Poly(9,9-di-n-octylfluorene) (PFO) is a promising material for polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) due to its advantageous properties. To enhance its electron transporting capabilities, diblock polymers were synthesized by attaching polystyrene (PSt) chains of varying lengths to one end of the PFO molecule. In a comparative study with PFO homopolymer, the diblock polymers maintained similar thermal properties, absorption spectra, and photoluminescent stability, while exhibiting slightly deeper lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels and higher crystallinity. Notably, diblock polymers with shorter polystyrene blocks demonstrated higher electron mobility than the PFO homopolymer and diblock polymers with excessively long polystyrene blocks. These findings suggest that the optimal chain length of the polystyrene block is crucial for maximizing electron mobility, thus offering valuable insights for designing high-performance PLED materials. Full article

Marine–continental transitional shale has become a new field for shale gas exploration and development in recent years. Its reservoir characteristics analysis lags significantly behind that of marine shale, which restricts the theoretical research on the accumulation of marine–continental transitional shale and the progress of exploration and development. The shale pore system is complex and has strong heterogeneity, which restricts the fine evaluation and optimization of the reservoir. Based on nitrogen adsorption–desorption experiments, the morphology and structural characteristics of coal-bearing shale pores were analyzed, and then the micro-pore structure heterogeneity was quantitatively characterized based on fractal theory and nitrogen adsorption–desorption data, and the relationship between pore structure parameters and their influence on fractal characteristics were discussed. The hysteresis loop of nitrogen desorption isotherm mainly belongs to type B, indicating ink bottle, flat plate, and slit are the main pore shapes. The pore size distribution curves are left unimodal or multimodal, with the main peak around 4 nm and 20–60 nm. Smaller pores develop a larger specific surface area, resulting in a high value of fractal dimension (2.564 to 2.677). The rougher the pore surface and the larger the specific surface area provide an adequate adsorption site for shale gas adsorption and aggregation. Thus, fractal characteristics conduced to understand the pore structure, heterogeneity, and gas-bearing property of coal-bearing shale. Full article

Lost circulation is a pervasive problem in geothermal wells that can create prohibitive costs during drilling. The main issue with treatment is that the mechanism of plug formation is poorly understood. Here we applied two experimental approaches to characterize the clogging effectiveness of different materials. Fracture flow tests with different geometries were conducted with various individual materials and mixtures at relevant conditions. A high-temperature flow loop system was also developed to inject single- and mixed-material plugs into a gravel pack with a non-uniform geometry to compare with the fracture tests. The fracture tests revealed that single materials tended to form no plug or an unstable plug, while mixtures of materials were uniformly better at sealing fractures. Gravel pack tests at high temperatures show most of the materials are intact but degraded. The fibrous materials can create partial or unstable plugs in the gravel pack, but mixed-material plugs are far more effective at clogging. Both test types suggest that (1) mixed materials are more effective at blocking fluid flow and (2) fibrous materials seal fracture openings better, while granular materials seal inside fractures or pore throats better. Further research is needed to study the long-term stability of different plug configurations. Full article

An experiment was conducted on a prestressed concrete (PC) composite girder bridge with steel truss webs to investigate its flexural performance. The mechanical characteristics and failure modes of a PC composite girder bridge with steel truss webs was clarified. Finite element (FE) analysis was carried out, and the influence of the girder height-to-span ratio and eccentric loading effect on the flexural performance of a composite beam bridge with a steel truss web was discussed. The method for calculating the cracking bending moment, the bending moment at the rebar yield stage, and the ultimate bending moment of a PC composite girder with steel truss webs was proposed. Key findings include that, in both the elastic and cracking elastic stages, the strain of the bottom and top conforms to the plane-section assumption. Throughout the loading process, there was no occurrence of joint failure or local buckling failure in the steel truss webs; the composite girder ultimately fails due to excessive deformation, indicating that the overall mechanical performance of the composite beam is good. The deflection and stress in the mid-span section decrease with an increasing height-to-span ratio, and there are significant impacts of eccentric loading on deflection and stress. Compared with the results of the FE analysis and test, the calculation methods of the cracking moment, reinforcement yield moment, and ultimate moment of PC composite girders with steel truss webs presented in this paper have a high accuracy. Full article

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a class of nucleotide sequences that cannot be translated into peptides. ncRNAs can function post-transcriptionally by splicing complementary sequences of mRNAs or other ncRNAs or by directly engaging in protein interactions. Over the past few decades, the pervasiveness of ncRNAs in cell physiology and their pivotal roles in various diseases have been identified. One target regulated by ncRNAs is connexin (Cx), a protein that forms gap junctions and hemichannels and facilitates intercellular molecule exchange. The aberrant expression and misdistribution of connexins have been implicated in central nervous system diseases, cardiovascular diseases, bone diseases, and cancer. Current databases and technologies have enabled researchers to identify the direct or indirect relationships between ncRNAs and connexins, thereby elucidating their correlation with diseases. In this review, we selected the literature published in the past five years concerning disorders regulated by ncRNAs via corresponding connexins. Among it, microRNAs that regulate the expression of Cx43 play a crucial role in disease development and are predominantly reviewed. The distinctive perspective of the ncRNA–Cx axis interprets pathology in an epigenetic manner and is expected to motivate research for the development of biomarkers and therapeutics. Full article

Human pose estimation focuses on methods that allow us to assess ergonomic risk in the workplace and aims to prevent work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). The recent increase in the use of Industry 4.0 technologies has allowed advances to be made in machine learning (ML) techniques for image processing to enable automated ergonomic risk assessment. In this context, this study aimed to develop a method of calculating joint angles from digital snapshots or videos using computer vision and ML techniques to achieve a more accurate evaluation of ergonomic risk. Starting with an ergonomic analysis, this study explored the use of a semi-supervised training method to detect the skeletons of workers and to estimate the positions and angles of their joints. A criticality index, based on RULA scores and fuzzy rules, is then calculated to evaluate possible corrective actions aimed at reducing WMSDs and improving production capacity using a collaborative robot that supports workers in carrying out critical operations. This method is tested in a real industrial case in which the manual assembly of electrical components is conducted, achieving a reduction in overall ergonomic stress of 13% and an increase in production capacity of 33% during a work shift. The proposed approach can overcome the limitations of recent developments based on computer vision or wearable sensors by performing an assessment with an objective and flexible approach to postural analysis development. Full article

In this article, we explore multi-material additive manufacturing (MMAM) for conductive trace printing using molten metal microdroplets on polymer substrates to enhance digital signal transmission. Investigating microdroplet spread informs design rules for adjacent trace printing. We studied the effects of print distance on trace morphology and resolution, noting that printing distance showed almost no change in the printed trace pitch. Crosstalk interference between adjacent signal traces was analyzed across frequencies and validated both experimentally and through simulation; no crosstalk was visible for printed traces at input frequencies below 600 kHz. Moreover, we demonstrate printed trace reliability against thermal shock, whereby no discontinuation in conductive traces was observed. Our findings establish design guidelines for MMAM electronics, advancing digital signal transmission capabilities. Full article

Recently, crack-free GaN-on-Si growth technology has become increasingly important due to the high demand for power semiconductor devices with high performances. In this paper, we have experimentally optimized the buffer structures such as the AlN nucleation layer and step-graded AlGaN layer for AlGaN/GaN HEMTs on Si (111) substrate by varying growth conditions and thickness, which is very crucial for achieving crack-free GaN-on-Si epitaxial growth. Moreover, an AlGaN back barrier was inserted to reduce the buffer trapping effects, resulting in the enhancement of carrier confinement and suppression of current dispersion. Firstly, the AlN nucleation layer was optimized with a thickness of 285 nm, providing the smoothest surface confirmed by SEM image. On the AlN nucleation layer, four step-graded AlGaN layers were sequentially grown by increasing the Al composition from undermost layer to uppermost layer, meaning that the undermost one was close to AlN, and the uppermost was close to GaN, to reduce the stress and strain in the epitaxial layer gradually. It was also verified that the thicker step-graded AlGaN buffer layer is suitable for better crystalline quality and surface morphology and lower buffer leakage current, as expected. On these optimized buffer structures, the AlGaN back barrier was introduced, and the effects of the back barrier were clearly observed in the device characteristics of the AlGaN/GaN HEMTs on Si (111) substrate such as the transfer characteristics, output characteristics and pulsed I-V characteristics. Full article

The sodium channel Na_V1.8, encoded by the SCN10A gene, has recently emerged as a potential regulator of cardiac electrophysiology. We have previously shown that Na_V1.8 contributes to arrhythmogenesis by inducing a persistent Na⁺ current (late Na⁺ current, I_NaL) in human atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes (CM). We now aim to further investigate the contribution of Na_V1.8 to human ventricular arrhythmogenesis at the CM-specific level using pharmacological inhibition as well as a genetic knockout (KO) of SCN10A in induced pluripotent stem cell CM (iPSC-CM). In functional voltage-clamp experiments, we demonstrate that I_NaL was significantly reduced in ventricular SCN10A-KO iPSC-CM and in control CM after a specific pharmacological inhibition of Na_V1.8. In contrast, we did not find any effects on ventricular APD₉₀. The frequency of spontaneous sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺ sparks and waves were reduced in SCN10A-KO iPSC-CM and control cells following the pharmacological inhibition of Na_V1.8. We further analyzed potential triggers of arrhythmias and found reduced delayed afterdepolarizations (DAD) in SCN10A-KO iPSC-CM and after the specific inhibition of Na_V1.8 in control cells. In conclusion, we show that Na_V1.8-induced I_NaL primarily impacts arrhythmogenesis at a subcellular level, with minimal effects on systolic cellular Ca²⁺ release. The inhibition or knockout of Na_V1.8 diminishes proarrhythmic triggers in ventricular CM. In conjunction with our previously published results, this work confirms Na_V1.8 as a proarrhythmic target that may be useful in an anti-arrhythmic therapeutic strategy. Full article

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are essential for regulating protein functions, influencing various fundamental processes in eukaryotes. These include, but are not limited to, cell signaling, protein trafficking, the epigenetic control of gene expression, and control of the cell cycle, as well as cell proliferation, differentiation, and interactions between cells. In this review, we discuss protein PTMs that play a key role in the malaria parasite biology and its pathogenesis. Phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, lipidation and lipoxidation, glycosylation, ubiquitination and sumoylation, nitrosylation and glutathionylation, all of which occur in malarial parasites, are reviewed. We provide information regarding the biological significance of these modifications along all phases of the complex life cycle of Plasmodium spp. Importantly, not only the parasite, but also the host and vector protein PTMs are often crucial for parasite growth and development. In addition to metabolic regulations, protein PTMs can result in epitopes that are able to elicit both innate and adaptive immune responses of the host or vector. We discuss some existing and prospective results from antimalarial drug discovery trials that target various PTM-related processes in the parasite or host. Full article

A novel low-density composite for the absorption of microwaves was prepared by loading La-doped spinel cobalt ferrite (La-CFO) onto biomass carbon (BC) derived from corn stalks using a hydrothermal method. This composite (La-CFO@BC) not only maintained the advantageous properties of low density and abundant porosity, but also exhibited a unique morphology, with La-CFO displaying a carpet-like structure interspersed with dandelion-shaped particles. The incorporation of La-CFO effectively tuned the electromagnetic parameters of the composite, thereby improving its impedance-matching attributes and its ability to absorb microwave radiation. At a frequency of 12.8 GHz for electromagnetic waves and with a thickness of 2.5 mm, La-CFO@BC demonstrated remarkable performance in microwave absorption, attaining a noteworthy minimum reflection (R_Lmin) of −53.2 dB and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 6.4 GHz. Furthermore, by varying the thickness of the La-CFO@BC within the range of 1.0 to 5.5 mm, the EAB could be broadened to 13.8 GHz, covering the entire X-band, the entire Ku-band, and a substantial portion of the C-band. This study demonstrated that La-CFO@BC was a promising alternative for electromagnetic wave attenuation, which offered superior performance in microwave absorption. Full article

The COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting lockdown countermeasure may have significantly affected adolescents’ physical and mental health. This study aims to assess adolescents’ recollections of this period, also analyzing their current weight status along with factors they traced back to the epidemic phase and their current sports practice. A survey among 233 Italian adolescents aged 12.4 ± 0.9 years was conducted in October 2023. To achieve the research objectives, a new questionnaire was developed: the COVID-19 AdolesceNt/chilDren Lockdown Experience questionnaire (CANDLE). The new questionnaire was employed to gather data on the adolescents’ recollections of the lockdown situation they experienced. The stature and weight of participants were measured directly. The results indicated that middle schoolers remember both positive and negative experiences of the lockdown: the change perceived as the most positive was spending more time with family, while social detachment from peers represents the most negative aspect. According to multivariate regression analysis, certain behaviors they assumed during the lockdown, such as comfort food consumption in boys and sleeping disturbances in girls, in addition to their current sports practice, affected their actual Body Mass Index. This study supports the evidence that changes caused by the COVID-19 lockdown affected adolescents’ physical and mental health, albeit with sex differences. Full article

The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is increasing, with a tendency for co-occurrence. Some studies indicate a connection between atypical sensory processing and executive function. This study aims to explore the distinctive etiology of executive function deficits in children with ASD+ADHD by investigating the relationship between sensory processing and executive function, comparing children with ASD, ASD+ADHD, ADHD, and typically developing children (TD). Method: Sensory Profile 2 (SP-2) and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function 2 (BRIEF-2) were measured in 120 school-aged children. The results of the above scales were compared across these four groups, and correlation and regression analyses between BRIEF2 and SP2 were conducted. Results: Our research revealed varying levels of atypical sensory processing and executive function anomalies across the three neurodevelopmental disorder groups compared to the TD group. The ASD+ADHD group showed particularly significant differences. The heightened emotional problems observed in ASD+ADHD children may be associated with more prominent atypical sensory processing. Variance analysis of inhibitory function revealed differences between ASD+ADHD and ADHD children, suggesting distinct etiological mechanisms for attention issues between ASD+ADHD and ADHD. Conclusions: ASD+ADHD represents a phenotype distinct from both ASD and ADHD. Special consideration should be given to interventions for children with ASD+ADHD. The results of this study may offer a new perspective on understanding the occurrence of ASD+ADHD and potential individualized intervention methods. Full article

This study investigates the intricate relationships between technology application, smart human resource management (SHRM), and innovation performance within the Jordanian telecom industry. Employing a quantitative research methodology, data were collected from employees of telecommunications firms in Jordan. The results illuminate significant positive associations between technology application, SHRM, and innovation performance, elucidating the pivotal roles of technology and HRM strategies in fostering innovation and bolstering organizational success. Practical implications of the findings advocate for substantial investments in cutting-edge technologies, the integration of intelligent HRM practices, and the prioritization of continuous learning and development initiatives to nurture an innovative workforce. This research contributes to a deeper comprehension of innovation dynamics within the telecommunications sector and furnishes valuable insights for practitioners striving to elevate innovation capabilities within their respective organizations. Full article

To align with the global trend of integrating synchrotron light source (SLS) and free electron laser (FEL) facilities on one site, in line with examples such as SPring-8 and SACLA in Japan and ELETTRA and FERMI in Italy, we actively explore FEL options leveraging the ultralow-emittance electron beam of the NSLS-II upgrade. These options show promising potential for synergy with storage ring (SR) operations, thereby significantly enhancing our facility’s capabilities. Echo-enabled harmonic generation (EEHG) is well-suited to SR-based FELs, and has already been demonstrated with the capability of generating extremely narrow bandwidth as well as high brightness, realized using diffraction-limited short pulses in transverse planes and Fourier transform-limited bandwidth in the soft X-ray spectrum. However, regarding a conventional EEHG scheme, the combination of the shortest seed laser wavelength (256 nm) and highest harmonic (200) sets the short wavelength limit to λ = 1.28 nm. To further extend the short wavelength limit down to the tender and hard X-ray region, a vital option is to shorten the seed laser wavelength. Thanks to recent advances in high harmonic generation (HHG), packing 10⁹ photons at one harmonic within a few-femtosecond pulse could turn such a novel HHG source into an ideal seeding for EEHG. Thus, compared to the cascaded EEHG, the HHG seeding option could not only lower the cost, but also free the SR space for accommodating more user beamlines. Moreover, to mitigate the SASE background noise on the sample and detector, we combine the HHG seeding EEHG with the crab cavity short pulse scheme for maximum benefit. Full article

Cellular materials are fundamental elements in civil engineering, known for their porous nature and lightweight composition. However, the complexity of its microstructure and the mechanisms that control its behavior presents ongoing challenges. This comprehensive review aims to confront these uncertainties head-on, delving into the multifaceted field of cellular materials. It highlights the key role played by numerical and mathematical analysis in revealing the mysterious elasticity of these structures. Furthermore, the review covers a range of topics, from the simulation of manufacturing processes to the complex relationships between microstructure and mechanical properties. This review provides a panoramic view of the field by traversing various numerical and mathematical analysis methods. Furthermore, it reveals cutting-edge theoretical frameworks that promise to redefine our understanding of cellular solids. By providing these contemporary insights, this study not only points the way for future research but also illuminates pathways to practical applications in civil and materials engineering. Full article

An easy-to-use and reliable tool is essential for gait assessment of people with gait pathologies. This study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of the OneStep smartphone application compared to the C-Mill-VR+ treadmill (Motek, Nederlands), among patients undergoing rehabilitation for unilateral lower extremity disability. Spatiotemporal gait parameters were extracted from the treadmill and from two smartphones, one on each leg. Inter-device reliability was evaluated using Pearson correlation, intra-cluster correlation coefficient (ICC), and Cohen’s d, comparing the application’s readings from the two phones. Validity was assessed by comparing readings from each phone to the treadmill. Twenty-eight patients completed the study; the median age was 45.5 years, and 61% were males. The ICC between the phones showed a high correlation (r = 0.89–1) and good-to-excellent reliability (ICC range, 0.77–1) for all the gait parameters examined. The correlations between the phones and the treadmill were mostly above 0.8. The ICC between each phone and the treadmill demonstrated moderate-to-excellent validity for all the gait parameters (range, 0.58–1). Only ‘step length of the impaired leg’ showed poor-to-good validity (range, 0.37–0.84). Cohen’s d effect size was small (d < 0.5) for all the parameters. The studied application demonstrated good reliability and validity for spatiotemporal gait assessment in patients with unilateral lower limb disability. Full article

In response to the escalating significance of sustainable tourism and the growing global concern for environmental conservation, the current study sought to investigate the intricate dynamics of two pro-environmental behaviors (biodiversity protection and rational car use), personal values (altruistic, biospheric, and egoistic), farm tourists’ well-being, and environmental and activity attachment among farm tourists in the Al-Ahsa region of Saudi Arabia. Employing an online survey, our methodology involved partial least structural equation modeling to unravel the complex relationships among these variables. Based on responses retrieved from 309 farm tourists, results revealed that biodiversity protection significantly influenced altruistic values and the well-being of farm tourists. Additionally, rational automobile use exerted positive impacts on both altruistic and biospheric values. These results underscore the intricate dynamics shaping tourists’ attitudes and experiences in the Al-Ahsa region. The study contributes to the broader understanding of sustainable tourism practices, emphasizing the need for tailored interventions. The positive associations identified highlight the potential for farm tourism experiences to enhance both pro-environmental values and the well-being of tourists, thus offering valuable insights for future research and sustainable tourism initiatives. Full article

Accelerated by the adoption of remote monitoring during the COVID-19 pandemic, interest in using digitally captured behavioral data to predict patient outcomes has grown; however, it is unclear how feasible digital phenotyping studies may be in patients with recent ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. In this perspective, we present participant feedback and relevant smartphone data metrics suggesting that digital phenotyping of post-stroke depression is feasible. Additionally, we proffer thoughtful considerations for designing feasible real-world study protocols tracking cerebrovascular dysfunction with smartphone sensors. Full article

The round goby Neogobius melanostomus is a notoriously invasive fish originating from the Ponto-Caspian region that in recent decades has successfully spread across the globe. One of its primary impacts is direct predation; in addition, when entering new ecosystems, the round goby is likely to become a food resource for many higher native predators. However, little is known either about the indirect effects of predators on the round goby as prey or its feeding behaviour and activity. The non-consumptive effect of the presence of higher native predators presumably plays an important role in mitigating the impact of non-native round gobies as mesopredators on benthic invertebrate communities, especially when both higher- and mesopredators occupy the same habitat. We tested the food consumption probability and gut evacuation rates in round gobies in response to chemical signals from a higher predator, the European eel Anguilla anguilla. Gobies were placed individually in experimental arenas equipped with shelters and exposed to water from a tank in which (a) the higher predator had actively preyed on a heterospecific prey, earthworms Lumbricus sp. (the heterospecific treatment; HS); (b) the higher predator had fed on round gobies (the conspecific treatment; CS); or (c) the water was provided as a control treatment (C). To ensure exposure to the chemical stimuli, this study incorporated the application of skin extracts containing damaged-released alarm cues from the CS treatment; distilled water was used for the remaining treatments. No significant differences were observed in either the food consumption probability or gut evacuation rate in the tested treatments. Despite the lack of reaction to the chemical stimuli, round gobies did exhibit high evacuation rates (R = 0.2323 ± 0.011 h⁻¹; mean ± SE) in which complete gut clearance occurred within 16 h regardless of the applied treatment. This rapid food processing suggests high efficiency and great pressure on resources regardless of the presence or not of a higher predator. These findings hint at the boldness of round gobies, which did not exhibit any pronounced threat sensitivity. This would seem to suggest great efficiency in food processing and a potential competitive advantage over local native species when colonising new ecosystems, irrespective of the presence of native predators. Our study did not detect any non-consumptive effect attributable to the higher predator, given that the feeding activity of the invasive round goby was not altered. Full article

The extraction of UAV building point cloud contour points is the basis for the expression of a three-dimensional lightweight building outline. Previous unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) building point cloud contour extraction methods have mainly focused on the expression of the roof contour, but did not extract the wall contour. In view of this, an algorithm based on the geometric features of the neighborhood points of the region-growing clustering fusion surface is proposed to extract the boundary points of the UAV building point cloud. Firstly, the region growth plane is fused to obtain a more accurate segmentation plane. Then, the neighboring points are projected onto the neighborhood plane and a vector between the object point and neighborhood point is constructed. Finally, the azimuth of each vector is calculated, and the boundary points of each segmented plane are extracted according to the difference in adjacent azimuths. Experiment results show that the best boundary points can be extracted when the number of adjacent points is 24 and the difference in adjacent azimuths is 120. The proposed method is superior to other methods in the contour extraction of UAV buildings point clouds. Moreover, it can extract not only the building roof contour points, but also the wall contour points, including the window contour points. Full article

RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) is a powerful technique and is increasingly being used in clinical research and drug development. Currently, several RNA-Seq methods have been developed. However, the relative advantage of each method for degraded RNA and low-input RNA, such as RNA samples collected in the field of clinical setting, has remained unknown. The Standard method of RNA-Seq captures mRNA by poly(A) capturing using Oligo dT beads, which is not suitable for degraded RNA. Here, we used three commercially available RNA-Seq library preparation kits (SMART-Seq, xGen Broad-range, and RamDA-Seq) using random primer instead of Oligo dT beads. To evaluate the performance of these methods, we compared the correlation, the number of detected expressing genes, and the expression levels with the Standard RNA-Seq method. Although the performance of RamDA-Seq was similar to that of Standard RNA-Seq, the performance for low-input RNA and degraded RNA has decreased. The performance of SMART-Seq was better than xGen and RamDA-Seq in low-input RNA and degraded RNA. Furthermore, the depletion of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) improved the performance of SMART-Seq and xGen due to increased expression levels. SMART-Seq with rRNA depletion has relative advantages for RNA-Seq using low-input and degraded RNA. Full article