Abstract
A novel miniaturized sample extraction capillary was developed to provide a simple and sensitive method for analyzing gaseous formaldehyde (FA) using conventional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The extraction capillary was prepared by packing silica gel particles in a stainless steel capillary with a 1.6-mm o.d. Before the gaseous samples were collected, the silica gel particles were impregnated with a derivatizing reagent 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) by passing a solution of DNPH through the extraction capillary. FA was derivatized to form the corresponding hydrazone during the active sampling of a gaseous sample, and the derivative was sorbed by the silica gel. The capillary was then directly connected to a six-port valve, and desorption from the capillary and injection into the HPLC were achieved simultaneously by passing a solvent through the capillary. The run-to-run and device-to-device variabilities, as relative standard deviations, were both less than 6.9 %. The limit of detection for FA was 2.5 ng/L using a sampling volume of 100 mL, and a sample collection time of 2 min. Acetaldehyde and acetone in a gaseous sample could also be simultaneously extracted and determined using this method. The applicability of the developed method for determining FA in real indoor air samples was confirmed by comparing the results obtained using the proposed method and a conventional sample preparation method. The developed method enables the rapid and simple sample preparation of gaseous FA and gives a good level of sensitivity.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Saito Y, Jinno K (2002) On-line coupling of miniaturized solid-phase extraction and microcolumn liquid-phase separations. Anal Bioanal Chem 373(6):325–331
Jinno K, Ogawa M, Ueta I, Saito Y (2007) Miniaturized sample preparation using a fiber-packed capillary as the medium. Trends Anal Chem 26(1):27–35
Lord HL, Zhan W, Pawliszyn J (2010) Fundamentals and applications of needle trap devices a critical review. Anal Chim Acta 677(1):3–18
Pan J, Zhang C, Zhang Z, Li G (2014) Review of online coupling of sample preparation techniques with liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 815(1):1–15
IARC (2006) Formaldehyde, 2-butoxyethanol and 1-tertbutoxypropan-2-ol. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 88:1–478
MHLW (2000), Committee on sick house syndrome: indoor air pollution progress report No. 1, Tokyo.
US EPA (1999), Determination of formaldehyde in ambient air using adsorbent cartridge followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), US EPA method TO-11A
ASTM (2003), Standard test method for determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds in air (active sampler methodology), ASTM D-5197-03
ISO 16000-3 (2011), Indoor air—part 3: determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds in indoor air and test chamber air—active sampling method.
Imaizumi M, Saito Y, Ban K, Wada H, Hayashida M, Jinno K (2004) In-valve sample preparation cartridge designed for microcolumn liquid chromatography. Chromatographia 60(11–12):619–623
Saito Y, Imaizumi M, Ban K, Tahara A, Wada H, Jinno K (2004) Development of miniaturized sample preparation with fibrous extraction media. J Chromatogr A 1025(1):27–32
Chen L, Wang H, Zeng Q, Xu Y, Sun L, Xu H, Ding L (2009) On-line coupling of solid-phase extraction to liquid chromatography a review. J Chromatogr Sci 47(8):614–623
Das D, Gupta U, Das AK (2012) Recent developments in solid phase extraction in elemental speciation of environmental samples with special reference to aqueous solutions. Trends Anal Chem 38:163–171
Kataoka H (2010) Recent developments and applications of microextraction techniques in drug analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 396(1):339–364
Smith D, Španěl P (2011) Direct, rapid quantitative analyses of BVOCs using SIFT-MS and PTRMS obviating sample collection. Trends Anal Chem 30:945–959
Turner C, Parekh B, Walton C, Španěl P, Smith D, Evans M (2008) An exploratory comparative study of volatile compounds in exhaled breath and emitted by skin using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 22:526–532
Saito Y, Ueta I, Ogawa M, Abe A, Yogo K, Shirai S, Jinno K (2009) Fiber-packed needle-type sample preparation device designed for gas chromatographic analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 393(3):861–869
Ueta I, Saito Y (2014) Needle-type extraction device designed for rapid and sensitive analysis in gas chromatography. Anal Sci 30(1):105–110
Saito Y, Ueta I, Kotera K, Ogawa M, Wada H, Jinno K (2006) In-needle extraction device designed for gas chromatographic analysis of volatile organic compounds. J Chromatogr A 1106(1–2):190–195
Ueta I, Mizuguchi A, Fujimura K, Kawakubo S, Saito Y (2012) Novel sample preparation technique with needle-type micro-extraction device for volatile organic compounds in indoor air samples. Anal Chim Acta 746:77–83
Ueta I, Samsudin EL, Mizuguchi A, Takeuchi H, Shinki T, Kawakubo S, Saito Y (2014) Double-bed-type extraction needle packed with activated-carbon-based sorbents for very volatile organic compounds. J Pharm Biomed Anal 88:423–428
Ueta I, Mizuguchi A, Okamoto M, Sakamaki H, Hosoe M, Ishiguro M, Saito Y (2014) Determination of breath isoprene and acetone concentration with a needle-type extraction device in gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta 430:156–159
Saito Y, Ueta I, Ogawa M, Jinno K (2006) Simultaneous derivatization/preconcentration of volatile aldehydes with a miniaturized fiber-packed sample preparation device designed for gas chromatographic analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 386(3):725–732
Saito Y, Ueta I, Ogawa M, Hayashida M, Jinno K (2007) Miniaturized sample preparation needle: a versatile design for the rapid analysis of smoking-related compounds in hair and air samples. J Pharm Biiomed Anal 44(1):1–7
Ueta I, Saito Y, Ghani NBA, Ogawa M, Yogo K, Abe A, Shirai S, Jinno K (2009) Rapid determination of ethylene oxide with fiber-packed sample preparation needle. J Chromatogr A 1216(14):2848–2853
Koziel JA, Noah J, Pawliszyn J (2001) Field sampling and determination of formaldehyde in indoor air with solid-phase microextraction and on-fiber derivatization. Environ Sci Technol 35(7):1481–1486
Bourdin D, Desauziers V (2014) Development of SPME on-fiber derivatization for the sampling of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds in indoor air. Anal Bioanal Chem 406(1):317–328
Inoue M, Mizuguchi A, Ueta I, Takahashi K, Saito Y (2013) Rapid on-site air sampling with a needle extraction device for evaluating the indoor air environment in school facilities. Anal Sci 29(5):519–525
Ueta I, Razak NA, Mizuguchi A, Kawakubo S, Saito Y, Jinno K (2013) Needle-type extraction device for the purge and trap analysis of 23 volatile organic compounds in tap water. J Chromatogr A 1317:211–216
Acknowledgments
Part of this study was financially supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Published in the topical collection celebrating ABCs 13th Anniversary.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ueta, I., Mochizuki, S., Kawakubo, S. et al. A novel miniaturized extraction capillary for determining gaseous formaldehyde by high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 407, 899–905 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-014-8144-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-014-8144-6