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Erratum: "Searches for Gravitational Waves from Known Pulsars at Two Harmonics in 2015–2017 LIGO Data" (2019, ApJ, 879, 10)
B. P. Abbott1, R. Abbott1, T. D. Abbott2, S. Abraham3, F. Acernese4,5, K. Ackley6, C. Adams7, R. X. Adhikari1, V. B. Adya8,9, C. Affeldt8,9, M. Agathos10, K. Agatsuma11, N. Aggarwal12, O. D. Aguiar13, L. Aiello14,15, A. Ain3, P. Ajith16, G. Allen17, A. Allocca18,19, M. A. Aloy20, P. A. Altin21, A. Amato22, A. Ananyeva1, S. B. Anderson1, W. G. Anderson23, S. V. Angelova24, S. Antier25, S. Appert1, K. Arai1, M. C. Araya1, J. S. Areeda26, M. Arène27, N. Arnaud25,28, S. Ascenzi29,30, G. Ashton6, S. M. Aston7, P. Astone31, F. Aubin32, P. Aufmuth9, K. AultONeal33, C. Austin2, V. Avendano34, A. Avila-Alvarez26, S. Babak27,35, P. Bacon27, F. Badaracco14,15, M. K. M. Bader36, S. Bae37, M. Bailes38, P. T. Baker39, F. Baldaccini40,41, G. Ballardin28, S. W. Ballmer42, S. Banagiri43, J. C. Barayoga1, S. E. Barclay44, B. C. Barish1, D. Barker45, K. Barkett46, S. Barnum12, F. Barone4,5, B. Barr44, L. Barsotti12, M. Barsuglia27, D. Barta47, J. Bartlett45, I. Bartos48, R. Bassiri49, A. Basti18,19, M. 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Verkindt32, F. Vetrano72,73, A. Viceré72,73, A. D. Viets23, D. J. Vine167, J.-Y. Vinet65, S. Vitale12, T. Vo42, H. Vocca40,41, C. Vorvick45, S. P. Vyatchanin62, A. R. Wade1, L. E. Wade115, M. Wade115, R. Walet36, M. Walker26, L. Wallace1, S. Walsh23, G. Wang14,19, H. Wang11, J. Z. Wang126, W. H. Wang104, Y. F. Wang91, R. L. Ward21, Z. A. Warden33, J. Warner45, M. Was32, J. Watchi100, B. Weaver45, L.-W. Wei8,9, M. Weinert8,9, A. J. Weinstein1, R. Weiss12, F. Wellmann8,9, L. Wen63, E. K. Wessel17, P. Weßels8,9, J. W. Westhouse33, K. Wette21, J. T. Whelan58, B. F. Whiting48, C. Whittle12, D. M. Wilken8,9, D. Williams44, A. R. Williamson36,128, J. L. Willis1, B. Willke8,9, M. H. Wimmer8,9, W. Winkler8,9, C. C. Wipf1, H. Wittel8,9, G. Woan44, J. Woehler8,9, J. K. Wofford58, J. Worden45, J. L. Wright44, D. S. Wu8,9, D. M. Wysocki58, L. Xiao1, H. Yamamoto1, C. C. Yancey76, L. Yang114, M. J. Yap21, M. Yazback48, D. W. Yeeles68, Hang Yu12, Haocun Yu12, S. H. R. Yuen91, M. Yvert32, A. K. Zadrożny104,144, M. Zanolin33, T. Zelenova28, J.-P. Zendri52, M. Zevin59, J. Zhang63, L. Zhang1, T. Zhang44, C. Zhao63, M. Zhou59, Z. Zhou59, X. J. Zhu6, M. E. Zucker1,12, J. Zweizig1, The LIGO Scientific Collaboration and the Virgo Collaboration, Z. Arzoumanian178, S. Bogdanov179, I. Cognard180,181, A. Corongiu182, T. Enoto183, P. Freire184, K. C. Gendreau178, L. Guillemot180,181, A. K. Harding185, F. Jankowski186, M. J. Keith186, M. Kerr187, A. Lyne186, J. Palfreyman188, A. Possenti182,189, A. Ridolfi184, B. Stappers186, G. Theureau180,181,190, and P. Weltervrede186
1
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
2
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
3
Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007, India
4
Università di Salerno, Fisciano, I-84084 Salerno, Italy
5
INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
6
OzGrav, School of Physics & Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
7
LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA
8
Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-30167 Hannover, Germany
9
Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
10
University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
11
University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
12
LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
13
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 12227-010 Sao José dos Campos, Sao Paulo, Brazil
14
Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), I-67100 L'Aquila, Italy
15
INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, I-67100 Assergi, Italy
16
International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560089, India
17
NCSA, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
18
Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
19
INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
20
Departamento de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
21
OzGrav, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
22
Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés (LMA), CNRS/IN2P3, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
23
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
24
SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK
25
LAL, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91898 Orsay, France
26
California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
27
APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
28
European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina, Pisa, Italy
29
Università di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma, Italy
30
INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma, Italy
31
INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma, Italy
32
Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy, France
33
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, AZ 86301, USA
34
Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
35
Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
36
Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
37
Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
38
OzGrav, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn VIC 3122, Australia
39
West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
40
Università di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
41
INFN, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
42
Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
43
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
44
SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
45
LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
46
Caltech CaRT, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
47
Wigner RCP, RMKI, H-1121 Budapest, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 29-33, Hungary
48
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
49
Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
50
Università di Camerino, Dipartimento di Fisica, I-62032 Camerino, Italy
51
Università di Padova, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, I-35131 Padova, Italy
52
INFN, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
53
Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
54
Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-716, Warsaw, Poland
55
OzGrav, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
75
VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
76
University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
77
School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
78
Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
79
Università di Napoli "Federico II," Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
80
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
81
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Genova, I-16146 Genova, Italy
82
RESCEU, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
83
Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
84
Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
85
The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
86
Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche "Enrico Fermi," I-00184 Roma, Italy
87
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
88
National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, 30013 Taiwan, Republic of China
89
Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
90
University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
91
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
92
Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
93
Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
94
Carleton College, Northfield, MN 55057, USA
95
INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, I-35122 Padova, Italy
96
INFN, Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
97
OzGrav, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
98
Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
99
Universitat de les Illes Balears, IAC3—IEEC, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
100
Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels B-1050, Belgium
101
Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA
102
Departamento de Matemáticas, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
103
University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
104
The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA
105
Bellevue College, Bellevue, WA 98007, USA
106
MTA-ELTE Astrophysics Research Group, Institute of Physics, Eötvös University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
107
Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, India
108
The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
109
IGFAE, Campus Sur, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain
110
Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
111
California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Dr, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
112
Università di Trento, Dipartimento di Fisica, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
113
Università di Roma "La Sapienza," I-00185 Roma, Italy
114
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
115
Kenyon College, Gambier, OH 43022, USA
116
Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
117
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
118
Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
119
Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València, E-46980 Paterna, València, Spain
120
School of Mathematics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
121
Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar 382426, India
122
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
123
University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, Szeged 6720, Hungary
124
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
125
INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, I-80131, Napoli, Italy
126
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
127
American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA
128
GRAPPA, Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy and Institute of High-Energy Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
129
Delta Institute for Theoretical Physics, Science Park 904, 1090 GL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
130
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Haverford College, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, PA 19041, USA
131
Directorate of Construction, Services & Estate Management, Mumbai 400094, India
132
University of Białystok, 15-424 Białystok, Poland
133
King's College London, University of London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
134
University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
135
University of Washington Bothell, Bothell, WA 98011, USA
136
Institute of Applied Physics, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
137
Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
138
Inje University Gimhae, South Gyeongsang 50834, Republic of Korea
139
National Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Daejeon 34047, Republic of Korea
140
Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
Two analysis errors have been identified that affect the results for a handful of the high-value pulsars given in Table 1 of Abbott et al. (2019). One affects the Bayesian analysis for the five pulsars that glitched during the analysis period, and the other affects the 5n-vector analysis for J0711–6830. Updated results after correcting the errors are shown in Table 1, which now supersedes the results given for those pulsars in Table 1 of Abbott et al. (2019). Updated versions of figures can be seen in Figures 1–4.
Figure 2. Upper limits on h0 for 221 pulsars. The stars show the observed 95% credible upper limits on observed amplitude for each pulsar. The solid line shows an estimate of the expected sensitivity of the search. Triangles show the limits on gravitational-wave amplitude derived from each pulsar's observed spin-down.
Figure 4. Upper limits on mass quadrupole Q22 and fiducial ellipticity ε for 221 pulsars. The filled circles show the limits as derived from the observed upper limits on the gravitational-wave amplitude h0 assuming the canonical moment of inertia and distances. Triangles show the limits derived from each pulsar's observed spin-down. The diagonal lines show contours of equal characteristic age τ assuming that braking is entirely through gravitational-wave emission. The distributions of these limits are also show in histogram form to the right of the figure, with the filled and open histograms showing our observed limits and the spin-down limits, respectively.
Notes. For references and other notes see Table 2 in Abbott et al. (2019). Values in parentheses are those produced using the restricted orientation priors described in Section 2.2.4 of Abbott et al. (2019).
aFor the Bayesian method this column shows the base-10 logarithm of the Bayesian odds, , comparing a coherent signal model at both the l = 2, m = 1, 2 modes to incoherent signal models. For the -statistic method this column shows the false-alarm probability for a signal just at the l = 2, m = 1 mode, assuming that the value has a χ2 distribution with 4 degrees of freedom and the value has a χ2 distribution with 2 degrees of freedom. For the 5n-vector method this column shows the p-value for a search for a signal at just the l = 2, m = 1 mode, where the null hypothesis being tested is that the data are consistent with pure Gaussian noise.
bThis is the same as in footnote a, but for all the methods the assumed signal model is from the l = m = 2 mode.
cThe observed has been corrected to account for the relative motion between the pulsar and observer.
Only a portion of this table is shown here to demonstrate its form and content. A machine-readable version of the full table is available.
Bayesian analysis.—For the glitching pulsars, the signal phase evolution caused by the glitch was wrongly applied twice and was therefore not consistent with our expected model of the pulsar phase. This error did not affect the -statistic or 5n-vector analysis.
Analyses of the five pulsars PSR J0205+6449, PSR J0534+2200, PSR J0835–4510, PSR J1028–5819, and PSR J1718–3825 have been repeated after correcting for the error. There are small quantitative differences in the results, but the changes do not affect the main conclusions of the paper. The largest differences are for PSR J0835–4510 (the Vela pulsar), for which the updated upper limits from the Bayesian method are found to be between 1.1 and 2 times larger than those obtained when the error was present. This appears primarily to be due to the error leading to the decohering of a strong spectral line in the LIGO Livingston detector and thus lowering the amplitude limit.
5n-vector analysis.—An error was also identified in the settings of the 5n-vector analysis, which affected the upper limit computation at the rotation frequency for of J0711–6830. Specifically, we found an incorrect choice for the range of amplitudes used to inject simulated signals in the O2 data. The updated upper limit is about 2.5 times worse than that obtained when the error was present. This error did not affect the Bayesian or -statistic results.