention due to accounting scandals and earnings manipulation cases. In this article studies have been reviewed that empirically examined the audit committee's role in mitigating earnings management by focusing on three perspectives; legalistic approach, resource dependence and agency theory. Based on these perspectives an integrated model has been developed highlighting the role of audit committee in its task of constraining earnings management. The review reveals that audit committee independence, activity, expertise and composition are major determinants of audit committee effectiveness to improve their oversight role and confine earnings management however the busyness and connectedness of members of AC is impacting their monitoring performance. The review concludes by offering an agenda for future studies in this promising area of audit committee effectiveness.

This study treated engineering consultancy companies as its subject and explored the influence of business strategy and leadership style on the application of e-commerce as well as the correlation between the application of e-commerce and business performance. Its results show that the application of e-commerce has a significant and positive influence on business performance. Cost leadership and differentiation strategies are beneficial for the application of e-commerce. Leadership style has a positive impact on the application of e-commerce. Thus, engineering consultancy companies can raise their business performance via the application of e-commerce, cost and differentiation strategies, and strengthened leadership style.

The purpose of this study is to formulate the right strategy for the Demak Regency Government in developing an agroindustry of processed catfish in Demak. Descriptive analytical research was used to analyze data comprising primary and secondary data, collected through observation, recording, and interviews with three experts of economics, statistics, and agriculture at 14 sub-districts in Demak Regency region. Data were analyzed using Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats matrix and Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM). QSPM analysis recommends benchmarking competitors' products to gain competitive advantage as the effective strategy for agroindustry development of processed catfish in Demak Regency.

Vodafone that has recently acquired Hutchison Essar has undergone a massive change. The change is visible in its brand name, marketing strategies, financial structure, management, as well as human resources. This change required huge input from both the sides-the acquiring and the acquired side. The study aims to study the intra component analysis of the parameters of emotional transformations in the employees of the organization after its acquisition. The study is supported by the help of statistical analysis using questionnaires based on cultural and emotional changes of the employees in Vodafone. The sample size is a group of 60 employees from Vodafone. The results show that the major driving forces carrying the change in Vodafone are responsible for making the change successful. The change which was introduced in this organization reflected the theoretical base of Burke-Litwin model which underlies the fact that it is the management design in the organization which initiates change through processes, structures, selecting right jobs for right people, improving and enhancing the team climate (which is clearly shown by the result in emotional changes where team work is a significant component), motivating the work force and changing the culture.

This paper addresses specific aspects regarding the human resources strategy within a major pharmaceutical company in Romania, the aim being to highlight its role in the development of the company employees and to achieve organizational objectives. In the content are presented the main objectives of the human resources strategy, directions for operationalization and targeted positive effects. The human resources strategy of the researched company is integrated into the overall strategy and the development of employees is considered an essential component of this strategy, something that leads to an increased organizational performance and to achieve competitive advantage. The research tried to identify the strategic objectives aimed at developing employees, its operational modalities and its achieved benefits; it is a qualitative research, which aimed to review the company's official documents (published on its website), to structure and to analyze the information and to draw the conclusions. We consider that the human resources strategy implemented in the company is an example of managerial efficiency, in terms of employee development and increased organizational performance. It can be a model followed by other Romanian companies having to develop their employees and thus obtain the benefits of a high performance.

This study aimed to investigate employee participation in decision making on organizational commitment. The objective of the study was to examine employee participation in decision making influences organizational commitment at Savannah Cement Limited. This study adopted a descriptive survey design in the investigation of employee participation in decision making on organizational commitment at Savannah Cement Limited. The study population consisted of 302 employees working at Savannah Cement Limited. A sample of 30 employees was selected using stratified random sampling technique. A questionnaire was used to collect primary data. Data collected was analyzed with the aid Statistical Package of Social Science SPSS (version 21). A multi regression model was generated to show the influence of the variables to organizational commitment. The regression showed that consultative management had the highest influence on organizational commitment with a coefficient of 0.488, followed by group discussions with a coefficient of 0.384, suggestion programs with a coefficient of 0.269 and briefing groups with a coefficient of 0.221. The study recommends the support of employee participation in decision making. The study also provide insight for further studies on the topic.

In this research the importance team collaboration on its performance is investigated and decided how the administration and group pioneers can enhance the general profitability of the group through the coordinated effort among colleagues. Working exclusively is very little gainful when contrasted with the work done by number of people together. This exploration will propose the associations to take after the joint effort inside the group to pick up favorable position. This study will likewise offer inspiration to the individuals from group that how they can enhance their execution by working together with each other. The data has been collected by interviews research, after which it is coded, this coding is known as post coding. After the coding of the data, the data has been categorized according to understanding of concepts as presented by the subjects and then move to the third stage. The last stage is the analysis of the data. This is the third step of data analysis technique, where the researcher analyzes the collected data according to the categories made earlier. The teamwork has more importance in organizations as compare to the work done individually, to get the results efficiently and effectively. There is a positive relationship between collaboration among members and team performance.

The paper " Guidelines concerning the state aids for the environmental protection and energy in the European Union " presents the guidelines of the European Commission in this field. The European Commission sets the conditions on which State aid for environmental protection and energy can be deemed compatible with the domestic market, aiming at three objectives by modernising the controls of State aids. The joint assessment principles underlying the conditions of compatibility with these guidelines aim at strengthening the internal market, promoting more effectiveness in public spending through a better contribution by state aid to objectives of common interest, and exercising greater scrutiny on the incentive effect, on limiting the aid to the minimum, and on the potential negative effects of the aid on competition and trade.

Skills and competencies are vital assets for any individual in order to carry out the tasks and duties in triumphant manner. In today's globalized and exigent business environment Human Resources (HR) managers need apposite skills and competencies to thrive in business organizations. Even though skills and competencies are important to HR managers; researchers have identified that an empirical gap is existing in Sri Lanka; as Sri Lankan researchers have not conducted the researches in the area of competencies and skills of HR Managers job which consists with Senior Manager (HR), HR Manager, Group HR Manager, Group HR and Administration Manager and HR Manager (Specialized HR Function). The research question of this exploratory study is what are the skills and competencies needed or expected by the organizations in Sri Lanka for HR Managers? There are two research objectives in this current study, mainly; to identify the skills and competencies needed or expected from HR Managers by the Sri Lankan Organization and to give an insight on theoretical perspective for the skills and competencies needed for key HR Managers. To achieve those two research objectives, researchers used HR job advertisements appeared in Sunday Observer Newspaper, Topjobs website for the period of November 2015 to November 2016 of time. The current research was carried out in non-contrived setting and the time horizon of the study is longitudinal under minimal interference of the researchers'. The findings of this exploratory study proved that communication skills, interpersonal skills, computer Literacy, leadership skills and negotiation skills were identified as most expected skills for HR Managers in Sri Lankan Organizations. As per the second major finding of this study researchers found that human skills from three managerial skills introduced by Robert. L. Katz are mostly expected skills by the Sri Lankan organizations. The findings of this study are useful to current HR Managerial job holders, future HR Managerial job seekers, teachers, university lecturers and educational policy makers.

The current study is eyeing to examine the effects of development in capital market on debt ratios of manufacturing firms in Pakistan. This study will cover the period from the year 2001 to 2010. Two equally weighted indices are constructed over the 10-year period for the measurement of the capital market development. This study uses dynamic panel data models. The results show a significant impact of capital market development on debt ratios of manufacturing firms. The results also reveal that manufacturing firms in Pakistan use the stock market as a substitute for long-term financing. This study has not found a huge decrease in debt ratios in years with lower score of debt market index. JEL Classification: E44, G32

The objective of this paper is to study the validity of the hypothesis of the rationality of the decisions of granting micro-credits to the micro-borrowers in MFIs through a behavioral approach as long as the latter attempts to provide new behavioral assumptions of microfinance by introducing behavioral and psychological biases of the micro-borrowers. We tried to explore the main theoretical studies dealing with the hypothesis of rationality of the micro-borrowers within the MFIs and the factors that affect it. At the empirical level, and using a survey, we are interested in studying the psychological variables which affect the micro-borrowers' rationality of the Tunisian AMCs. This study is based on an analysis of a survey, as well as a logistic regression of an econometric model containing the behavioral and psychological variables. In fact, these techniques enabled us to support the limited decision rationality of granting micro-credits to the micro-borrowers within the AMCs.

Standardization and Adaptation remain debatable even after decades of research. Followers of Standardization approach stress that the managers should implement homogeneous strategies because markets across globe is homogenous and converging. Whereas, the supporters of adaptation argue that every market has its own characteristics and there are many factors which may influence the decision of a manager and marketing strategies should be designed accordingly. Both standardization and adaptation have some advantages and drawbacks as well. Contingency approach is a new concept emerged in recent decades. The exponents of this approach argue that the markets across the world are difference but may also have similar characteristic, therefore, managers should create a balance between standardization and adaptation and marketing strategies should be implemented according to the requirements of the specific market. The purpose of this research paper is to discuss how far standardization and adaptation debate has come over years and how using contingency approach companies can decrease or moderate the risks and increase the benefits.

An examination of the daily exchange rates of the Japanese Yen and the Nigerian Naira between May 1, 2016 and October 28, 2016 reveals an abrupt change on June 20, 2016 in further favour of the Yen. This change is significant as the pre-intervention series has a mean of 1.845 with a standard deviation of 0.0335 and the post-intervention mean of 2.9941 and standard deviation of 0.1965. A situation like this calls for an intervention on the part of the Nigerian Government. The pre-intervention data is modelled as an ARIMA(13,1,0) model. Post-intervention forecasts on the basis of the afore-mentioned model are obtained. The difference between these forecasts and the corresponding observations is modelled for the intervention model. The model parameters are observed significant indicating the significance of the model. Intervention may be carried out on the basis of the fitted model.

The purpose of the current study is to review the academic literature in the field of employee retention, and to conduct a content analysis in order to classify and provide a comprehensive bibliography. Emerald Insight, Science Direct and Willey Online Library databases were used to review the available literature on employee retention. The database search showed 226 publications after mentioning employee retention as the primary research topic. The publication sample was further reduced to only include empirical research studies in qualitative and quantitative domain. The result was reduced to a sample of 79 research publications, which were classified in to mutually exclusive categories. The content analysis led to classification of literature on the basis of five categories, i.e. publication type, publication journal, publication research area, research region and publication year. The study identifies ten years' history of research on employee retention starting from 2007 to present and hints towards future research prospects in research in terms of area of study, type of study. Current study provides a comprehensive bibliography that will be useful to both academicians and practitioners for studying existing research as well as for anticipating future research.

Globalization has brought positive changes in GDP growth rate, international trade and wellbeing of societies around the world. However, Pakistan despite being an open and liberal economy is experiencing persistent decline in its exports since 2003. This study investigates the determining factors of Pakistan's export using annual data ranging from 1993 to 2013. This study employs an advanced technique for panel data analysis " PPML-Estimator " which is more consistent with gravity model and addresses common issues associated with panel data. This study includes first time a new variable " Information Flow Index " (IFI) as proxy of Globalization; to arrest the impact of globalization. This variable not only improved the model specification but also reduced the negative impact of distances. Furthermore, the results reveal that findings are consistent with literature of basic gravity model and the negative impact of distance decreases over time in the case of Pakistan.

This paper presents factors that affect to the level of employee motivation in ceramic tile manufacturing industry in Sri Lanka. The labour productivity in ceramic tile industry in Sri Lanka far lower (7200 Sq.) comparing to other countries. Among the other factors that impact on productivity, employee motivation is considered as direct influencer. Therefore, this research focuses on identifying factors that influencing the employee motivation in ceramic tile manufacturing industry and identifying areas to be improved regarding the employee motivation in the sector. In order to accomplish the objectives proposed, self-administrative survey questionnaire has been used. Questionnaire was developed in two languages i.e. Sinhala and English. Data have been analysedusing SPSS and sample of 65 respondents. The findings shows pay and benefit as the most important factor in employee motivation while interpersonal relationship and job security as second and third important factors respectively. Then based on the survey findings the researcher presents some recommendations for the industry. In turn this research helps the measurement to formulate suitable policy to motivate the employees.

Cost volume profit analysis scrutinizes the relationship between changes in activity and changes in total sales revenue, cost and profit. It may provide very useful information particularly for a business that is commencing operations or facing difficult economic conditions. Cost volume profit analysis determines how many units of a product must be sold so that the business reaches its break-even point. It allows the business to consider the effect on profits of various changes in operating costs and revenues such as a reduction in selling price or an increase in fixed cost to determine the sales volume required to achieve a specific profit level and to establish the amount by which the current sales level can decrease before losses are incurred.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the Islamic Social Reporting (ISR) disclosure level on profitability and on the number of Zakat paid by the Islamic banking companies in Indonesia. This study used documentary studies with associative research's type. Samples used was purposive sampling method and was selected eight Islamic Banks in Indonesia. The observation period was 2011-2015 with a lag time t+1. Data were analyzed using Partial Least Square (PLS) Program. The data collection derived from secondary data, financial statements and annual reports published by Bank of Indonesia website and the website of each Islamic Banks. The results show that the disclosure level of ISR has a significant and positive effect on profitability represented by Return on Assets ratio (ROA) and Return on Equity ratio (ROE). Furthermore, the profitability of the Islamic Banks has a significant and positive effect on the amount of Zakat paid by the Islamic Banks in Indonesia. This research used only profitability as an independent variable that influenced company performance, in particular ISR disclosure, while several other factors are also predicted have effect on company profitability. Moreover, this research only used profitability variable which is also predicted has influencial on company Zakat, while several other factors also predicted have effect on company Zakat.

This study examines the relationships between corporate governance attributes on firm performance of listed financial sector companies in Sri Lanka. Empirical analysis focused on 56 companies registered in the Colombo Stock Exchange (CSE) covering the industries of banking, finance and insurance for the years 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015. The study used Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method to analyze the data. The study finds that relationship between corporate governance and firm performance are not strong. Board size, proportion of independent directors and the proportion of female directors have not significant relationship with performance measures. But board effectiveness has a significant positive relationship with ROE. This study enables to companies to evaluate and restructuring of their board to enhance the performance of the company while contributing to the economic development of the country. Findings of prior study are more focused to the developed countries. This study fills that research gap and contribute to the present literature on corporate governance in the industries of banking finance and insurance.

This study aims to test and describe empirically the effect of service quality on loyal behavior both directly and trough satisfaction and loyal attitude as mediator. The study also aims to discover the direct effect of satisfaction on loyal attitude and indirect effect trough loyal attitude as mediator. The study used Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis technique, with the samples of 105 respondents. The respondents are limited to the customers who pick up their car after the Body Repair service is completed. The results of the study show that service quality does not directly affect loyal behavior. Similarly, loyal attitude does not mediate the effect of service quality on loyal behavior. However, an improved service quality is followed by an improved satisfaction, which in turn will result in a better loyal behavior. Likewise, satisfaction indirectly affects loyal behavior with loyal attitude as the mediator. Finally, satisfaction holds significant role for the customer to form a loyal behavior.