The 2023 MDPI Annual Report has
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16 pages, 1536 KiB  
Article
Superelectrophilic Activation of Phosphacoumarins towards Weak Nucleophiles via Brønsted Acid Assisted Brønsted Acid Catalysis
by Alena V. Zalaltdinova, Yulia M. Sadykova, Almir S. Gazizov, Atabek K. Smailov, Victor V. Syakaev, Daria P. Gerasimova, Elena A. Chugunova, Nurgali I. Akylbekov, Rakhmetulla U. Zhapparbergenov, Nurbol O. Appazov, Alexander R. Burilov, Michail A. Pudovik, Igor V. Alabugin and Oleg G. Sinyashin
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(12), 6327; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25126327 (registering DOI) - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
The electrophilic activation of various substrates via double or even triple protonation in superacidic media enables reactions with extremely weak nucleophiles. Despite the significant progress in this area, the utility of organophosphorus compounds as superelectrophiles still remains limited. Additionally, the most common superacids [...] Read more.
The electrophilic activation of various substrates via double or even triple protonation in superacidic media enables reactions with extremely weak nucleophiles. Despite the significant progress in this area, the utility of organophosphorus compounds as superelectrophiles still remains limited. Additionally, the most common superacids require a special care due to their high toxicity, exceptional corrosiveness and moisture sensitivity. Herein, we report the first successful application of the “Brønsted acid assisted Brønsted acid” concept for the superelectrophilic activation of 2-hydroxybenzo[e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 2-oxides (phosphacoumarins). The pivotal role is attributed to the tendency of the phosphoryl moiety to form hydrogen-bonded complexes, which enables the formation of dicationic species and increases the electrophilicity of the phosphacoumarin. This unmasks the reactivity of phosphacoumarins towards non-activated aromatics, while requiring only relatively non-benign trifluoroacetic acid as the reaction medium. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry)
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14 pages, 2230 KiB  
Article
Harnessing the Role of Three Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) Strains for Type II Sourdough Production and Influence of Sourdoughs on Bread Quality and Maillard Reaction Products
by Mustafa Sahin, Muhammed Ozgolet, Hasan Cankurt and Enes Dertli
Foods 2024, 13(12), 1801; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13121801 (registering DOI) - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
This study tested the effect of Companilactobacillus paralimentarius E-106, Lactiplantibacillus paraplantarum N-15 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SC-9 on the amount of Maillard reaction and aroma profile in bread making with main bread quality parameters. The specific volumes of sourdough and control breads were in [...] Read more.
This study tested the effect of Companilactobacillus paralimentarius E-106, Lactiplantibacillus paraplantarum N-15 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SC-9 on the amount of Maillard reaction and aroma profile in bread making with main bread quality parameters. The specific volumes of sourdough and control breads were in the range of 2.97–3.04 cm3/g, and the control II bread had the highest hardness values on all days. The FAST index value was determined to be between 40.48% and 81.22% in all breads. The FAST index value was found to be higher in the control breads than in the sourdough breads. In the volatile compounds analysis, 72 volatile compounds were detected. The variety of volatile compounds in the breads with sourdough addition was higher than the control breads. Among the tested strains, Companilactobacillus paralimentarius E-106 demonstrated superior properties for bread characteristics in comparison to other strains as a type II sourdough starter. In summary, improved aroma profile and decreased Maillard reaction products can be provided by sourdough addition without changing the bread quality, along with meeting consumer demand for less additive use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Fermentation Biotechnology in Food Science)
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40 pages, 9003 KiB  
Article
A Comparative Analysis of Polynomial Regression and Artificial Neural Networks for Prediction of Lighting Consumption
by Pavol Belany, Peter Hrabovsky, Stefan Sedivy, Nikola Cajova Kantova and Zuzana Florkova
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1712; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061712 (registering DOI) - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
This article presents a comparative analysis of two prominent machine learning techniques for predicting electricity consumption in workplace lighting systems: polynomial regression analysis and artificial neural networks. The primary objective is to assess their suitability and applicability for developing an accurate predictive model. [...] Read more.
This article presents a comparative analysis of two prominent machine learning techniques for predicting electricity consumption in workplace lighting systems: polynomial regression analysis and artificial neural networks. The primary objective is to assess their suitability and applicability for developing an accurate predictive model. After a brief overview of the current state of energy-saving techniques, the article examines several established models for predicting energy consumption in buildings and systems. These models include artificial neural networks, regression analysis and support vector machines. It then focuses on a practical comparison between polynomial regression analysis and an artificial neural network-based model. The article then looks at the data preparation process, outlining how the data is used within each model to establish appropriate prediction functions. Finally, it describes the methods used to evaluate the accuracy of the developed prediction functions. These functions allow the prediction of lighting consumption based on external lighting intensity. The article evaluates the accuracy of the developed prediction functions using the root mean square error, correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination values. The article compares these values obtained for both models, allowing a conclusive assessment of which model provides superior accuracy in predicting lighting consumption based on external lighting intensity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
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16 pages, 883 KiB  
Article
Experimental Modeling, Statistical Analysis, and Optimization of the Laser-Cutting Process of Hardox 400 Steel
by Mehdi Safari, Seyed Mohammad Abtahi and Jalal Joudaki
Materials 2024, 17(12), 2798; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122798 (registering DOI) - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
Fiber laser cutting machines are widely used in industry for cutting various sheet metals. Hardox steel is widely used in the construction of machinery and equipment that are subjected to wear and impact due to its anti-wear properties and good impact resistance. In [...] Read more.
Fiber laser cutting machines are widely used in industry for cutting various sheet metals. Hardox steel is widely used in the construction of machinery and equipment that are subjected to wear and impact due to its anti-wear properties and good impact resistance. In this experimental study, the effect of input parameters including laser output power (LOP), laser-cutting speed (LCS), and focal point position (FPP) of fiber laser on the surface roughness and kerf width of Hardox 400 steel sheets are studied. In addition, the optimization of input parameters to achieve the desired surface roughness and kerf width are investigated and analyzed using the response surface methodology (RSM). The experiments are performed using a 4 kW fiber laser-cutting machine and the output results including surface roughness and kerf width are measured using roughness meters and optical microscope. The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for surface roughness and kerf width show that the FPP and LCS are the most significant process parameters affecting the surface roughness and kerf width. With a positive focal point, the surface roughness decreases while the kerf width increases. With increasing the laser-cutting speed, both the surface roughness and kerf width decrease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting Processes for Materials in Manufacturing)
13 pages, 281 KiB  
Review
TRPV1 Channels in the Central Nervous System as Drug Targets
by Loris A. Chahl
Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(6), 756; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17060756 (registering DOI) - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
TRPV1 channels are polymodal cation channels located predominantly on primary afferent neurons that are activated by inflammatory mediators, capsaicin (the active component in chili peppers), and noxious heat. TRPV1 channel antagonists are potential new analgesic agents, but their development has been hindered by [...] Read more.
TRPV1 channels are polymodal cation channels located predominantly on primary afferent neurons that are activated by inflammatory mediators, capsaicin (the active component in chili peppers), and noxious heat. TRPV1 channel antagonists are potential new analgesic agents, but their development has been hindered by the finding that they also produce loss of thermal homeostasis and response to noxious heat. Results from recent studies of the TRPV1 channel indicate that it might be possible to develop TRPV1 channel antagonists that inhibit pain without affecting noxious heat sensation. TRPV1 channels are also present in the central nervous system (CNS) and have been implicated in learning, memory, and behaviour. TRPV1 channel modulators have been proposed to have possible therapeutic potential in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric conditions. However, further understanding of the role of TRPV1 channels in the CNS is required before therapeutic advances in the treatment of neuropsychiatric conditions with TRPV1 channel modulators can be made. Full article
16 pages, 5588 KiB  
Article
Potential Biofertilizers for Alkaline Soil: Bacteria Isolated from the Rhizosphere of Potatoes
by Zhongchen Yu, Caiding Chen, Zhou Li, Yunjie Song, Chunhong Yan, Xinyu Jiang, Heng Jia, Yi Shang and Mengqing Tian
Agronomy 2024, 14(6), 1241; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14061241 (registering DOI) - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
Root-associated microorganisms, which can be recruited specially by plants to cope with environmental stress under extreme conditions, are one of the major mediators of nutrient exchange between plants and the environment. To obtain more crop-beneficial microbes, rhizosphere bacteria of Désirée potatoes cultivated in [...] Read more.
Root-associated microorganisms, which can be recruited specially by plants to cope with environmental stress under extreme conditions, are one of the major mediators of nutrient exchange between plants and the environment. To obtain more crop-beneficial microbes, rhizosphere bacteria of Désirée potatoes cultivated in poor and alkaline soil have been studied. The screening of 83 strains with incomplete identical 16S rDNA sequences showed that 47 strains produced indole acetic acid (IAA), with contents ranging from 0.2 to 42 mg/L, and seven strains were phosphorus-solubilizing, among which six strains significantly increased the growth rate of potato plants. Thirty-seven strains produced siderophore and four strains were zinc-solubilizing, among which three strains significantly alleviated the chlorosis of potato plants. In all of the isolates, the species Variovorax soli (ST98) and Cellulomonas biazotea (ST118) were first found to possess an IAA-secreting ability; the species Leifsonia aquatica (ST172) and Leifsonia naganoensis (ST177) and the genus Sutcliffiella (ST11) were first discovered to be capable of phosphorus solubilization; the species Chryseobacterium daecheongense (ST32) was the first reported to be capable of zinc solubilization; and the species V. soli (ST98), C. biazotea (ST118) and L. naganoensis (ST177) were first found to be capable of plant growth promotion. The discovery of multiple functional bacteria enriched the resources of plant growth-promoting bacteria and provided a foundation for biofertilizer production to improve soil conditions and crop production. Full article
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18 pages, 11541 KiB  
Article
Predicting the Global Potential Suitable Distribution of Fall Armyworm and Its Host Plants Based on Machine Learning Models
by Yanru Huang, Yingying Dong, Wenjiang Huang, Jing Guo, Zhuoqing Hao, Mingxian Zhao, Bohai Hu, Xiangzhe Cheng and Minghao Wang
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(12), 2060; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16122060 (registering DOI) - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) (J. E. Smith) is a widespread, polyphagous, and highly destructive agricultural pest. Global climate change may facilitate its spread to new suitable areas, thereby increasing threats to host plants. Consequently, predicting the potential suitable distribution for [...] Read more.
The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) (J. E. Smith) is a widespread, polyphagous, and highly destructive agricultural pest. Global climate change may facilitate its spread to new suitable areas, thereby increasing threats to host plants. Consequently, predicting the potential suitable distribution for the fall armyworm and its host plants under current and future climate scenarios is crucial for assessing its outbreak risks and formulating control strategies. This study, based on remote sensing assimilation data and plant protection survey data, utilized machine learning methods (RF, CatBoost, XGBoost, LightGBM) to construct potential distribution prediction models for the fall armyworm and its 120 host plants. Hyperparameter methods and stacking ensemble method (SEL) were introduced to optimize the models. The results showed that SEL demonstrated optimal performance in predicting the suitable distribution for the fall armyworm, with an AUC of 0.971 ± 0.012 and a TSS of 0.824 ± 0.047. Additionally, LightGBM and SEL showed optimal performance in predicting the suitable distribution for 47 and 30 host plants, respectively. Overlay analysis suggests that the overlap areas and interaction links between the suitable areas for the fall armyworm and its host plants will generally increase in the future, with the most significant rise under the RCP8.5 climate scenario, indicating that the threat to host plants will further intensify due to climate change. The findings of this study provide data support for planning and implementing global and intercontinental long-term pest management measures aimed at mitigating the impact of the fall armyworm on global food production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section AI Remote Sensing)
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22 pages, 1314 KiB  
Review
The Landscape of Pediatric High-Grade Gliomas: The Virtues and Pitfalls of Pre-Clinical Models
by Liam M. Furst, Enola M. Roussel, Ryan F. Leung, Ankita M. George, Sarah A. Best, James R. Whittle, Ron Firestein, Maree C. Faux and David D. Eisenstat
Biology 2024, 13(6), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13060424 (registering DOI) - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
Pediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGG) are malignant and usually fatal central nervous system (CNS) WHO Grade 4 tumors. The majority of pHGG consist of diffuse midline gliomas (DMG), H3.3 or H3.1 K27 altered, or diffuse hemispheric gliomas (DHG) (H3.3 G34-mutant). Due to diffuse tumor [...] Read more.
Pediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGG) are malignant and usually fatal central nervous system (CNS) WHO Grade 4 tumors. The majority of pHGG consist of diffuse midline gliomas (DMG), H3.3 or H3.1 K27 altered, or diffuse hemispheric gliomas (DHG) (H3.3 G34-mutant). Due to diffuse tumor infiltration of eloquent brain areas, especially for DMG, surgery has often been limited and chemotherapy has not been effective, leaving fractionated radiation to the involved field as the current standard of care. pHGG has only been classified as molecularly distinct from adult HGG since 2012 through Next-Generation sequencing approaches, which have shown pHGG to be epigenetically regulated and specific tumor sub-types to be representative of dysregulated differentiating cells. To translate discovery research into novel therapies, improved pre-clinical models that more adequately represent the tumor biology of pHGG are required. This review will summarize the molecular characteristics of different pHGG sub-types, with a specific focus on histone K27M mutations and the dysregulated gene expression profiles arising from these mutations. Current and emerging pre-clinical models for pHGG will be discussed, including commonly used patient-derived cell lines and in vivo modeling techniques, encompassing patient-derived xenograft murine models and genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs). Lastly, emerging techniques to model CNS tumors within a human brain environment using brain organoids through co-culture will be explored. As models that more reliably represent pHGG continue to be developed, targetable biological and genetic vulnerabilities in the disease will be more rapidly identified, leading to better treatments and improved clinical outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology of Brain Tumors: State of the Art and Future Directions)
19 pages, 2670 KiB  
Article
Prognostic and Predictive Potential of CCL5 Expression in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Patients
by Cedric Smolka, Markus Eckstein, Rudolf Jung, Verena Lieb, Danijel Sikic, Robert Stöhr, Veronika Bahlinger, Simone Bertz, Astrid Kehlen, Arndt Hartmann, Bernd Wullich, Helge Taubert and Sven Wach
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(12), 6325; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25126325 (registering DOI) - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is the 12th most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. Although there are several well-established molecular and immunological classifications, prognostic and predictive markers for tumor cells and immune cells are still needed. Using a tissue microarray, we analyzed the expression of the [...] Read more.
Bladder cancer (BC) is the 12th most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. Although there are several well-established molecular and immunological classifications, prognostic and predictive markers for tumor cells and immune cells are still needed. Using a tissue microarray, we analyzed the expression of the chemokine CC motif ligand 5 (CCL5) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 175 muscle-invasive BC samples. The application of a single cutoff for the staining status of tumor cells (TCs; positive vs. negative) and immune cells (ICs; positive vs. negative) revealed 75 patients (42.9%) and 123 patients (70.3%) with CCL5-positive TCs or ICs, respectively. IHC results were associated with prognostic and predictive data. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that positive CCL5 staining in TCs was associated with significantly shorter disease-specific survival (DSS; RR = 1.51; p = 0.047), but CCL5-negative ICs were associated with significantly shorter overall survival (OS; RR = 1.66; p = 0.005), DSS (RR = 2.02; p = 0.001) and recurrence-free survival (RFS; RR = 1.94; p = 0.002). Adjuvant chemotherapy was favorable for patients with CCL5-negative ICs for OS (RR = 0.30; p = 0.006), DSS (RR = 0.36; p = 0.022) and RFS (RR = 0.41; p = 0.046) but not for patients with CCL5-positive ICs, except in the subgroup of N1 + N2 patients, where it was associated with better OS. We suggest that CCL5 expression can be a prognostic and predictive marker for muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutic Target in Bladder Cancer)
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28 pages, 2421 KiB  
Review
Fibrostenosing Crohn’s Disease: Pathogenetic Mechanisms and New Therapeutic Horizons
by Irene Mignini, Valentina Blasi, Fabrizio Termite, Giorgio Esposto, Raffaele Borriello, Lucrezia Laterza, Franco Scaldaferri, Maria Elena Ainora, Antonio Gasbarrini and Maria Assunta Zocco
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(12), 6326; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25126326 (registering DOI) - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
Bowel strictures are well recognized as one of the most severe complications in Crohn’s disease, with variable impacts on the prognosis and often needing surgical or endoscopic treatment. Distinguishing inflammatory strictures from fibrotic ones is of primary importance due to the different therapeutic [...] Read more.
Bowel strictures are well recognized as one of the most severe complications in Crohn’s disease, with variable impacts on the prognosis and often needing surgical or endoscopic treatment. Distinguishing inflammatory strictures from fibrotic ones is of primary importance due to the different therapeutic approaches required. Indeed, to better understand the pathogenesis of fibrosis, it is crucial to investigate molecular processes involving genetic factors, cytokines, alteration of the intestinal barrier, and epithelial and endothelial damage, leading to an increase in extracellular matrix synthesis, which ultimately ends in fibrosis. In such a complex mechanism, the gut microbiota also seems to play a role. A better comprehension of molecular processes underlying bowel fibrosis, in addition to radiological and histopathological findings, has led to the identification of high-risk patients for personalized follow-up and testing of new therapies, primarily in preclinical models, targeting specific pathways involving Transforming Growth Factor-β, interleukins, extracellular matrix balance, and gut microbiota. Our review aims to summarize current evidence about molecular factors involved in intestinal fibrosis’ pathogenesis, paving the way for potential diagnostic biomarkers or anti-fibrotic treatments for stricturing Crohn’s disease. Full article
27 pages, 747 KiB  
Article
Path Planning Techniques for Real-Time Multi-Robot Systems: A Systematic Review
by Nour AbuJabal, Tamer Rabie, Mohammed Baziyad, Ibrahim Kamel and Khawla Almazrouei
Electronics 2024, 13(12), 2239; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13122239 (registering DOI) - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
A vast amount of research has been conducted on path planning over recent decades, driven by the complexity of achieving optimal solutions. This paper reviews multi-robot path planning approaches and presents the path planning algorithms for various types of robots. Multi-robot path planning [...] Read more.
A vast amount of research has been conducted on path planning over recent decades, driven by the complexity of achieving optimal solutions. This paper reviews multi-robot path planning approaches and presents the path planning algorithms for various types of robots. Multi-robot path planning approaches have been classified as deterministic approaches, artificial intelligence (AI)-based approaches, and hybrid approaches. Bio-inspired techniques are the most employed approaches, and artificial intelligence approaches have gained more attention recently. However, multi-robot systems suffer from well-known problems such as the number of robots in the system, energy efficiency, fault tolerance and robustness, and dynamic targets. Deploying systems with multiple interacting robots offers numerous advantages. The aim of this review paper is to provide a comprehensive assessment and an insightful look into various path planning techniques developed in multi-robot systems, in addition to highlighting the basic problems involved in this field. This will allow the reader to discover the research gaps that must be solved for a better path planning experience for multi-robot systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Path Planning for Mobile Robots, 2nd Edition)
13 pages, 654 KiB  
Article
Adipokines as Possible Players in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Electrophysiological Evaluation of Their Role in Causing Functional Gastrointestinal Alterations in Murine Tissue
by Rachele Garella, Francesco Palmieri and Roberta Squecco
Gastrointest. Disord. 2024, 6(2), 513-525; https://doi.org/10.3390/gidisord6020035 (registering DOI) - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a clinical condition of the gastrointestinal tract that has significant incidence in childhood. Major symptoms include abdominal pain, dyspepsia, delayed gastric emptying, anorexia, diarrhea and weight loss. IBD etiopathogenesis is multifactorial, with a proven involvement of cytokines. In [...] Read more.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a clinical condition of the gastrointestinal tract that has significant incidence in childhood. Major symptoms include abdominal pain, dyspepsia, delayed gastric emptying, anorexia, diarrhea and weight loss. IBD etiopathogenesis is multifactorial, with a proven involvement of cytokines. In this regard, cytokines like resistin and adiponectin produced by adipose tissue play a crucial role in inflammation. Particularly, resistin seems related to IBD severity and is considered a promising marker of disease occurrence and progression. Unraveling its mechanism of action and downstream effectors is mandatory when designing novel therapies. This preclinical study aims to further elucidate the action of resistin in causing functional gastrointestinal alterations, comparing it with the well-defined effect of adiponectin. To this end, we carried out electrophysiological analysis on murine gastric fundus. We found that resistin, similarly to adiponectin, increases smooth muscle cell (SMC) capacitance, indicative of cell surface remodeling, which is consistent with relaxation. However, contrary to adiponectin, resistin unalters membrane potential and inward Ca2+ entry and scarcely affects outward current, suggesting its inefficacy in markedly modifying electrical phenomena on the SMC membrane. This outcome, supporting the role of resistin in gastrointestinal distention, as observed in IBD, rules out a strikingly direct effect on SMCs. Full article
28 pages, 3701 KiB  
Article
Anisotropic Mechanical Properties and Fracture Mechanism of Transversely Isotropic Rocks under Uniaxial Cyclic Loading
by Kaihui Li, Guangzhen Du, Jiangteng Li, Dongya Han and Yan Wang
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 4988; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14124988 (registering DOI) - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
Transversely isotropic rocks, which are special anisotropic materials, are widely encountered in civil, mining, petroleum, geothermal, and radioactive waste-disposal engineering. Rock is frequently subject to cyclic loads resulting from natural and human-caused events. However, to date, the fracture mechanism of transversely isotropic rocks [...] Read more.
Transversely isotropic rocks, which are special anisotropic materials, are widely encountered in civil, mining, petroleum, geothermal, and radioactive waste-disposal engineering. Rock is frequently subject to cyclic loads resulting from natural and human-caused events. However, to date, the fracture mechanism of transversely isotropic rocks under cyclic loading remains poorly understood. To address this gap, uniaxial monotonic-loading and cyclic-loading tests were performed on slate specimens by the MTS815 system, during which acoustic emission (AE) signals inside the rock were monitored, and finally the fracture surfaces of the tested rock were scanned by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Through these tests, the anisotropic mechanical properties, damage evolution, AE characteristics and fracture pattern of slate as a transversely isotropic rock were studied. The results show that the peak strength of specimens varies with the loading–foliation angle under monotonic and cyclic loading, following a U-shaped trend. The deformation modulus during unloading is more capable of characterizing the damage inside the specimen than that during loading. By defining the damage degree based on dissipation energy, it is found that the damage variable is influenced by the loading–foliation angle and the cyclic stress step. The AE characteristics of specimens exhibit significant anisotropy, closely correlated to the loading condition and loading–foliation angle. Regardless of cyclic stress step, the AE counts of specimens with a loading–foliation angle of 0° are mainly distributed near the peak region, whereas those of specimens with other loading–foliation angles occur primarily in the early stage of each cyclic loading. Finally, it is revealed that the fracture mechanism of slate specimens is determined by the loading–foliation angle, loading condition, and cyclic stress step. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rock-Like Material Characterization and Engineering Properties)
12 pages, 824 KiB  
Systematic Review
Wire-Free Targeted Axillary Dissection: A Pooled Analysis of 1300+ Cases Post-Neoadjuvant Systemic Therapy in Node-Positive Early Breast Cancer
by Jajini Varghese, Neill Patani, Umar Wazir, Shonnelly Novintan, Michael J. Michell, Anmol Malhotra, Kinan Mokbel and Kefah Mokbel
Cancers 2024, 16(12), 2172; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16122172 (registering DOI) - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
Recent advances in neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NST) have significantly improved pathologic complete response rates in early breast cancer, challenging the role of axillary lymph node dissection in nose-positive patients. Targeted axillary dissection (TAD) integrates marked lymph node biopsy (MLNB) and tracer-guided sentinel lymph [...] Read more.
Recent advances in neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NST) have significantly improved pathologic complete response rates in early breast cancer, challenging the role of axillary lymph node dissection in nose-positive patients. Targeted axillary dissection (TAD) integrates marked lymph node biopsy (MLNB) and tracer-guided sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB). The introduction of new wire-free localisation markers (LMs) has streamlined TAD and increased its adoption. The primary endpoints include the successful localisation and retrieval rates of LMs. The secondary endpoints include the pathological complete response (pCR), SLNB, and MLNB concordance, as well as false-negative rates. Seventeen studies encompassing 1358 TAD procedures in 1355 met the inclusion criteria. The localisation and retrieval rate of LMs were 97% and 99%. A concordance rate of 67% (95% CI: 64–70) between SLNB and MLNB was demonstrated. Notably, 49 days (range: 0–272) was the average LM deployment time to surgery. pCR was observed in 46% (95% CI: 43–49) of cases, with no significant procedure-related complications. Omitting MLNB or SLNB would have under-staged the axilla in 15.2% or 5.4% (p = 0.0001) of cases, respectively. MLNB inclusion in axillary staging post-NST for initially node-positive patients is crucial. The radiation-free Savi Scout, with its minimal MRI artefacts, is the preferred technology for TAD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neo-Adjuvant Treatment of Breast Cancer)
14 pages, 729 KiB  
Article
Development and Application of an In Vitro Tick Feeding System to Identify Ixodes Tick Environment-Induced Genes of the Lyme Disease Agent, Borrelia burgdorferi
by Youki Yamasaki, Preeti Singh, Rubikah Vimonish, Massaro Ueti and Troy Bankhead
Pathogens 2024, 13(6), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13060487 (registering DOI) - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
The bacterial agent of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, exists in an enzootic cycle by adapting to dissimilar mammalian and tick environments. The genetic elements necessary for host and vector adaptation are spread across a bacterial genome comprised of a linear chromosome and [...] Read more.
The bacterial agent of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, exists in an enzootic cycle by adapting to dissimilar mammalian and tick environments. The genetic elements necessary for host and vector adaptation are spread across a bacterial genome comprised of a linear chromosome and essential linear and circular plasmids. The promoter trap system, In Vivo Expression Technology (IVET), has been used to identify promoters of B. burgdorferi that are transcriptionally active specifically during infection of a murine host. However, an observed infection bottleneck effect in mice prevented the application of this system to study promoters induced in a tick environment. In this study, we adapted a membrane-based in vitro feeding system as a novel method to infect the Ixodes spp. vector with B. burgdorferi. Once adapted, we performed IVET screens as a proof of principle via an infected bloodmeal on the system. The screen yielded B. burgdorferi promoters that are induced during tick infection and verified relative expression levels using qRT-PCR. The results of our study demonstrate the potential of our developed in vitro tick feeding system and IVET systems to gain insight into the adaptive gene expression of the Lyme disease bacteria to the tick vector. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens)
18 pages, 489 KiB  
Article
The Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Sexual Lives of Polish Young Adults
by Helena Perenc, Karolina Pasieka, Kamil Juruś, Karolina Bierć, Rafał Bieś, Marek Krzystanek and Anna Warchala
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(12), 3370; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13123370 (registering DOI) - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic brought significant changes to daily life in Poland, with restrictions affecting various sectors, including entertainment, education, and travel. The pandemic’s impact extended to intimate aspects of life. This study aimed to compare the sexual functioning of young adults in [...] Read more.
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic brought significant changes to daily life in Poland, with restrictions affecting various sectors, including entertainment, education, and travel. The pandemic’s impact extended to intimate aspects of life. This study aimed to compare the sexual functioning of young adults in Poland before and during the pandemic, using the Changes in Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (CSFQ-14). Methods: The research involved an online survey with demographic questions, the CSFQ-14 for pre-pandemic sexual functioning, and modified CSFQ-14 questions for the pandemic period. Sexual dysfunction was determined using predefined cutoff scores. Results: Overall, the study found no significant difference in the sexual functioning of young Poles during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to before. However, there were gender-specific trends. Women reported enhanced pleasure, satisfaction, and orgasm during lockdown, while men faced challenges with erection and ejaculation. A higher proportion of women experienced overall sexual dysfunction compared to men, both before and during the pandemic. This research provides insights into the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the sexual lives of young Poles. While overall sexual functioning remained relatively stable, specific aspects varied by gender. Conclusions: The study emphasizes the need to consider demographic factors, such as age and gender, when assessing the effects of external stressors like a pandemic on sexual health. Further research is essential to fully grasp these complexities and their potential long-term consequences. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Consequences of COVID-19: 2nd Edition)
24 pages, 1792 KiB  
Article
D2D-Assisted Adaptive Federated Learning in Energy-Constrained Edge Computing
by Zhenhua Li, Ke Zhang, Yuhan Zhang, Yanyue Liu and Yi Chen
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 4989; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14124989 (registering DOI) - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
The booming growth of the internet of things has brought about widespread deployment of devices and massive amounts of sensing data to be processed. Federated learning (FL)-empowered mobile edge computing, known for pushing artificial intelligence to the network edge while preserving data privacy [...] Read more.
The booming growth of the internet of things has brought about widespread deployment of devices and massive amounts of sensing data to be processed. Federated learning (FL)-empowered mobile edge computing, known for pushing artificial intelligence to the network edge while preserving data privacy in learning cooperation, is a promising way to unleash the potential information of the data. However, FL’s multi-server collaborative operating architecture inevitably results in communication energy consumption between edge servers, which poses great challenges to servers with constrained energy budgets, especially wireless communication servers that rely on battery power. The device-to-device (D2D) communication mode developed for FL turns high-cost and long-distance server interactions into energy-efficient proximity delivery and multi-level aggregations, effectively alleviating the server energy constraints. A few studies have been devoted to D2D-enabled FL management, but most of them have neglected to investigate server computing power for FL operation, and they have all ignored the impact of dataset characteristics on model training, thus failing to fully exploit the data processing capabilities of energy-constrained edge servers. To fill this gap, in this paper we propose a D2D-assisted FL mechanism for energy-constrained edge computing, which jointly incorporates computing power allocation and dataset correlation into FL scheduling. In view of the variable impacts of computational power on model accuracy at different training stages, we design a partite graph-based FL scheme with adaptive D2D pairing and aperiodic variable local iterations of heterogeneous edge servers. Moreover, we leverage graph learning to exploit the performance gain of the dataset correlation between the edge servers in the model aggregation process, and we propose a graph-and-deep reinforcement learning-based D2D server pairing algorithm, which effectively reduces FL model error. The numerical results demonstrate that our designed FL schemes have great advantages in improving FL training accuracy under edge servers’ energy constraints. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blockchain and Intelligent Networking for Smart Applications)
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11 pages, 467 KiB  
Article
Retained Placenta as a Potential Source of Mastitis Pathogens in Dairy Cows
by Diana Ribeiro, Susana Astiz, Aitor Fernandez-Novo, Gisele Margatho and João Simões
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 4986; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14124986 (registering DOI) - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
(1) Background: Retained placenta (RP) and mastitis are relevant diseases in dairy cows. This study mainly aimed to evaluate the contamination of uterine fluid by mastitis pathogens in dairy cows presenting RP. (2) Methods: Uterine fluids were sampled at RP diagnosis (89 ± [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Retained placenta (RP) and mastitis are relevant diseases in dairy cows. This study mainly aimed to evaluate the contamination of uterine fluid by mastitis pathogens in dairy cows presenting RP. (2) Methods: Uterine fluids were sampled at RP diagnosis (89 ± 15 h after calving) from 5 primiparous and 10 (parity: 2–5) multiparous cows. The real-time PCR methodology was used to identify 15 mastitis and uterine pathogens. Results were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression, including the factors fever and parity. (3) Results: The prevalence of Escherichia coli was 93.3% (95% CI: 70.2–98.9%); Staphylococcus spp. (93.3%; 95% CI: 70.2–98.9%), yeasts (92.9%; 95% CI: 68.5–98.7%), Trueperella pyogenes/Peptoniphilus indolicus (80.0%; 95% CI: 54.8–93.0%), Streptococcus uberis (78.6%; 95% CI: 52.4–92.4%) and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (57.1%; 95% CI: 32.6–78.6%) comprised the largest proportions of pathogens in uterine contamination. Strep. uberis was related to the presence of fever (relative risk: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.0–2.8; p = 0.05). (4) Conclusions: Dairy cows with RP can be a relevant source of mastitis pathogens in farms. Only Strep. uberis was linked to clinical signs of infection. A high proportion of yeasts was observed in uterine fluids. Further research is needed to evaluate the real impact of RP on mastitis prevalence in dairy herds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Science and Technology)
28 pages, 1149 KiB  
Systematic Review
Assessment of Ammonia Emissions and Greenhouse Gases in Dairy Cattle Facilities: A Bibliometric Analysis
by Patricia Ferreira Ponciano Ferraz, Gabriel Araújo e Silva Ferraz, Jacqueline Cardoso Ferreira, João Victor Aguiar, Lucas Santos Santana and Tomas Norton
Animals 2024, 14(12), 1721; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14121721 (registering DOI) - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
A deeper understanding of gas emissions in milk production is crucial for promoting productive efficiency, sustainable resource use, and animal welfare. This paper aims to analyze ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions in dairy farming using bibliometric methods. A total of 187 English-language articles [...] Read more.
A deeper understanding of gas emissions in milk production is crucial for promoting productive efficiency, sustainable resource use, and animal welfare. This paper aims to analyze ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions in dairy farming using bibliometric methods. A total of 187 English-language articles with experimental data from the Scopus and Web of Science databases (January 1987 to April 2024) were reviewed. Publications notably increased from 1997, with the highest number of papers published in 2022. Research mainly focuses on ammonia and methane emissions, including quantification, volatilization, and mitigation strategies. Other gases like carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and hydrogen sulfide were also studied. Key institutions include the University of California–Davis and Aarhus University. Bibliometric analysis revealed research evolution, identifying trends, gaps, and future research opportunities. This bibliometric analysis offers insights into emissions, air quality, sustainability, and animal welfare in dairy farming, highlighting areas for innovative mitigation strategies to enhance production sustainability. This research contributes to academia, enhancing agricultural practices, and informing environmental policies. It is possible to conclude that this research is a valuable tool for understanding the evolution of research on gas emissions in dairy cattle facilities, providing guidance for future studies and interventions to promote more sustainable production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring of Cows: Management and Sustainability)
25 pages, 6204 KiB  
Article
Modeling and Optimization of the Air-Supported Membrane Coal Shed Structure in Ports
by Mingwang Dong, Huimin Zhang, Daogui Tang, Xiaohai Guo, Yong Gu, Lei Qiao and Josep M. Guerrero
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(6), 962; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12060962 (registering DOI) - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
The air-supported membrane coal shed is widely used in bulk cargo terminals. It not only effectively protects goods from adverse weather conditions but also helps reduce coal dust and harmful gas emissions, promoting the green and sustainable development of ports. However, in practical [...] Read more.
The air-supported membrane coal shed is widely used in bulk cargo terminals. It not only effectively protects goods from adverse weather conditions but also helps reduce coal dust and harmful gas emissions, promoting the green and sustainable development of ports. However, in practical engineering, the design parameters of the coal shed are often based on experience, making it difficult to accurately assess the quality of the structural design. The flexibility of the membrane material also makes the structure susceptible to deformation or tearing. This paper mainly focuses on modeling and solving the optimization design issues of air-supported membrane coal shed structures. According to the evaluation criteria for the form of air-supported membrane coal sheds, a multi-objective structural optimization model is established to minimize the maximum stress on the membrane surface, ensure uniform stress distribution, maximize structural stiffness, and minimize costs. The study utilizes a combined optimization approach using ANSYS 19.0 and MATLAB 2016a, incorporating an improved NSGA-II algorithm program developed in MATLAB into ANSYS for structural form analysis and load calculation. The research results indicate that the optimal solution reduces the maximum stress on the loaded membrane surface by 5.36%, shortens the maximum displacement by 30.3%, and saves on economic costs by 9.85%. Compared to traditional empirical design methods, the joint use of MATLAB and ANSYS for optimization design can provide more superior solutions, helping ports to achieve environmental protection and economic efficiency goals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Marine Energy)
45 pages, 733 KiB  
Review
Optimization of Energy Consumption in a Wastewater Treatment Plant: An Overview
by Nikolaos Tsalas, Spyridon K. Golfinopoulos, Stylianos Samios, Georgios Katsouras and Konstantinos Peroulis
Energies 2024, 17(12), 2808; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17122808 (registering DOI) - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance, a cornerstone of environmental health for thriving biodiversity and undisturbed natural processes. This balance is crucial for the sustainability of ecosystems, directly influencing human health, biodiversity, and the overall quality of [...] Read more.
Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance, a cornerstone of environmental health for thriving biodiversity and undisturbed natural processes. This balance is crucial for the sustainability of ecosystems, directly influencing human health, biodiversity, and the overall quality of our natural environment. WWTPs contribute to this equilibrium by efficiently removing pollutants and harmful substances from wastewater, thus averting the degradation of water bodies that are essential for numerous ecological processes. WWTPs encompass multiple stages of wastewater and sludge treatment and are significant energy consumers globally, especially in secondary treatment, particularly the activated sludge method which is the most common method. With an upcoming directive from the European Union aiming to reduce energy consumption in WWTPs, this paper focuses on a literature review examining global practices implemented across all stages of WWTP treatment processes. It summarizes the key points of each study, focusing primarily on the outcomes of each application. This document concludes with an in-depth review of each study and provides general conclusions for each group of studies. The objective is to identify methods that have effectively reduced energy consumption and enhanced the overall energy efficiency of WWTPs. The main conclusions indicate that the studies encompass a wide range of applications that achieve significant reductions in energy consumption. However, additional testing of these applications in more diverse operating environments through trials could further enhance their reliability and increase acceptance among WWTP operators. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Review Papers in Energy and Environment)
15 pages, 14845 KiB  
Article
Numerical Modeling of Electron Beam Cold Hearth Melting for the Cold Hearth
by Yunpeng Wang, Lei Gao, Yuchen Xin, Shenghui Guo, Li Yang, Haohang Ji and Guo Chen
Minerals 2024, 14(6), 601; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14060601 (registering DOI) - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
The electron beam cold hearth melting (EBCHM) process is one of the key processes for titanium alloy production. The unique characteristic of this pyrometallurgy process is the application of the cold hearth, which is responsible for controlling the Low-Density Inclusions (LDIs) and High-Density [...] Read more.
The electron beam cold hearth melting (EBCHM) process is one of the key processes for titanium alloy production. The unique characteristic of this pyrometallurgy process is the application of the cold hearth, which is responsible for controlling the Low-Density Inclusions (LDIs) and High-Density Inclusions (HDIs) in the melt. As a key process of inclusion removal, the information such as melt residence time in the cold hearth is directly related to the control of metallurgical defects in the ingot, and may also affect the composition distribution of the ingot. In this paper, the details for the physical phenomena, namely the evolution of the pool, the evolution of the flow, and the evolution of the component in the cold hearth during EBCHM are investigated using a modified multi-physical numerical model. The effects of melting temperature and melting speed on these phenomena were investigated. The purpose is to provide more fundamental knowledge and to further enhance the applications of EBCHM for more titanium alloys. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Pyrometallurgy of Minerals and Ores)
21 pages, 1947 KiB  
Article
Artificial Neural Network-Based Model for Assessing the Whole-Body Vibration of Vehicle Drivers
by Antonio J. Aguilar, María L. de la Hoz-Torres, \({{\text M}^{\text a}}\) Dolores Martínez-Aires, Diego P. Ruiz, Pedro Arezes and Nélson Costa
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1713; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061713 (registering DOI) - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
Musculoskeletal disorders, which are epidemiologically related to exposure to whole-body vibration (WBV), are frequently self-reported by workers in the construction sector. Several activities during building construction and demolition expose workers to this physical agent. Directive 2002/44/CE defined a method of assessing WBV exposure [...] Read more.
Musculoskeletal disorders, which are epidemiologically related to exposure to whole-body vibration (WBV), are frequently self-reported by workers in the construction sector. Several activities during building construction and demolition expose workers to this physical agent. Directive 2002/44/CE defined a method of assessing WBV exposure that was limited to an eight-hour working day, and did not consider the cumulative and long-term effects on the health of drivers. This study aims to propose a methodology for generating individualised models for vehicle drivers exposed to WBV that are easy to implement by companies, to ensure that the health of workers is not compromised in the short or long term. A measurement campaign was conducted with a professional driver, and the collected data were used to formulate six artificial neural networks to predict the daily compressive dose on the lumbar spine and to assess the short- and long-term WBV exposure. Accurate results were obtained from the developed artificial neural network models, with R2 values above 0.90 for training, cross-validation, and testing. The approach proposed in this study offers a new tool that can be applied in the assessment of short- and long-term WBV to ensure that workers’ health is not compromised during their working life and subsequent retirement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)

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