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Abstract

The assimilation of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) data has been proven to have a positive impact on weather forecasts. However, the impact is limited due to the fact that solely the zenith total delays (ZTDs) or integrated water vapor (IWV) derived from the GPS satellite constellation are utilized. Assimilation of more advanced products, such as slant total delays (STDs), from several satellite systems may lead to improved forecasts. This study shows a preparation step for the assimilation, i.e., the analysis of the multi-GNSS tropospheric advanced parameters: ZTDs, tropospheric gradients and STDs. Three solutions are taken into consideration: GPS-only, GPS–GLONASS (GR) and GPS–GLONASS–Galileo (GRE). The GNSS estimates are calculated using the operational EPOS.P8 software developed at GFZ. The ZTDs retrieved with this software are currently being operationally assimilated by weather services, while the STDs and tropospheric gradients are being tested for this purpose. The obtained parameters are compared with the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA5 reanalysis. The results show that all three GNSS solutions show similar level of agreement with the ERA5 model. For ZTDs, the agreement with ERA5 results in biases of approx. 2 mm and standard deviations (SDs) of 8.5 mm. The statistics are slightly better for the GRE solution compared to the other solutions. For tropospheric gradients, the biases are negligible, and SDs are equal to approx. 0.4 mm. The statistics are almost identical for all three GNSS solutions. For STDs, the agreement from all three solutions is very similar; however it is slightly better for GPS only. The average bias with respect to ERA5 equals approx. 4 mm, with SDs of approx. 26 mm. The biases are only slightly reduced for the Galileo-only estimates from the GRE solution. This study shows that all systems provide data of comparable quality. However, the advantage of combining several GNSS systems in the operational data assimilation is the geometry improvement by adding more observations, especially for low elevation and azimuth angles.