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21 pages, 4675 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Dandelion Extract on Promoting Production Performance and Reducing Mammary Oxidative Stress in Dairy Cows Fed High-Concentrate Diet

by Yan Zhang, Musa Mgeni, Ziqing Xiu, Yu Chen, Juncai Chen and Yawang Sun

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(11), 6075; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25116075 (registering DOI) - 31 May 2024

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of rumen bypass dandelion extract on the lactation performance, immune index, and mammary oxidative stress of lactating dairy cows fed a high-concentrate diet. This study used a complete randomized block design, and initial milk production, somatic cell counts, [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effects of rumen bypass dandelion extract on the lactation performance, immune index, and mammary oxidative stress of lactating dairy cows fed a high-concentrate diet. This study used a complete randomized block design, and initial milk production, somatic cell counts, and parities were set as block factors. Sixty Holstein cows with similar health conditions and lactating periods (70 ± 15 d) were divided into three groups with 20 replicates per group. The treatments included the LCD group (low-concentrate diet, concentrate–forage = 4:6), HCD group (high-concentrate group, concentrate–forage = 6:4), and DAE group (dandelion aqueous extract group, HCD group with 0.5% DAE). The experimental period was 35 d, and cows were fed three times in the morning, afternoon, and night with free access to water. The results showed the following: (1) Milk production in the HCD and DAE groups was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that in the LCD group from WK4, and the milk quality differed during the experimental period. (2) The HCD group’s pH values significantly differed (p < 0.01) from those of the LCD and DAE groups. (3) In WK2 and WK4 of the experimental period, the somatic cell counts of dairy cows in the HCD group were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those in the DAE group. (4) The serum concentrations of 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and protein carbonyl (PC) in the HCD group were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those in the LCD group. The activity of catalase (CAT) in the LCD and DAE groups was stronger (p < 0.01) than that in the HCD group. (5) The correlation analysis revealed significantly positive correlations between the plasma LPS concentration and serum concentrations of 8-OHdG (p < 0.01), PC (p < 0.01), and malondialdehyde (MDA, p < 0.05) and significantly negative correlations (p < 0.01) between the plasma LPS concentration and activities of CAT and superoxide dismutase. (6) Compared with that in the HCD and DAE groups, the mRNA expression of α, β, and κ casein and acetyl CoA carboxylase in bovine mammary epithelial cells was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the LCD group, and the mRNA expression of fatty acid synthetase and stearoyl CoA desaturase in the LCD group was significantly higher (p < 0.01) than that in the HCD group. (7) Compared with that in the LCD and HCD groups, the mRNA expression of Nrf2 was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in the DAE group, and the mRNA expression of cystine/glutamate transporter and NAD (P) H quinone oxidoreductase 1 in the DAE group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that in the HCD group. Overall, feeding a high-concentrate diet could increase the milk yield of dairy cows, but the milk quality, rumen homeostasis, and antioxidative capability were adversely affected. The supplementation of DAE in a high-concentrate diet enhanced antioxidative capability by activating the Nrf2 regulatory factor and improved rumen homeostasis and production performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Pharmacology)

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11 pages, 1654 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Effects of Local Air Pollution on Popliteal Artery Aneurysms

by Maria Elisabeth Leinweber, Katrin Meisenbacher, Thomas Schmandra, Thomas Karl, Giovanni Torsello, Mikolaj Walensi, Phillip Geisbuesch, Thomas Schmitz-Rixen, Georg Jung and Amun Georg Hofmann

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(11), 3250; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13113250 (registering DOI) - 31 May 2024

Abstract

Objectives: A growing body of evidence highlights the effects of air pollution on chronic and acute cardiovascular diseases, such as associations between PM₁₀ and several cardiovascular events. However, evidence of the impact of fine air pollutants on the development and progression of [...] Read more.

Objectives: A growing body of evidence highlights the effects of air pollution on chronic and acute cardiovascular diseases, such as associations between PM₁₀ and several cardiovascular events. However, evidence of the impact of fine air pollutants on the development and progression of peripheral arterial aneurysms is not available. Methods: Data were obtained from the multicenter PAA outcome registry POPART and the German Environment Agency. Means of the mean daily concentration of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, NO_2, and O₃ concentrations were calculated for 2, 10, and 3650 days prior to surgery for each patient. Additionally, weighted ten-year averages were analyzed. Correlation was assessed by calculating Pearson correlation coefficients, and regression analyses were conducted as multiple linear or multiple logistic regression, depending on the dependent variable. Results: For 1193 patients from the POPART registry, paired air pollution data were available. Most patients were male (95.6%) and received open surgical repair (89.9%). On a regional level, the arithmetic means of the daily means of PM₁₀ between 2000 and 2022 were neither associated with average diameters nor runoff vessels. Negative correlations for mean PAA diameter and mean NO₂, as well as a positive correlation with mean O₃, were found; however, they were not statistically significant. On patient level, no evidence for an association of mean PM₁₀ exposure over ten years prior to inclusion in the registry and PAA diameter or the number of runoff vessels was found. Weighted PM_10, NO_2, and O₃ exposure over ten years also did not result in significant associations with aneurysm diameter or runoff vessels. Short-term air pollutant concentrations were not associated with symptomatic PAAs or with perioperative complications. Conclusions: We found no indication that long-term air pollutant concentrations are associated with PAA size or severity, neither on a regional nor individual level. Additionally, short-term air pollution showed no association with clinical presentation or treatment outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue (Cardio-)Vascular System in Health and Disease: Current Update and Perspectives—Volume II)

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21 pages, 2061 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coordination of Online Shopping Supply Chain Considering Fresh Product Preservation Efforts and Cargo Damage Costs

by Haiping Ren and Yingxin Hu

J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2024, 19(2), 1337-1357; https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer19020068 (registering DOI) - 31 May 2024

Abstract

To reduce the losses caused by insufficient preservation efforts during transportation, the preservation effort level has been the focus of research. In the fierce competition of online sales, it is particularly important to reduce the cost of damaged goods by improving the level [...] Read more.

To reduce the losses caused by insufficient preservation efforts during transportation, the preservation effort level has been the focus of research. In the fierce competition of online sales, it is particularly important to reduce the cost of damaged goods by improving the level of preservation efforts. Therefore, according to Stackelberg game theory, this article establishes five decision-making models and incorporates the damage rate and preservation effort level into the research. Finally, this article coordinates the online shipping supply chain (SC) through a joint contract. After comparing and analyzing the model results, research has found that: (1) in centralized model, the level of preservation effort reaches its optimal level and the system benefit is maximized; (2) under third-party logistics (TPL) leading decision-making, the different bearers of cargo damage costs will not affect the profits of both parties and the system; (3) among the four decentralized models, the level of preservation efforts and system profit are highest when the decision is led by online store and TPL bears the cost of damaged goods; and (4) under a given sharing ratio, when the logistics service quotation satisfies a certain range of condition, the online shopping SC can achieve Pareto improvement. This paper studies the differences and reasons for decision models in the supply and demand relationship between online stores and TPL, which provides fresh product e-commerce decision-makers with a theoretical basis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Advances in Supply Chain Management in the Era of Electronic Commerce)

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13 pages, 4719 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of a Small Cysteine-Rich Secreted Effector, TcSCP_9014, in Tilletia controversa

by Zhenzhen Du, Han Weng, Huanyu Jia, Bin Zhang, Boming Wu, Wanquan Chen, Taiguo Liu and Li Gao

Plants 2024, 13(11), 1523; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13111523 (registering DOI) - 31 May 2024

Abstract

Tilletia controversa J. G. Kühn is the causal agent of wheat dwarf bunt (DB), a destructive disease causing tremendous economic losses. Small cysteine-rich secreted proteins (SCPs) of plant fungi are crucial in modulating host immunity and promoting infection. Little is known about the [...] Read more.

Tilletia controversa J. G. Kühn is the causal agent of wheat dwarf bunt (DB), a destructive disease causing tremendous economic losses. Small cysteine-rich secreted proteins (SCPs) of plant fungi are crucial in modulating host immunity and promoting infection. Little is known about the virulence effectors of T. controversa. Here, we characterized TcSCP_9014, a novel effector of SCPs, in T. controversa which suppressed programmed cell death triggered by BAX without relying on its signal peptide (SP). The SP in the N-terminus of TcSCP_9014 was functional in the secretory process. Live-cell imaging in the epidermal cells of Nicothiana benthamiana suggested that TcSCP_9014 localized to the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Furthermore, yeast cDNA library screening was performed to obtain the interacting proteins in wheat. Yeast two-hybrid and BiFC assays were applied to validate the interaction of TcSCP_9014 with TaMTAN and TaGAPDH. Our work revealed that the novel effector TcSCP_9014 is vital in modulating plant immunity, which opens up new avenues for plant-pathogen interactions in the T. controversa infection process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Protection and Biotic Interactions)

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23 pages, 3902 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Spatial Distribution and Spillover Effects of Fertilizer Application Intensity in Inner Mongolia, China

by Benna Da, Yunhua Wu and Wuyuntana Bao

Sustainability 2024, 16(11), 4697; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114697 (registering DOI) - 31 May 2024

Abstract

The overuse of fertilizers has caused significant environmental pollution. In this paper, we aim to improve fertilizer utilization and promote sustainable agricultural development. Based on panel data at the flag (county) level in Inner Mongolia from 2001 to 2020, we analyzed the spatial [...] Read more.

The overuse of fertilizers has caused significant environmental pollution. In this paper, we aim to improve fertilizer utilization and promote sustainable agricultural development. Based on panel data at the flag (county) level in Inner Mongolia from 2001 to 2020, we analyzed the spatial heterogeneity and correlation of fertilizer application intensity using a two-stage nested Theil index and Moran’s I, and employed a Durbin model to elucidate its spatial spillover effects. The results show that overall disparities in fertilizer application intensity showed a decreasing trend, with league (city) disparities being the main reason for the overall disparities. In terms of spatial patterns, there is a positive spatial correlation between flags (counties), with the western region exhibiting a “high-high” type that gradually shifts towards the eastern region, particularly the cities of Tongliao and Chifeng. The central and eastern regions exhibit a “low-low” type. Future endeavors to decrease fertilizer application intensity are mainly focused on establishing “high-high” clusters. Policymakers should leverage these spatial interactions to diminish fertilizer usage and mitigate environmental pollution. Farmers, affluence, agricultural economic development, and grain yield positively influence fertilizer application intensity while agricultural modernization and land size have negative effects. All these factors demonstrate significant spatial spillover effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Pollution Control and Treatment towards Soil Health and Sustainable Development)

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16 pages, 6765 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biochemical and Physical Screening Using Optical Oxygen-Sensing and Multispectral Imaging in Sea Oats Seeds

by Andrew Ogolla Egesa, Maria Teresa Davidson, Héctor E. Pérez and Kevin Begcy

Agriculture 2024, 14(6), 875; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14060875 (registering DOI) - 31 May 2024

Abstract

Physical, physiological, and biochemical traits control critical seed functions such as germination, longevity, persistence, and seedling establishment. These traits are diverse between and among species, and they are also controlled by the environment in which the seed originated. Therefore, screening seed traits and [...] Read more.

Physical, physiological, and biochemical traits control critical seed functions such as germination, longevity, persistence, and seedling establishment. These traits are diverse between and among species, and they are also controlled by the environment in which the seed originated. Therefore, screening seed traits and understanding their roles in seed functions is crucial to facilitate the economical use of resources in collecting, sorting, and conserving seed materials of agronomical and ecological importance. We hypothesized the existence of physical and biochemical traits in sea oats seeds that can be used as proxies to predict viability and vigor to develop underpinnings for survival after non-optimal storage conditions. Using multispectral imaging and optical oxygen-sensing analyses, we evaluated the physical and biochemical traits of Uniola paniculata L. (sea oats) seeds collected from the US Atlantic and Gulf coastlines. Our results showed that several traits correlate to aging stress survival in sea oats seeds. These results confirm the potential of using physical and biochemical screening to predict seed quality while offering insights into extended seed longevity periods. Therefore, exploring and analyzing the physical and biochemical properties of seeds could reveal salient markers that contribute to viability and longevity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Seed Science and Technology)

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14 pages, 805 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heart Failure with Mid-Range or Mildly Reduced Ejection Fraction in the Era of Sodium–Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors: Do We Now Provide Better Care for the “Middle Child of HF”? Real-World Experience from a Single Clinical Centre

by Marin Viđak, Jelena Kursar, Tomislava Bodrožić Džakić Poljak, Tomislav Letilović, Jasmina Ćatić, Vanja Ivanović Mihajlović, Petra Zebić Mihić, Šime Manola and Ivana Jurin

J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2024, 11(6), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11060171 (registering DOI) - 31 May 2024

Abstract

Heart failure (HF) with mid-range or mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) is a separate clinical entity in the HF spectrum, with a left ventricular ejection fraction ranging from 40 to 49%. While sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors have become the cornerstone therapy for [...] Read more.

Heart failure (HF) with mid-range or mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) is a separate clinical entity in the HF spectrum, with a left ventricular ejection fraction ranging from 40 to 49%. While sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors have become the cornerstone therapy for the entire HF spectrum, there are a few clinical trials of HFmrEF. This prospective observational study was conducted at Dubrava University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia, from May 2021 to October 2023. We recruited 137 participants diagnosed with HFmrEF at admission. The majority were male, with a median age of 72 and overweight. A total of 110 participants were followed for 6 months and LVEF remained the same in the majority of patients (n = 62, 56.4%), improved in 32 patients (29.1%), and decreased in 3 patients (2.73%). A total of 64 participants were followed for 12 months: 39 remained the same (60.94%) and 25 improved. There were 13 deaths in (9.5%). While the empagliflozin group had a lower BMI at 6-month- and lower HbA1c at 12-month follow-up, there were no differences in death, HF hospitalizations, ER visits, or urinary tract infections in between groups. Despite recent and daily advances in the treatment of all HF phenotypes, HFmrEF still represents a challenge in everyday clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cardiovascular Clinical Research)

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20 pages, 9455 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrogeochemical Characterization of an Intermontane Aquifer Contaminated with Arsenic and Fluoride via Clustering Analysis

by José Rafael Irigoyen-Campuzano, Diana Barraza-Barraza, Mélida Gutiérrez, Luis Arturo Torres-Castañón, Liliana Reynoso-Cuevas and María Teresa Alarcón-Herrera

Hydrology 2024, 11(6), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology11060076 (registering DOI) - 31 May 2024

Abstract

The controlling hydrogeochemical processes of an intermontane aquifer in central Mexico were identified through multivariate statistical analysis. Hierarchical cluster (HCA) and k-means clustering analyses were applied to Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, F⁻, Cl [...] Read more.

The controlling hydrogeochemical processes of an intermontane aquifer in central Mexico were identified through multivariate statistical analysis. Hierarchical cluster (HCA) and k-means clustering analyses were applied to Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, F⁻, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, HCO₃⁻, As, pH and electrical conductivity in 40 groundwater samples collected from shallow and deep wells, where As and F⁻ are contaminants of concern. The effectiveness of each hierarchical and k-means clustering method in explaining solute concentrations within the aquifer and the co-occurrence of arsenic and fluoride was tested by comparing two datasets containing samples from 40 and 36 wells, the former including ionic balance outliers (>10%). When tested without outliers, cluster quality improved by about 5.4% for k-means and 7.3% for HCA, suggesting that HCA is more sensitive to ionic balance outliers. Both algorithms yielded similar clustering solutions in the outlier-free dataset, aligning with the k-means solution for all 40 samples, indicating that k-means was the more robust of the two methods. k-means clustering resolved fluoride and arsenic concentrations into four clusters (K1 to K4) based on variations in Na⁺, Ca²⁺, As, and F⁻. Cluster K2 was a Na-HCO₃ water type with high concentrations of As and F. Clusters K1, K3, and K4 exhibited a Ca-HCO₃, Na-Ca-HCO₃, and Ca-Na-HCO₃ water types, respectively, with decreasing As and F concentrations following the order K2 > K3 > K1 > K4. The weathering of evaporites and silicates and Na-Ca ion exchange with clays were the main processes controlling groundwater geochemistry. The dissolution of felsic rocks present in the aquifer fill is a likely source of As and F⁻, with evaporation acting as an important concentration factor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Hydrogeological Research)

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12 pages, 1313 KiB

Open AccessArticle

miRNA Expression and HCC Occurrence in HCV Cirrhotic Patients Treated with Direct Acting Antivirals

by Antonietta Romano, Alessandra Brocca, Zoe Mariño, Sofía Pérez-del-Pulgar, Sabela Lens, Loreto Boix, María Reig, Jordi Bruix, Giulio Ceolotto, Valeria Calvino, Gianluca Zilio, Paula Piñero Romero, Ranka Vukotic, Valeria Guarneri, Pietro Andreone, Saverio Giuseppe Parisi, Francesco Paolo Russo, Salvatore Piano, Umberto Cillo and Paolo Angeli

Livers 2024, 4(2), 275-286; https://doi.org/10.3390/livers4020020 (registering DOI) - 31 May 2024

Abstract

Background: The risk of hepatocarcinoma in HCV cirrhotic patient responders after treatment with DAAs decrease, but HCC still occurs. A correlation between specific miRNAs and the development of hepatocarcinoma have been highlighted. Aim: To investigate miRNA expression in HCV-infected cirrhotic patients treated [...] Read more.

Background: The risk of hepatocarcinoma in HCV cirrhotic patient responders after treatment with DAAs decrease, but HCC still occurs. A correlation between specific miRNAs and the development of hepatocarcinoma have been highlighted. Aim: To investigate miRNA expression in HCV-infected cirrhotic patients treated with DAAs, regarding whether or not they developed HCC at follow-up. Methods: A total of 73 outpatients with HCV-related cirrhosis treated with DAAs were enrolled, 28 of which had HCC. Samples were collected at the start and at the end of treatment. In the screening phase, 172 miRNAs were analyzed at baseline. Differentially expressed miRNAs were validated in the entire cohort. Results: In the validation phase, at baseline and in patients treated for 12 weeks, miR-28-5p was confirmed to be more highly expressed in the HCC group compared to the non-HCC group. In all of the patients treated for 12 weeks, at end of the treatment we found a significant downregulation in miR-132-3p, miR-133b-3p, miR-221-3p and miR-324-3p. In the HCC group, miR-28-5p was significantly downregulated after DAA therapy as well as in HCC patients treated for 24 weeks. Conclusion: In the HCC group, miR28-5p was differently expressed both at baseline and at the end of therapy with DAAs. This difference in expression should suggest its involvement in HCC development. Full article

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20 pages, 2045 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress of Molecular Simulation in Acrylamide Polymers with High Degree of Polymerization

by Zhenye Liu, Qi Feng, Zhuangzhuang Xu and Shuangchun Yang

Molecules 2024, 29(11), 2589; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29112589 (registering DOI) - 31 May 2024

Abstract

Acrylamide polymers with a high degree of polymerization are widely used in petroleum production. It is of great significance to study the oil displacement mechanism of acrylamide polymers with a high degree of polymerization from the micro level. In recent years, the rapid [...] Read more.

Acrylamide polymers with a high degree of polymerization are widely used in petroleum production. It is of great significance to study the oil displacement mechanism of acrylamide polymers with a high degree of polymerization from the micro level. In recent years, the rapid development of computer molecular simulation technology has filed the gaps in macroscopic experiments and theories. This technology has been highly valued in the study of the molecular behaviour of polymer systems. In this paper, the research progress of molecular simulation applied to high-polymerization-degree acrylamide polymer is summarized. The application status of acrylamide polymer flooding, the analysis of polymer flooding mechanisms, and the research progress of molecular simulation in acrylamide linear and crosslinked polymers are expounded. Finally, the development prospect of acrylamide polymer research is given, and suggestions are put forward in terms of simulation direction and simulation tools. Full article

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17 pages, 7771 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Near-Surface Dispersion and Current Observations Using Dye, Drifters, and HF Radar in Coastal Waters

by Keunyong Kim, Hong Thi My Tran, Kyu-Min Song, Yeong Baek Son, Young-Gyu Park, Joo-Hyung Ryu, Geun-Ho Kwak and Jun Myoung Choi

Remote Sens. 2024, 16(11), 1985; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16111985 (registering DOI) - 31 May 2024

Abstract

This study explores the near-surface dispersion mechanisms of contaminants in coastal waters, leveraging a comprehensive method that includes using dye and drifters as tracers, coupled with diverse observational platforms like drones, satellites, in situ sampling, and HF radar. The aim is to deepen [...] Read more.

This study explores the near-surface dispersion mechanisms of contaminants in coastal waters, leveraging a comprehensive method that includes using dye and drifters as tracers, coupled with diverse observational platforms like drones, satellites, in situ sampling, and HF radar. The aim is to deepen our understanding of surface currents’ impact on contaminant dispersion, thereby improving predictive models for managing environmental incidents such as pollutant releases. Rhodamine WT dye, chosen for its significant fluorescent properties and detectability, along with drifter data, allowed us to investigate the dynamics of near-surface physical phenomena such as the Ekman current, Stokes drift, and wind-driven currents. Our research emphasizes the importance of integrating scalar tracers and Lagrangian markers in experimental designs, revealing differential dispersion behaviors due to near-surface vertical shear caused by the Ekman current and Stokes drift. During slow-current conditions, the elongation direction of the dye patch aligned well with the direction of a depth-averaged Ekman spiral, or Ekman transport. Analytical calculations of vertical shear, based on the Ekman current and Stokes drift, closely matched those derived from tracer observations. Over a 7 h experiment, the vertical diffusivity near the surface was first observed at the early stages of scalar mixing, with a value of

1.9 \times 10^{- 4} m^{2} / s

, and the horizontal eddy diffusivity of the dye patch and drifters reached the order of 1

m^{2} / s

at a 1000

m

length scale. Particle tracking models demonstrate that while HF radar currents can effectively predict the trajectories of tracers near the surface, incorporating near-surface currents, including the Ekman current, Stokes drift, and windage, is essential for a more accurate prediction of the fate of surface floats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing of Ocean Surface Currents: Measurement, Validation and Applications)

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51 pages, 13880 KiB

Open AccessReview

Towards Reliable Prediction of Performance for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells via Machine Learning-Integrated Hybrid Numerical Simulations

by Rashed Kaiser, Chi-Yeong Ahn, Yun-Ho Kim and Jong-Chun Park

Processes 2024, 12(6), 1140; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12061140 (registering DOI) - 31 May 2024

Abstract

For mitigating global warming, polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells have become promising, clean, and sustainable alternatives to existing energy sources. To increase the energy density and efficiency of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), a comprehensive numerical modeling approach that can adequately predict [...] Read more.

For mitigating global warming, polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells have become promising, clean, and sustainable alternatives to existing energy sources. To increase the energy density and efficiency of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), a comprehensive numerical modeling approach that can adequately predict the multiphysics and performance relative to the actual test such as an acceptable depiction of the electrochemistry, mass/species transfer, thermal management, and water generation/transportation is required. However, existing models suffer from reliability issues due to their dependency on several assumptions made for the sake of modeling simplification, as well as poor choices and approximations in material characterization and electrochemical parameters. In this regard, data-driven machine learning models could provide the missing and more appropriate parameters in conventional computational fluid dynamics models. The purpose of the present overview is to explore the state of the art in computational fluid dynamics of individual components of the modeling of PEMFC, their issues and limitations, and how they can be significantly improved by hybrid modeling techniques integrating with machine learning approaches. Furthermore, a detailed future direction of the proposed solution related to PEMFC and its impact on the transportation sector is discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Simulation and Control in Energy Systems)

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18 pages, 4492 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of Experiments for Process Optimization of the Direct Wacker-Type Oxidation of 1-Decene to n-Decanal

by Thomas Bouveyron, Patricia Bratenberg, Peter Bell and Matthias Eisenacher

Catalysts 2024, 14(6), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14060360 (registering DOI) - 31 May 2024

Abstract

The rapid increase in the use and development of statistical design of experiments (DoE), particularly in pharmaceutical process development, has become increasingly important over the last decades. This rise aligns with Green Chemistry Principles, seeking reduced resource usage and heightened efficiency. In this [...] Read more.

The rapid increase in the use and development of statistical design of experiments (DoE), particularly in pharmaceutical process development, has become increasingly important over the last decades. This rise aligns with Green Chemistry Principles, seeking reduced resource usage and heightened efficiency. In this study, we employed a comprehensive design of experiments (DoE) approach to optimize the catalytic conversion of 1-decene to n-decanal through direct Wacker-type oxidation using the previously determined efficient PdCl₂(MeCN)₂ catalytic system. The aim was to maximize selectivity and conversion efficiency. Through systematic variation of seven factors, including substrate amount, catalyst and co-catalyst amount, reaction temperature, reaction time, homogenization temperature, and water content, this study identified critical parameters influencing the process to direct the reaction toward the desired product. The statistical analysis revealed high significance for both selectivity and conversion, with surface diagrams illustrating optimal conditions. Notably, catalyst amount emerged as a pivotal factor influencing conversion, with reaction temperature and co-catalyst amount significantly affecting both conversion efficiency and selectivity. The refined model demonstrated strong correlations between predicted and observed values, highlighting the impact of these factors on both selectivity and conversion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis for Functionalization Reaction of Hydrocarbons Compounds)

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12 pages, 4842 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cu-MOF-74-Derived CuO-400 Material for CO₂ Electroreduction

by Hua Liu, Ya-Li Wang, Lei-Bing Chen, Meng-Han Li, Jia-Xing Lu and Huan Wang

Catalysts 2024, 14(6), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14060361 (registering DOI) - 31 May 2024

Abstract

This study proposes a straightforward strategy utilizing metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) to obtain efficient electrocatalysts for synthesizing C2 products (C₂H₄ and C₂H₅OH) via a CO₂ reduction reaction. Cu-MOF-74 was chosen as the precursor, while copper oxide [...] Read more.

This study proposes a straightforward strategy utilizing metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) to obtain efficient electrocatalysts for synthesizing C2 products (C₂H₄ and C₂H₅OH) via a CO₂ reduction reaction. Cu-MOF-74 was chosen as the precursor, while copper oxide nanoparticles were obtained through a calcination method. During the calcination process, by controlling the calcination conditions, the porous structure of the MOF framework was successfully retained, leading to CuO-400 with a high catalytic activity and C2 production efficiency. Compared to CuO-n formed by the calcination of Cu(NO₃)₂, CuO-400 derived from MOFs exhibits a 1.6 times higher C2 activity as an electrocatalytic material at −1.15 V vs. RHE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Electrocatalysis for Energy Storage and Conversion)

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11 pages, 872 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of Antivibration Technology to Reduce Demands for In-Home Nursing Care and Support in Rural Settings for Persons with Essential Tremors: A Qualitative Study

by Fatemeh Mohammadnejad, Shannon Freeman, Tammy Klassen-Ross, Dawn Hemingway and Davina Banner

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(6), 714; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21060714 (registering DOI) - 31 May 2024

Abstract

Introduction: With the increased integration of technologies in the healthcare sector, it is important to understand the benefits emerging technologies may play to reduce demands on the health care system. The Steadiwear antivibration glove shows promise for enhancing the independence in functional abilities [...] Read more.

Introduction: With the increased integration of technologies in the healthcare sector, it is important to understand the benefits emerging technologies may play to reduce demands on the health care system. The Steadiwear antivibration glove shows promise for enhancing the independence in functional abilities for persons with essential tremors and for alleviating the need for support from the health care system. The objective of this study was to examine Registered Nurses’ (RN) perceptions of the potential for the Steadiwear antivibration glove to reduce the need for in-person support from community healthcare workers. Methods: Eleven RNs, experienced in providing care in rural communities, participated in a semi-structured interview sharing their perspectives towards use of the Steadiwear antivibration glove in community practice settings. Thematic analysis guided by Braun and Clarke was undertaken. Results: Nurses described the value of this technology to reduce client needs for support for activities of daily living (e.g., dressing, feeding) and independent activities of daily living (e.g., banking, transportation). Conclusions: Enhanced access to this technology may reduce the need for nursing and personal care support from the health system. Therefore the Steadiwear antivibration glove also shows potential to delay and/or prevent the need for more intensive support and mitigate the need for transition to a long-term care facility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Public Health: Rural Health Services Research)

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14 pages, 1794 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Gait Patterns during Crutch Assisted Gait through Spatial and Temporal Analysis

by Marien Narvaez Dorado, Miguel Salazar and Joan Aranda

Sensors 2024, 24(11), 3555; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113555 (registering DOI) - 31 May 2024

Abstract

The use of crutches is a common method of assisting people during recovery from musculoskeletal injuries in the lower limbs. There are several different ways to walk with crutches depending on the patient’s needs. The structure of crutch gaits or crutch gait patterns [...] Read more.

The use of crutches is a common method of assisting people during recovery from musculoskeletal injuries in the lower limbs. There are several different ways to walk with crutches depending on the patient’s needs. The structure of crutch gaits or crutch gait patterns varies based on the delay between the aid and foot placement, the number of concurrent points of contact, and laterality. In a rehabilitation process, the prescribed pattern may differ according to the injury, the treatment and the individual’s condition. Clinicians may improve diagnosis, assessment, training, and treatment by monitoring and analyzing gait patterns. This study aimed to assess and characterize four crutch walking patterns using spatial and temporal parameters obtained from the instrumented crutches. For this purpose, 27 healthy users performed four different gait patterns over multiple trials. Each trial was recorded using a portable system integrated into the crutches, which measured force, position, and acceleration. Based on the data angle, an algorithm was developed to segment the trials into gait cycles and identify gait phases. The next step was to determine the most appropriate metrics to describe each gait pattern. Several metrics were used to analyze the collected data, including force, acceleration, angle, and stride time. Among 27 participants, significant differences were found between crutch gait patterns. Through the use of these spatial and temporal parameters, promising results were obtained for monitoring assisted gait with crutches. Furthermore, the results demonstrated the possibility of using instrumented crutches as a clinical tool. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Wearables)

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20 pages, 5062 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptive Fuzzy Control of an Electronic Differential Based on the Stability Criterion of the Phase Plane Method

by Shaopeng Zhu, Yekai Xu, Linlin Li, Yong Ren, Chenyang Kuang, Huipeng Chen and Jian Gao

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(6), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15060243 (registering DOI) - 31 May 2024

Abstract

To improve the handling stability of distributed drive electric vehicles, this paper introduces an electronic differential control strategy based on the stability criterion of the phase plane method. The strategy first plots the distributed electric vehicle’s center of mass side angle and center [...] Read more.

To improve the handling stability of distributed drive electric vehicles, this paper introduces an electronic differential control strategy based on the stability criterion of the phase plane method. The strategy first plots the distributed electric vehicle’s center of mass side angle and center of mass angular speed on the phase plane, and then it analyzes the vehicle’s stability under various working conditions to determine the parameters that ensure the stability performance. Subsequently, an adaptive fuzzy control strategy is employed to achieve fast and accurate distribution of the torque to each wheel, thereby enhancing the vehicle’s stability. A joint simulation platform is constructed using MATLAB/Simulink and CarSim. A comparison with the traditional electronic differential strategy demonstrates that the proposed distribution strategy based on phase plane stability exhibited excellent stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamics, Control and Simulation of Electrified Vehicles)

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24 pages, 6308 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Expressway Vehicle Trajectory Prediction Considering Historical Path Dependencies

by Shukun Lai, Hongke Xu, Fumin Zou, Yongyu Luo, Zerong Hu and Huan Zhong

Sustainability 2024, 16(11), 4696; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114696 (registering DOI) - 31 May 2024

Abstract

The prediction of expressway vehicle trajectories is a crucial aspect in the development of intelligent expressways. This paper proposes a novel approach, namely the W-GRU-Attention (WGA) model, which utilizes ETC transaction data to predict trajectory selection based on historical traffic paths and previous [...] Read more.

The prediction of expressway vehicle trajectories is a crucial aspect in the development of intelligent expressways. This paper proposes a novel approach, namely the W-GRU-Attention (WGA) model, which utilizes ETC transaction data to predict trajectory selection based on historical traffic paths and previous passed gantry information. In this study, we apply the concept of word embedding models to extract contextual semantics from the historical trajectories on expressways. Additionally, we introduce an average pooling technique for converting the historical vehicle trajectory into a fixed-length Historical Trajectory Vector (HTV), enabling us to capture dependency relationships within experience paths. By combining proximity gantry vectors during transit, we accurately predict the next gantry location. Finally, our proposed method is evaluated using a real-world expressway ETC dataset. It achieves an impressive accuracy rate of 96.14% in capturing the relationship between historical trajectories and adjacent gantries, surpassing other models in path prediction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Transportation)

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14 pages, 991 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Allergy and Hypersensitivity Reactions to COVID-19 Vaccines According to the EudraVigilance Database

by Jan Romantowski, Wojciech Nazar, Kinga Bojahr, Iwona Popiołek and Marek Niedoszytko

Life 2024, 14(6), 715; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060715 (registering DOI) - 31 May 2024

Abstract

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic presented a new challenge in modern medicine: the development of vaccines was followed by massive population vaccinations. A few reports on post-vaccination allergic reactions have made patients and medical personnel uneasy as to COVID-19 vaccines’ allergic [...] Read more.

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic presented a new challenge in modern medicine: the development of vaccines was followed by massive population vaccinations. A few reports on post-vaccination allergic reactions have made patients and medical personnel uneasy as to COVID-19 vaccines’ allergic potential. Most of the studies in this area to date have been small, and some that were based on global databases skipped most of the allergic diseases and concentrated only on anaphylaxis. We aimed to analyze the incidence of serious allergic reactions based on the EudraVigilance (EV) database, regardless of the reported symptoms and allergy mechanism. Methods: The total number of administrated vaccine doses was extracted on 5 October 2023 from Vaccine Tracker and included all administrations since vaccinations began in the European Economic Area (EEA). Data on serious allergic reactions to COVID-19 vaccines were extracted from the EudraVigilance database with the same time point. The code names of 147 allergic symptoms or diseases were used. Results: The frequency of serious allergic reactions per 100,000 administered vaccine doses was 1.53 for Comirnaty, 2.16 for Spikevax, 88.6 for Vaxzevria, 2.11 for Janssen, 7.9 for Novavax, 13.3 for VidPrevtyn Beta, and 3.1 for Valneva. The most prevalent reported reactions were edema (0.46) and anaphylaxis (0.40). Only 6% of these reactions were delayed hypersensitivity-oriented. Conclusions: The overall frequency of potential serious allergic reactions to COVID-19 is very rare. Therefore, COVID-19 vaccines seem to be safe for human use. The lowest frequency of allergic reaction was observed for Comirnaty and the highest for Vaxzevria. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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28 pages, 755 KiB

Open AccessReview

Intersex Epistemologies? Reviewing Relevant Perspectives in Intersex Studies

by Amets Suess-Schwend

Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(6), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13060298 (registering DOI) - 31 May 2024

Abstract

Over the last decades, intersex studies has achieved increasing development as a field of critical knowledge, in tight collaboration with discourses developed by intersex activism and human rights bodies. This paper proposes a self-reflexive review of epistemological perspectives in intersex studies within broader [...] Read more.

Over the last decades, intersex studies has achieved increasing development as a field of critical knowledge, in tight collaboration with discourses developed by intersex activism and human rights bodies. This paper proposes a self-reflexive review of epistemological perspectives in intersex studies within broader discursive fields, through a thematic analysis and comparative framing analysis. This analysis is based on a narrative literature review of academic contributions, activist declarations, and documents issued by human rights bodies conducted over the last decade as a work-in-progress project. Furthermore, it includes results of a scoping review of recent knowledge production in intersex studies carried out in Scopus within the subject area ‘social sciences’. This paper focuses on the analysis of the following epistemological perspectives: human rights frameworks, legal perspectives and citizenship theories, reflections on biopolitics, medicalization and iatrogenesis, sociology of diagnosis framework, depathologization perspective, respectful health care models, and reflections on epistemological, methodological, and ethical aspects. The literature review raises questions about the existence of specific intersex epistemologies in intersex studies, their interrelation with discourses contributed by intersex activism and human rights bodies, and the opportunities for a contribution of theory making in intersex studies to the human rights protection of intersex people. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from Centring Intersex: Global and Local Dimensions—International Conference)

13 pages, 5481 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Pterygomandibular Space: A Volumetric Evaluation Using the Novel A-Silicone Injections Method

by Hadi Darawsheh, Ali Alsaegh, Elena Kanukoeva, Rinat Saleev, Gulshat Saleeva, Beatrice Volel, Natalia Kireeva, Ekaterina Rebrova and Yuriy L. Vasil’ev

Diagnostics 2024, 14(11), 1161; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14111161 (registering DOI) - 31 May 2024

Abstract

Inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) is one of the most common procedures in operative dentistry, and a deep understanding of the normal anatomical variation of the pterygomandibular space (PM) is essential for its safe and successful administration. This cadaveric anatomical study aimed to [...] Read more.

Inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) is one of the most common procedures in operative dentistry, and a deep understanding of the normal anatomical variation of the pterygomandibular space (PM) is essential for its safe and successful administration. This cadaveric anatomical study aimed to use A-silicone injections to evaluate the volume of the PM. This study was conducted using 46 human cadaver heads (25 males and 21 females). A craniometric analysis was performed using the cadavers’ ages, the number of silicone cartridges (carpules) used to fill the pterygomandibular space, Izard’s Facial Index (FI), and the Cranial Index (CI). A Halstead mandibular block was performed by injecting 1.7 mL A-silicone cartridges (as an equivalent to standard local aesthetic carpules volume) into the PM. The cured silicone was extracted from the dissected mandibles. The volume (length, width, and thickness) of the extracted silicone and the number of silicone cartridges used to fill the space were evaluated. The results showed that there are statistically significant positive correlations between the CI and the width of the right PM, as well as the width and length of the left PM. A statistically significant correlation was found between the width of the left PM and the age of the cadaveric heads; the higher the age, the thicker the space on both sides. The volume of the PM corresponded to 1.5 cartridges on average. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy—Third Edition)

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4 pages, 171 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Preface: The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences (ASEC 2023)

by Nunzio Cennamo

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023056339 - 31 May 2024

Abstract

The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences (ASEC 2023), an online event held from 27 October to 10 November 2023, brought together scientists from different areas to discuss important recent developments in several fields [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

22 pages, 5819 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Rural Flood Risk and Factors Influencing Household Flood Risk Perception in the Haut-Bassins Region of Burkina Faso, West Africa

by Madou Sougué, Bruno Merz, Amadé Nacanabo, Gnibga Issoufou Yangouliba, Ibrahima Pouye, Jean Mianikpo Sogbedji and François Zougmoré

Climate 2024, 12(6), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/cli12060080 (registering DOI) - 31 May 2024

Abstract

In the past two decades, several floods have affected people and their properties in Burkina Faso, with unprecedented flooding occurring in Ouagadougou in September 2009. So far, most studies have focused on Ouagadougou and surrounding localities and have paid little attention to other [...] Read more.

In the past two decades, several floods have affected people and their properties in Burkina Faso, with unprecedented flooding occurring in Ouagadougou in September 2009. So far, most studies have focused on Ouagadougou and surrounding localities and have paid little attention to other flood-prone regions in Burkina Faso. Consequently, there is a data and knowledge gap regarding flood risk in the Haut-Bassins region, which in turn hinders the development of mitigation strategies and risk reduction measures in affected communities. This study demonstrates how data collected at the household level can be used to understand flood risk and its components at the village level in this data-scarce region. Using an indicator-based method, we analyzed both flood risk and flood risk perception at the village level. Moreover, we determined the factors influencing flood risk perception at the household level using an ordered logit model. We found that 12 out of the 14 villages in our sample group had experienced high levels of flood risk. The management of runoff from the nearest urban areas as well as poorly designed civil engineering infrastructures, such as roads, were highlighted by households as significant factors that increased their vulnerability. Additionally, we found that the perceived flood risk consistently exceeds the estimated flood risk, with an insignificant positive correlation between both risk indices. Regression results indicate that flood risk perception is mainly influenced by informational and behavioral factors of households. The findings of this study can provide valuable information to municipal and regional authorities involved in disaster risk management within the study area. Moreover, our/this method is transferable to other data-scarce regions. Full article

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