To address the issues of low model accuracy caused by complex ground environments and uneven target scales and high computational complexity in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) aerial infrared image target detection, this study proposes a lightweight UAV aerial infrared small target detection algorithm called PHSI-RTDETR. Initially, an improved backbone feature extraction network is designed using the lightweight RPConv-Block module proposed in this paper, which effectively captures small target features, significantly reducing the model complexity and computational burden while improving accuracy. Subsequently, the HiLo attention mechanism is combined with an intra-scale feature interaction module to form an AIFI-HiLo module, which is integrated into a hybrid encoder to enhance the focus of the model on dense targets, reducing the rates of missed and false detections. Moreover, the slimneck-SSFF architecture is introduced as the cross-scale feature fusion architecture of the model, utilizing GSConv and VoVGSCSP modules to enhance adaptability to infrared targets of various scales, producing more semantic information while reducing network computations. Finally, the original GIoU loss is replaced with the Inner-GIoU loss, which uses a scaling factor to control auxiliary bounding boxes to speed up convergence and improve detection accuracy for small targets. The experimental results show that, compared to RT-DETR, PHSI-RTDETR reduces model parameters by 30.55% and floating-point operations by 17.10%. Moreover, detection precision and speed are increased by 3.81% and 13.39%, respectively, and mAP50, impressively, reaches 82.58%, demonstrating the great potential of this model for drone infrared small target detection. Full article

Drawing on Asian adoptee-authored research, this article conceptualizes a critical adoptee standpoint. It underscores the significance of adoptees as knowledge producers and offers new insights into family dynamics, racialization processes, and adoptee personhood. Through three conceptual themes derived from adoptee-authored research, it illuminates the intersectional power dynamics shaping adoptees’ lived experiences and challenges traditional adoption narratives. This approach repositions adoptees as agentic subjects who have cultivated a group consciousness that transcends traditional boundaries of belonging. While focused on Asian adoptees, the essay ultimately calls for broader recognition of adoptees’ contributions to adoption discourse and a more comprehensive understanding of a critical adoptee standpoint in both academic and advocacy settings and among the broader adoptee population. Full article

When discussing “wartime ephemera”, of the kind that has been passed down through families since the Second World War, Germany and Austria could be considered as a counterexample to Britain. In German and Austrian historical memory, “wartime” cannot be separated from pre-war Nazi society (beginning in 1933 and 1938, respectively). Moreover, what we might loosely call the “Antiques Roadshow experience”—discussing family objects from the Second World War in a sympathetic public forum—has never been open to the majority of Germans and Austrians, who were rather inclined to hide and forget such objects in the family home. Even so, mundane Nazi-era objects survived in their millions and this essay discusses their display in German and Austrian history museums. There, they serve to illustrate a history of mentalities during and after the Nazi regime. Austrian museums are currently playing a proactive role in the transfer of objects from the private, family archive to public, cultural memory. This article considers how notions of “family” are constructed in museum discourse and asks how the millions of German and Austrian citizens and residents with no family connection to the Second World War can be included in a form of national family storytelling that arguably “re-ethnicizes” memory. Full article

The disassembly of spent lithium batteries is a prerequisite for efficient product recycling, the first link in remanufacturing, and its operational form has gradually changed from traditional manual disassembly to robot-assisted human–robot cooperative disassembly. Robots exhibit robust load-bearing capacity and perform stable repetitive tasks, while humans possess subjective experiences and tacit knowledge. It makes the disassembly activity more adaptable and ergonomic. However, existing human–robot collaborative disassembly studies have neglected to account for time-varying human conditions, such as safety, cognitive behavior, workload, and human pose shifts. Firstly, in order to overcome the limitations of existing research, we propose a model for balancing human–robot collaborative disassembly lines that take into consideration the load factor related to human involvement. This entails the development of a multi-objective mathematical model aimed at minimizing both the cycle time of the disassembly line and its associated costs while also aiming to reduce the integrated smoothing exponent. Secondly, we propose a modified multi-objective fruit fly optimization algorithm. The proposed algorithm combines chaos theory and the global cooperation mechanism to improve the performance of the algorithm. We add Gaussian mutation and crowding distance to efficiently solve the discrete optimization problem. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness and sensitivity of the improved multi-objective fruit fly optimization algorithm by solving and analyzing an example of Mercedes battery pack disassembly. Full article

Longan fruit generally undergoes rapid quality deterioration during the postharvest stage, with the manifestation of flavor loss as well as pronounced off-odor production. Nevertheless, the unapparent aroma makes people ignore the odor change in postharvest longan. Sensory analysis serves as an indispensable method combining instrumental detection and the perceptibility of human sensation in a comprehensive evaluation of quality during production and consumption. In this study, we established the evaluating data of the appearance, flavor, taste substances, volatile profiles, and deterioration of ‘Shixia’ longan throughout room-temperature storage using instrument assessment and descriptive measurements. Our results indicated that both the appearance state and the taste condition notably engendered confusion or trouble for consumers to judge under the quality transition period. Conversely, the development of odor was highly consistent with that of quality deterioration. Some unpleasant volatile substances including alcohol (ethanol), acid (acetic acid), and esters (acetic acid methyl ester and ethyl acetate) were probably the cause of off-odor during the storage. The result of the sensory evaluation also presents a more significant relevance between the overall quality and the odor. Generally, the work paved the way to reveal the importance of odor profiles for assessing the comprehensive quality condition of postharvest room-temperature stored longan. Full article

A new iron(III) complex (Et₃NH)₂[Fe(L)₂](ClO₄)·MeOH (1) where H₂L = 2-{(E)-[2-hydroxyphenyl)imino]methyl}phenol has been synthesised and characterised by single crystal XRD, elemental analysis and DC magnetic susceptibility measurements. The dianionic ligands L²⁻ coordinate in a tridentate fashion with the Fe(III) through their deprotonated phenolic oxygens and azomethine nitrogen atoms, resulting in a trans-FeO₄N₂ chromophore. Variable-temperature magnetic measurements were performed between 300 and 5 K under an applied field of 0.1 T and show that 1 is in the high spin state (S = 5/2) over the whole measured temperature range. This is confirmed by Mössbauer spectroscopy at 77 and 300 K. Full article

The objective of this study was to assess the relationship of ACS with neonatal outcomes among very preterm infants born to mothers with clinical chorioamnionitis in China. This was a multicenter retrospective cohort study. Study participants included infants born at <32 weeks’ gestation with clinical chorioamnionitis and registered in the Chinese Neonatal Network from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2020. Infants were divided into two groups: any amount of ACS or no administration of ACS. Multivariable generalized linear models using generalized estimating equations were used to assess the association between ACS and neonatal outcomes among the study population. We identified 2193 infants eligible for this study; 1966 (89.6%) infants had received ACS therapy, and 227 (10.4%) had not received any ACS therapy. Among very preterm infants born to mothers with clinical chorioamnionitis, any ACS usage was significantly associated with decreased risks of early death (aRR 0.56, 95% CI 0.32, 0.99) and severe ROP (aRR 0.51, 95% CI 0.28, 0.93) after adjustment for maternal hypertension, gestational age at birth, Caesarean section, being inborn, and administration of systemic antibiotics to the mother within 24 h before birth. In addition, out of the 2193 infants, the placentas of 1931 infants underwent pathological examination with recorded results. Subsequently, 1490 of these cases (77.2%) were diagnosed with histological chorioamnionitis. In 1490 cases of histologic chorioamnionitis, any ACS usage was significantly related to decreased risks of overall mortality (aRR 0.52, 95% CI 0.31, 0.87), severe ROP (aRR 0.47, 95% CI 0.25, 0.97), and respiratory distress syndrome (aRR 0.52, 95% CI 0.31, 0.87). We concluded that any ACS was associated with reduced risks for neonatal early death and severe ROP among very preterm infants born to mothers with clinical chorioamnionitis. Full article

Mine fires have always been one of the disasters that restrict coal mining in China and endanger the life safety of underground workers. The research and development of new fire prevention materials are undoubtedly important to ensure the safe and efficient production of modern mines. At present, the main inhibiting materials used are grout material, inert gas, retarding agent, foam, gel, and so on. In order to explore the current situation of coal spontaneous combustion (CSC) fire prevention, the existing fire prevention materials were reviewed and prospected from three aspects: physical, chemical, and physicochemical inhibition. The results show that, at present, most of the methods of physicochemical inhibition are used to inhibit CSC. Antioxidants have become popular chemical inhibitors in recent years. In terms of physical inhibition, emerging biomass-based green materials, including foams, gels, and gel foams, are used to inhibit CSC. In addition, CSC fire-fighting materials also have shortcomings, including incomplete research on the mechanism of material action, poor stability of inhibitory properties, low efficiency, and economic and environmental protection to be improved. The future research direction of fire-fighting materials will be based on theoretical experiments and numerical simulation to study the mechanism and characteristics of CSC and develop new directional suppression materials with physicochemical synergies. These findings have extremely important implications for improving materials designed to prevent CSC. Full article

Surgical techniques are evolving in Pediatric Surgery, especially in the area of minimal access surgery (MAS) where indications for applications are expanding. Miniaturization of instruments, using natural orifices, single incisions, or remotely controlled robot-assisted procedures, promises to increase the benefits of MAS procedures in pediatrics. Many pediatric pathologies are rare, and specialized surgical and anesthesiologic instruments are necessary to manage them, defined as “orphan devices”, for which development and dissemination on the market are slowed down or sometimes hindered by regulatory standards and limiting financial conflicts of interest. In pediatric surgery, it is of utmost importance to work in a multidisciplinary way to offer a surgical path that is safe and supported by technological advances. For this reason, optimizing pediatric anesthesia is also a crucial factor where technological advances have made monitoring more precise, thereby enhancing safety in the operative room. The development of customized instruments and technologies should be supported by pediatric research and should be adapted to the individualities of the small patient. This overview outlines the importance of dedicated instruments developed for the safe completion of MAS procedures in pediatrics. Full article

Introduction: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental condition in children in Saudi Arabia. ADHD significantly impacts children and their families, particularly by increasing parental stress and diminishing quality of life. In Saudi Arabia, there is a research gap regarding the quality of life and coping mechanisms of parents managing children with ADHD. This study assesses levels of depression and anxiety, quality of life, and coping strategies among parents of children diagnosed with ADHD. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional online survey with 151 parents of ADHD-diagnosed children, utilizing the WHOQOL-Brief for life quality, the Brief-COPE for coping strategies, and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) for depression (PHQ9-9 items) and generalized anxiety (GAD7-7 items) modules. Results: Among the parents surveyed, 36% reported moderate to severe depression, while 39.1% experienced moderate to high anxiety levels. Quality of life was significantly positively correlated with higher household monthly income (HHI), employment status, sibling count, and effective coping strategies. Conversely, a parent’s age, educational level, and, in particular, maternal status were inversely related to anxiety levels, with fathers displaying higher maladaptive coping scores. Conclusion: This study sheds light on the considerable anxiety and depression experienced by parents of children with ADHD, significantly affecting their quality of life. Lower quality of life among parents is associated with high levels of depression, anxiety, and ineffective coping strategies. These insights highlight the critical need for interventions to aid parental mental health, thereby improving their overall quality of life amidst ADHD challenges. Full article

One of the most crucial tasks of pediatric dentists is to control children’s negative behaviors. This study aimed to assess dental behavior and the associated risk factors among children aged 4–12. This cross-sectional study recruited healthy, unaffected children aged 4 to 12 years. Parents were interviewed regarding the sociodemographic details and characteristics of their children’s dental visits. Two collaborative dentists examined the children for dental caries (DMFT/DMFT) and behavioral status (Frankl’s behavior rating scale). This study included 439 children: 27.3% exhibited uncooperative behavior, and the mean DMFT/dmft was 8.46 ± 3.530. Uncooperative behavior significantly increased when the dental visit was scheduled as an emergency treatment (p = 0.134; Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 1.530) and when there was an elevated DMFT/DMFT ratio (p < 0.001; AOR: 1.308). This study revealed a significant association between children’s uncooperative behavior and their first dental visit, emphasizing the need for tailored strategies to address behavioral challenges when scheduling pediatric dental care. The proactive measures included controlling caries and avoiding emergencies. Full article

Background and aim: First, to compare somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) in preterm newborns without major brain injury studied at term equivalent age (TEA) with a term historical control group. Second, to investigate the impact of pain exposure during the first 28 days after birth on SEPs. Third, to evaluate the association between SEPs and Bayley-III at 2 years corrected age (CA). Methods: Infants born at <32 weeks’ gestational age (GA) were studied with continuous-SEPs. First, SEP differences between preterm and term infants were analyzed. Second, regression analyses were conducted to explore the association between SEPs and painful procedures, and then between SEPs and neurodevelopment. Results: 86 preterm infants were prospectively enrolled. Preterm infants exhibited prolonged N1 latencies, central conduction time (CCT), lower N1-P1 amplitudes, and more recurrently abnormal SEPs compared to term infants. Higher pain exposure predicted longer N1 latency and slower CCT (all p < 0.005), adjusting for clinical risk factors. Younger GA and postmenstrual age (PMA) at SEP recording were associated with longer N1 latency and lower N1-P1 amplitude (all p < 0.005). A normal SEP at TEA positively predicted cognitive outcome at 2 years CA (p < 0.005). Conclusion: Pain exposure and prematurity were risk factors for altered SEP parameters at TEA. SEPs predicted cognitive outcome. Full article

 In this study, we introduced a new type of basis function and subsequently a Chebyshev delta shaped collocation method (CDSC). We then use this method to numerically investigate both the natural convective flow and heat transfer of nanofluids in a vertical rectangular duct on the basis of a Darcy–Brinkman–Forchheimer model and the electroosmosis-modulated Darcy–Forchheimer flow of Casson nanofluid over stretching sheets with Newtonian heating problems. The approximate solution is represented in terms of Chebyshev delta shaped basis functions. Novel error estimates for interpolating polynomials are derived. Computational experiments were carried out to corroborate the theoretical results and to compare the present method with the existing Chebyshev pseudospectral method. To demonstrate our proposed approach, we also compared the numerical solutions with analytic solutions of the Poisson equation. Computer simulations show that the proposed method is computationally cheap, fast, and spectrally accurate and more importantly the obtained approximate solution can easily be used by researchers in this field. Full article

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are a kind of artificial neural network designed to extract features and find out patterns for tasks such as segmentation, recognizing objects, and drawing up classification. Within a CNNs architecture, pooling operations are used until the number of parameters and the computational complexity are reduced. Numerous papers have focused on investigating the impact of pooling on the performance of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), leading to the development of various pooling models. Recently, a fuzzy pooling operation based on type-1 fuzzy sets was introduced to cope with the local imprecision of the feature maps. However, in fuzzy set theory, it is not always accurate to assume that the degree of non-membership of an element in a fuzzy set is simply the complement of the degree of membership. This is due to the potential existence of a hesitation degree, which implies a certain level of uncertainty. To overcome this limitation, intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFS) were introduced to incorporate the concept of a degree of hesitation. In this paper, we introduce a novel pooling operation based on intuitionistic fuzzy sets to incorporate the degree of hesitation heretofore neglected by a fuzzy pooling operation based on classical fuzzy sets, and we investigate its performance in the context of image classification. Intuitionistic pooling is performed in four steps: bifuzzification (by the transformation of data through the use of membership and non-membership maps), first aggregation (through the transformation of the IFS into a standard fuzzy set, second aggregation (through the transformation and use of a sum operator), and the defuzzification of feature map neighborhoods by using a max operator. IFS pooling is used for the construction of an intuitionistic pooling layer that can be applied as a drop-in replacement for the current, fuzzy (type-1) and crisp, pooling layers of CNN architectures. Various experiments involving multiple datasets demonstrate that an IFS-based pooling can enhance the classification performance of a CNN. A benchmarking study reveals that this significantly outperforms even the most recent pooling models, especially in stochastic environments. Full article

Predicting breakthrough papers holds great significance; however, prior studies encountered challenges in this task, indicating a need for substantial improvement. We propose that the failure to capture the dynamic structural-evolutionary features of citation networks is one of the major reasons. To overcome this limitation, this paper introduces a new method for constructing citation cascades of focus papers, allowing the creation of a time-series-like set of citation cascades. Then, through a thorough review, three types of structural indicators in these citation networks that could reflect breakthroughs are identified, including certain basic topological metrics, PageRank values, and the von Neumann graph entropy. Based on the time-series-like set of citation cascades, the dynamic trajectories of these indicators are calculated and employed as predictors. Using the Nobel Prize-winning papers as a landmark dataset, our prediction method yields approximately a 7% improvement in the ROC-AUC score compared to static-based prior methods. Additionally, our method advances in achieving earlier predictions than other previous methods. The main contribution of this paper is proposing a novel method for creating citation cascades in chronological order and confirming the significance of predicting breakthroughs from a dynamic structural perspective. Full article

Large-scale particle swarm optimization (PSO) has long been a hot topic due to the following reasons: Swarm diversity preservation is still challenging for current PSO variants for large-scale optimization problems, resulting in difficulties for PSO in balancing its exploration and exploitation. Furthermore, current PSO variants for large-scale optimization problems often introduce additional operators to improve their ability in diversity preservation, leading to increased algorithm complexity. To address these issues, this paper proposes a dual-competition-based particle update strategy (DCS), which selects the particles to be updated and corresponding exemplars with two rounds of random pairing competitions, which can straightforwardly benefit swarm diversity preservation. Furthermore, DCS confirms the primary and secondary exemplars based on the fitness sorting operation for exploitation and exploration, respectively, leading to a dual-competition-based swarm optimizer. Thanks to the proposed DCS, on the one hand, the proposed algorithm is able to protect more than half of the particles from being updated to benefit diversity preservation at the swarm level. On the other hand, DCS provides an efficient exploration and exploitation exemplar selection mechanism, which is beneficial for balancing exploration and exploitation at the particle update level. Additionally, this paper analyzes the stability conditions and computational complexity of the proposed algorithm. In the experimental section, based on seven state-of-the-art algorithms and a recently proposed large-scale benchmark suite, this paper verifies the competitiveness of the proposed algorithm in large-scale optimization problems. Full article

Lettuce is an important cool-temperature crop, and its principal abiotic stress is low heat tolerance. Lettuce production has become more challenging in the context of global warming changes. Hence, the main objective of this research was to investigate the relationship between stability and lettuce heat tolerance. Field and greenhouse trials were run in 2015 (summer) and 2016 (fall and spring). The environments were composed of a combination of season and place (field, glass, and plastic greenhouse), and the assessed genotypes were BRS Leila and Mediterrânea, Elisa, Everglades, Simpson, and Vanda. Statistical analysis showed a significant effect (p < 0.05) of environments (E), genotypes (G), and the GEI. BRS Leila, Elisa, and BRS Mediterrânea showed the greatest means to the first anthesis in suitable environments (milder temperatures). Among these cultivars, BRS Mediterrânea was the most stable and adapted to hot environments. The environmental conditions studied in this research, mainly high temperatures, could become a reality in many lettuce-producing areas. Therefore, the results can help indicate and develop lettuce varieties with greater heat tolerance. Full article

Background: Two-stage septic revision is the prevailing method for addressing late periprosthetic infections. Using at least dual-antibiotic-impregnated bone cement leads to synergistic effects with a more efficient elution of individual antibiotics. Recent data on the success rates of multiantibiotic cement spacers in two-stage revisions are rare. Methods: We conducted a retrospective follow-up single-center study involving 250 patients with late periprosthetic hip infections and 95 patients with prosthetic knee infections who underwent septic two-stage prosthesis revision surgery between 2017 and 2021. In accordance with the antibiotic susceptibility profile of the microorganisms, a specific mixture of antibiotics within the cement spacer was used, complemented by systemic antibiotic treatment. All patients underwent preoperative assessments and subsequent evaluations at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months post operation and at the most recent follow-up. Results: During the observation period, the survival rate after two-step septic revision was 90.7%. Although survival rates tended to be slightly lower for difficult-to-treat (DTT) microorganism, there was no difference between the pathogen groups (easy-to-treat (ETT) pathogens, methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS), and difficult-to-treat (DTT) pathogens). Furthermore, there were no differences between monomicrobial and polymicrobial infections. No difference in the survival rate was observed between patients with dual-antibiotic-loaded bone cement without an additional admixture (Copal^® G+C and Copal^® G+V) and patients with an additional admixture of antibiotics to proprietary cement. Conclusion: Employing multiple antibiotics within spacer cement, tailored to pathogen susceptibility, appears to provide reproducibly favorable success rates, even in instances of infections with DTT pathogens and polymicrobial infections. Full article

The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa has dramatically increased over the last decade, and antibiotics alone are not enough to eradicate infections caused by this opportunistic pathogen. Phage therapy is a fresh treatment that can be administered under compassionate use, particularly against chronic cases. However, it is necessary to thoroughly characterize the virus before therapeutic application. Our work describes the discovery of the novel sequenced bacteriophage, vB_PaeP-F1Pa, containing an integrase, performs a phylogenetical analysis, describes its stability at a physiological pH and temperature, latent period (40 min), and burst size (394 ± 166 particles per bacterial cell), and demonstrates its ability to infect MDR and XDR P. aeruginosa strains. Moreover, this novel bacteriophage was able to inhibit the growth of bacteria inside preformed biofilms. The present study offers a road map to analyze essential areas for successful phage therapy against MDR and XDR P. aeruginosa infections, and shows that a phage containing an integrase is also able to show good in vitro results, indicating that it is very important to perform a genomic analysis before any clinical use, in order to prevent adverse effects in patients. Full article

Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (hATTR) with polyneuropathy (formerly known as Familial Amyloid Polyneuropathy (FAP)) is an endemic amyloidosis involving the harmful aggregation of proteins, most commonly transthyretin (TTR) but sometimes also apolipoprotein A-1 or gelsolin. hATTR appears to be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Over 100 point mutations have been identified, with the Val30Met substitution being the most common. Yet, the mechanism of pathogenesis and the overall origin of hATTR remain unclear. Here, we argue that hATTR could be related to harmful metal exposure. hATTR incidence is unevenly distributed globally, and the three largest defined clusters exist in Japan, Portugal, and Sweden. All three disease regions are also ancient mining districts with associated metal contamination of the local environment. There are two main mechanisms for how harmful metals, after uptake into tissues and body fluids, could induce hATTR. First, the metals could directly influence the expression, function, and/or aggregation of the proteins involved in hATTR pathology. Such metal–protein interactions might constitute molecular targets for anti-hATTR drug design. Second, metal exposure could induce hATTR -associated genetic mutations, which may have happened several generations ago. These two mechanisms can occur in parallel. In conclusion, the possibility that hATTR could be related to metal exposure in geochemically defined regions deserves further attention. Full article

Whole-tissue transcriptomic analyses have been helpful to characterize molecular subtypes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Metabolic subtypes of human HCC have been defined, yet whether these different metabolic classes are clinically relevant or derive in actionable cancer vulnerabilities is still an unanswered question. Publicly available gene sets or gene signatures have been used to infer functional changes through gene set enrichment methods. However, metabolism-related gene signatures are poorly co-expressed when applied to a biological context. Here, we apply a simple method to infer highly consistent signatures using graph-based statistics. Using the Cancer Genome Atlas Liver Hepatocellular cohort (LIHC), we describe the main metabolic clusters and their relationship with commonly used molecular classes, and with the presence of TP53 or CTNNB1 driver mutations. We find similar results in our validation cohort, the LIRI-JP cohort. We describe how previously described metabolic subtypes could not have therapeutic relevance due to their overall downregulation when compared to non-tumoral liver, and identify N-glycan, mevalonate and sphingolipid biosynthetic pathways as the hallmark of the oncogenic shift of the use of acetyl-coenzyme A in HCC metabolism. Finally, using DepMap data, we demonstrate metabolic vulnerabilities in HCC cell lines. Full article

The present study investigates the influence of organic acids, added to the electrolytic solution, on the structure, morphology, and corrosion behaviour of plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coatings produced on titanium grade 2. Particular attention is paid to the role of functional groups in the modification of the oxide’s properties. For this reason, all three selected acids, namely glutaric, glutamic, and tartaric acid, display two carboxylic groups, thus they interact with the substrate material mainly through –COO⁻ adsorption. However, glutamic acid also has an amine group, while tartaric acid has two hydroxyl groups. The presence of such additional functional groups is found to impact the formation of the PEO coatings. According to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses, the number of defects and their dimension increase with an increasing number of active groups present in the organic molecules. Then, when glutaric acid with only two carboxyl groups, is employed as an additive, smaller pores are produced. The dimension of defects increases when glutamic and tartaric acid are used. X-ray diffraction (XRD) testing demonstrates that rutile and anatase are present in all the coatings and that when using tartaric acid, a relatively high level of amorphism is reached. The electrochemical and corrosion behaviours are evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) performed in a heated sulphuric acid solution. It is found that all types of coatings provide protection against corrosion, with oxides produced using glutamic acid showing the lowest corrosion current density (0.58 mA·m⁻²) and low corrosion rate (1.02 μm·y⁻¹). Full article