Experimental and seismological constraints on the rheology, evolution, and alteration of the lithosphere at oceanic spreading centers
Experimental and seismological constraints on the rheology, evolution, and alteration of the lithosphere at oceanic spreading centers
Date
2007-02
Authors
deMartin, Brian J.
Linked Authors
Person
Alternative Title
Citable URI
As Published
Date Created
Location
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
DOI
10.1575/1912/1686
Related Materials
Replaces
Replaced By
Keywords
Seismology
Sea-floor spreading
Sea-floor spreading
Abstract
Oceanic spreading centers are sites of magmatic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes. In
this thesis I present experimental and seismological constraints on the evolution of these
complex regions of focused crustal accretion and extension. Experimental results from
drained, triaxial deformation experiments on partially molten olivine reveal that melt
extraction rates are linearly dependent on effective mean stress when the effective mean
stress is low and non-linearly dependent on effective mean stress when it is high.
Microearthquakes recorded above an inferred magma reservoir along the TAG segment
of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge delineate for the first time the arcuate, subsurface structure of a
long-lived, active detachment fault. This fault penetrates the entire oceanic crust and
forms the high-permeability pathway necessary to sustain long-lived, high-temperature
hydrothermal venting in this region. Long-lived detachment faulting exhumes lower
crustal and mantle rocks. Residual stresses generated by thermal expansion anisotropy
and mismatch in the uplifting, cooling rock trigger grain boundary microfractures if stress
intensities at the tips of naturally occurring flaws exceed a critical stress intensity factor.
Experimental results coupled with geomechanical models indicate that pervasive grain
boundary cracking occurs in mantle peridotite when it is uplifted to within 4 km of the
seafloor. Whereas faults provide the high-permeability pathways necessary to sustain
high-temperature fluid circulation, grain boundary cracks form the interconnected
network required for pervasive alteration of the oceanic lithosphere. This thesis provides
fundamental constraints on the rheology, evolution, and alteration of the lithosphere at
oceanic spreading centers.
Description
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution February 2007
Embargo Date
Citation
deMartin, B. J. (2007). Experimental and seismological constraints on the rheology, evolution, and alteration of the lithosphere at oceanic spreading centers [Doctoral thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution]. Woods Hole Open Access Server. https://doi.org/10.1575/1912/1686