Abstract
A calc-silicate rock from part of the Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex, East India, develops veins and patches of vesuvianite (F: 2.3–3.9 apfu, Fe3+: 1.7–2.1 apfu) and garnet (Gr71–80Alm12–17Adr1–9) proximal to amphibole-bearing quartzo-feldspathic pegmatitic veins. The host calc-silicate rock exhibits a prominent gneissic banding that is defined by alternate clinopyroxene- and plagioclase-rich layers. The vesuvianite-garnet veins are both parallel and cross-cutting the gneissic banding of the host calc-silicate rock. Two contrasting mineralogical domains that are rich in garnet and vesuvianite, respectively, develop within the vesuvianite-garnet veins. Textural studies support the view that the garnet- and vesuvianite-rich domains preferentially develop in the clinopyroxene- and plagioclase-rich layers of the host calc-silicate rocks, respectively. Some of the vesuvianite-rich domains of the veins develop the assemblage vesuvianite + quartz + calcite + anorthite (as a result of the reaction diopside + quartz + calcite + anorthite = vesuvianite) that was deemed metastable in the commonly used qualitative isobaric T-XCO2 topology in the system CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O-CO2 (CMASV).
Using an internally consistent thermodynamic database, quantitative petrogenetic grids in the P-T and isobaric T-XCO2 spaces have been computed in the CMASV system. The influence of the non-CMASV components (e.g., Na, Fe3+, F) on the CMASV topologies have been discussed using the published a-X relations of the minerals. Our study shows topological inversion in the isobaric T-XCO2 space that primarily depends upon the composition of the vesuvianite. The quantitative CMASV topologies presented in this study successfully explain the stabilities of the natural vesuvianite-bearing assemblages including the paradoxical assemblage vesuvianite + quartz + calcite + anorthite.
Application of the activity-corrected CMASV topology suggests that infiltration of F-bearing oxidizing aqueous fluids into the calc-silicate rocks develop the vesuvianite-garnet veins in the studied area. A genetic link between quartzo-feldspathic pegmatites and the vesuvianite-garnet veins seems plausible.
This study demonstrates controls of topological inversion in the complex natural system, owing to which certain mineral assemblages develop in nature that are otherwise deemed metastable in one set of reaction geometry.
Funding
A.D. acknowledges financial support from the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi. S.R.C. acknowledges financial support from Department of Atomic Energy, India and The Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences (DAE-BRNS). S.M. acknowledges financial support from the University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi. P.S. and S.S. acknowledge the grants received from the following programs awarded to the Department of Geological Sciences, Jadavpur University: University Potential for Excellence (UPE-Phase II) from UGC, Promotion of University Research and Scientific Excellence from DST (Department of Science and Technology, India), Fund for Improvement of Science and Technology (FIST-Phase II) from DST and Center of Advance Studies (CAS-phase VI) from UGC.
Acknowledgments
We thank Chiara Groppo, an anonymous reviewer, and the associate editor Callum Hetherington for their inspiring and constructive reviews. We also thank the editor and the associate editor for their efficient editorial handling.
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