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17 pages, 11418 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Carbon Storage in Forested and Non-Forested Soils in Tropical Wetlands of Caimanera, Colombia, and Llano, Mexico

by Gastón Ballut-Dajud, Luis Carlos Sandoval Herazo, Ingris María Osorio-Martínez, Wendy Báez-García, José Luis Marín-Muñiz and Erick Arturo Betanzo Torres

Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 4966; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16124966 (registering DOI) - 11 Jun 2024

Abstract

Mangrove forests are considered to be the most productive ecosystems on the planet due to the multiple ecosystem services they offer, both environmental economic, and social; however, their area in recent years has been decreasing due to anthropogenic activities such as urbanization and [...] Read more.

Mangrove forests are considered to be the most productive ecosystems on the planet due to the multiple ecosystem services they offer, both environmental economic, and social; however, their area in recent years has been decreasing due to anthropogenic activities such as urbanization and deforestation. These activities alter the normal cycle of carbon stored in sediments, which is considered their main function to counteract climate change. Therefore, the objective of this research was to compare the carbon storage capacity and coverage in forested and non-forested sites of two tropical wetlands located in Colombia (the Caimanera) and Mexico (the Llano). Methodologically, we began by identifying the coverages and determining the area in the wetlands with Sentinel-2A satellite images and a supervised classification; subsequently, soil cores were extracted in all the coverages to a depth of 70 cm and the apparent density (AD), the percentage of organic carbon (OC), and the density of carbon in the soil were determined. For analysis of the variables, a trend graph was constructed between carbon density and depth with descriptive statistics, using one-way ANOVA to establish which coverage and wetland were the most significant concerning carbon storage. The results of the supervised classification showed that Rhizophora mangle and Avicennia germinans are the dominant species, also finding deforested areas in both wetlands. The one-way ANOVA statistical test indicated that the Caimanera, with the percentage of organic carbon (18.4 ± 1.19%), is 1.57 times greater than of the Llano mangrove swamp with (11.7 ± 0.748 MgC/ha). Through the trend graph, it was observed that the carbon density of the forested area of the Caimanera ranged from 120 to 140 MgC/ha, which is higher than in the deforested areas of the same wetland between 40 and 60 MgC/ha, and the homologous areas of the Llano wetland. The results suggest that deforested areas are sources of greenhouse gas emissions because they contain less carbon than forested areas. Therefore, it is concluded that the Caimanera and the Llano wetlands have the same mangrove species and that the average organic carbon stored in their soil is below the average of other mangrove forest soils in the American continent; it is recommended that the findings of this work be considered for the carbon balances by continent and the characterization of mangrove species according to their carbon storage capacity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Carbon Sequestration and Greenhouse Gas Emission)

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12 pages, 241 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regional Dynamics and Economic Sustainability of Mariculture Firms in Portugal: A Financial Performance Analysis

by Eleonora Santos

Water 2024, 16(12), 1655; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16121655 (registering DOI) - 11 Jun 2024

Abstract

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the financial performance of aquaculture firms in Portugal from 2013 to 2022, considering regional, age, and size dynamics. Using financial data from the ORBIS database, key performance indicators are calculated to assess the industry’s economic sustainability, [...] Read more.

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the financial performance of aquaculture firms in Portugal from 2013 to 2022, considering regional, age, and size dynamics. Using financial data from the ORBIS database, key performance indicators are calculated to assess the industry’s economic sustainability, regional disparities, and firm-level effects. The analysis reveals insights into the resilience of aquaculture firms in navigating economic challenges, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, and highlights the importance of tailored policy interventions to support regional development and industry competitiveness. Age trends show the influence of industry experience on financial performance, with older firms demonstrating higher turnover and profitability. Size trends indicate the advantages of economies of scale for larger firms, while smaller firms exhibit agility and innovation. This study contributes to the understanding of aquaculture economics in Portugal, providing valuable implications for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and aquaculture firms. By considering regional, age, and size dynamics, stakeholders can develop comprehensive strategies to enhance the sector’s long-term sustainability and resilience in an increasingly dynamic market environment. Recommendations are provided for policymakers to support regions with lower performance metrics, enhance infrastructure development, and promote workforce productivity to foster balanced economic growth across the aquaculture sector in Portugal. Full article

17 pages, 2837 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Harnessing Green Helpers: Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria and Other Beneficial Microorganisms in Plant–Microbe Interactions for Sustainable Agriculture

by Luisa Liu-Xu, Ana Isabel González-Hernández, Gemma Camañes, Begonya Vicedo, Loredana Scalschi and Eugenio Llorens

Horticulturae 2024, 10(6), 621; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060621 (registering DOI) - 11 Jun 2024

Abstract

The health of soil is paramount for sustaining life, as it hosts diverse communities of microorganisms that interact with plants, influencing their growth, health, and resilience. Beneficial microorganisms, including fungi and bacteria, form symbiotic relationships with plants, providing essential nutrients, promoting growth, and [...] Read more.

The health of soil is paramount for sustaining life, as it hosts diverse communities of microorganisms that interact with plants, influencing their growth, health, and resilience. Beneficial microorganisms, including fungi and bacteria, form symbiotic relationships with plants, providing essential nutrients, promoting growth, and enhancing stress tolerance. These microorganisms, such as mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting bacteria, play crucial roles in nutrient cycling, soil health, and plant productivity. Additionally, they help lessen reliance on chemical fertilizers, thereby mitigating the environmental risks associated with their use. Advances in agricultural practices harness the potential of these beneficial microorganisms to improve crop yields while minimizing the environmental impact. However, challenges such as competition with indigenous microbial strains and environmental factors limit the universal utilization of microbial inoculants. Despite these challenges, understanding and leveraging the interactions between plants and beneficial microorganisms hold promise for sustainable agriculture and enhanced food security. Full article

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15 pages, 1992 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Enhancement of Botulinum Toxin Injections for Post-Stroke Spasticity by Use of Stretching Exercises—A Randomized Controlled Trial

by In-Su Hwang, Jin-Whan Ryu, Sol Jin, Soo-A Kim and Min-Su Kim

Toxins 2024, 16(6), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16060267 (registering DOI) - 11 Jun 2024

Abstract

Botulinum toxin A (BONT/A) injections play a central role in the treatment of upper limb spasticity in stroke patients. We proposed structured stretching exercises to enhance the effect of post-stroke spasticity relief of the upper limbs following BONT/A injections. A total of 43 [...] Read more.

Botulinum toxin A (BONT/A) injections play a central role in the treatment of upper limb spasticity in stroke patients. We proposed structured stretching exercises to enhance the effect of post-stroke spasticity relief of the upper limbs following BONT/A injections. A total of 43 patients who had a stroke with grade 2 spasticity or higher on the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) in their upper-limb muscles were randomly assigned to the intervention (n = 21) or control group (n = 22). The former received structured stretching exercises after their BONT/A injections for 20 min, 5 days per week, for 6 months at a hospital, while the others conducted self-stretching exercises at home. The outcome measures were assessed before the intervention (T0) and after three (T1) and six months (T2). Significantly greater improvements in the MAS scores of the elbows, wrists, and fingers were found in the intervention group’s patients at T1 and T2. The behavioral outcome measures, including shoulder pain, activities of daily living, and quality of life, and our electrophysiological studies also showed a significantly higher enhancement in this patient group. In conclusion, the structured stretching exercises plus BONT/A injections for six months showed a superior effect in relieving post-stroke upper-limb spasticity compared to self-stretching exercises. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Botulinum Toxin and Spasticity: Exploring New Horizons)

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17 pages, 1497 KiB

Open AccessReview

Multi Omics Applications in Biological Systems

by Cristian D. Gutierrez Reyes, Gerardo Alejo-Jacuinde, Benjamin Perez Sanchez, Jesus Chavez Reyes, Sherifdeen Onigbinde, Damir Mogut, Irma Hernández-Jasso, Denisse Calderón-Vallejo, J. Luis Quintanar and Yehia Mechref

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(6), 5777-5793; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46060345 (registering DOI) - 11 Jun 2024

Abstract

Traditional methodologies often fall short in addressing the complexity of biological systems. In this regard, system biology omics have brought invaluable tools for conducting comprehensive analysis. Current sequencing capabilities have revolutionized genetics and genomics studies, as well as the characterization of transcriptional profiling [...] Read more.

Traditional methodologies often fall short in addressing the complexity of biological systems. In this regard, system biology omics have brought invaluable tools for conducting comprehensive analysis. Current sequencing capabilities have revolutionized genetics and genomics studies, as well as the characterization of transcriptional profiling and dynamics of several species and sample types. Biological systems experience complex biochemical processes involving thousands of molecules. These processes occur at different levels that can be studied using mass spectrometry-based (MS-based) analysis, enabling high-throughput proteomics, glycoproteomics, glycomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics analysis. Here, we present the most up-to-date techniques utilized in the completion of omics analysis. Additionally, we include some interesting examples of the applicability of multi omics to a variety of biological systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular Biology 2024)

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15 pages, 1995 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Reducing Nitrogen Fertilizer with Biochar on Flavor Substance and Nitrogen Balance in Different Swollen-Stem-Mustard Varieties

by Heng Zhang, Suikai Wang, Zhenya Tang and Qiliang Yang

Agronomy 2024, 14(6), 1254; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14061254 (registering DOI) - 11 Jun 2024

Abstract

Excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer in the swollen-stem mustard cultivation leads to a series of environmental and quality issues. It was reported that reducing nitrogen fertilizer with biochar could increase crop yield and reduce environmental risks. However, the effect of nitrogen reduction combined [...] Read more.

Excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer in the swollen-stem mustard cultivation leads to a series of environmental and quality issues. It was reported that reducing nitrogen fertilizer with biochar could increase crop yield and reduce environmental risks. However, the effect of nitrogen reduction combined with biochar application on the flavor substances was rarely reported. Thus, two genetic stem mustard varieties (Yx: Yong’an xiaoye and Fz: Fuza No. 2), and four N treatments (control: 0 N kg/ha with biochar; N150: 150 N kg/ha with biochar, N300: 300 N kg/ha with biochar, and N450: 450 N kg/ha) were chosen to study the effects of nitrogen reduction combined with biochar on the flavor substance content of mustard stem, and N balance. The results showed that the residual soil inorganic N in N300 was lower by 37% than that in N450 (156.5 kg/ha) in Fz mustard soil, and lower by 33% in N150 than in N450 (163.1 kg/ha) in Yx mustard. The highest biomass of stem mustard tumors of Fz (35.4 × 10³ kg/ha) and Yx (35.7 × 10³ kg/ha) was in N300. The content of umami amino acids, sweet amino acids, and bitter amino acids of Yx and Fz stem was the highest in N450, and N300, respectively. After comprehensive consideration, the Fz was recommended to be planted in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area with N300. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Improvement and the Efficient Utilization of Water and Fertilizer in Greenhouse Crops)

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9 pages, 3236 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Change in Growth Mode of BGaN Layers Grown on GaN

by Jacek M. Baranowski, Kinga Kosciewicz, Ewelina B. Mozdzynska and Julita Smalc-Koziorowska

Crystals 2024, 14(6), 541; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14060541 (registering DOI) - 11 Jun 2024

Abstract

A change in the growth mode from Stranski–Krastanov one, which is characteristic of MOCVD grown GaN, to the laterally grown BGaN in the Volmer–Weber growth mode is described. This change in growth is evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy [...] Read more.

A change in the growth mode from Stranski–Krastanov one, which is characteristic of MOCVD grown GaN, to the laterally grown BGaN in the Volmer–Weber growth mode is described. This change in growth is evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of BGaN grown on GaN at high temperatures. It is postulated on the basis of SIMS and XRD results that this change in growth is initiated by the transfer of boron atoms from gallium substitutional to interstitial. The proposed mechanism for the observed growth change is related to the generation of nitrogen interstitials and subsequent reactions with boron interstitials, which result in the formation of a BN layer at the growth front. The observed large change in the growth mode is due to a lattice mismatch between the grown BGaN and the atomic layer of BN and stays behind the change to the Volmer–Weber growth mode. The consequence of the Volmer–Weber growth mode is the textural layer of BGaN. The textural character of this material is associated with large voids between grown BGaN “plates”. These large voids are responsible for the termination of threading dislocations propagating in the c-direction. It is also postulated that the blocked threading dislocations from the GaN underlayer and laterally grown BGaN layers along the a-directions are responsible for the decrease in defect concentration within these layers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Optoelectronic Crystals and Devices: Designing and Characterization)

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15 pages, 1030 KiB

Open AccessReview

Microbial β C-S Lyases: Enzymes with Multifaceted Roles in Flavor Generation

by Mathieu Schwartz, Nicolas Poirier, Jade Moreno, Alena Proskura, Mélanie Lelièvre, Jean-Marie Heydel and Fabrice Neiers

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(12), 6412; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25126412 (registering DOI) - 11 Jun 2024

Abstract

β C-S lyases (β-CSLs; EC 4.4.1.8) are enzymes catalyzing the dissociation of β carbon–sulfur bonds of cysteine S-conjugates to produce odorant metabolites with a free thiol group. These enzymes are increasingly studied for their role in flavor generation in a variety of food [...] Read more.

β C-S lyases (β-CSLs; EC 4.4.1.8) are enzymes catalyzing the dissociation of β carbon–sulfur bonds of cysteine S-conjugates to produce odorant metabolites with a free thiol group. These enzymes are increasingly studied for their role in flavor generation in a variety of food products, whether these processes occur directly in plants, by microbial β-CSLs during fermentation, or in the mouth under the action of the oral microbiota. Microbial β-CSLs react with sulfur aroma precursors present in beverages, vegetables, fruits, or aromatic herbs like hop but also potentially with some precursors formed through Maillard reactions in cooked foods such as meat or coffee. β-CSLs from microorganisms like yeasts and lactic acid bacteria have been studied for their role in the release of polyfunctional thiols in wine and beer during fermentation. In addition, β-CSLs from microorganisms of the human oral cavity were shown to metabolize similar precursors and to produce aroma in the mouth with an impact on retro-olfaction. This review summarizes the current knowledge on β-CSLs involved in flavor generation with a focus on enzymes from microbial species present either in the fermentative processes or in the oral cavity. This paper highlights the importance of this enzyme family in the food continuum, from production to consumption, and offers new perspectives concerning the utilization of β-CSLs as a flavor enhancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Microorganisms and Their Metabolites in Agriculture, Food and the Environment 2.0)

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10 pages, 1975 KiB

Open AccessArticle

AI for Biophysical Phenomena: A Comparative Study of ChatGPT and Gemini in Explaining Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation

by Neha Rana and Nitish Katoch

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 5065; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14125065 (registering DOI) - 11 Jun 2024

Abstract

Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), notably through generative pretrained transformers, such as ChatGPT and Google’s Gemini, have broadened the scope of research across various domains. Particularly, the role of AI in understanding complex biophysical phenomena like liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) is promising [...] Read more.

Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), notably through generative pretrained transformers, such as ChatGPT and Google’s Gemini, have broadened the scope of research across various domains. Particularly, the role of AI in understanding complex biophysical phenomena like liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) is promising yet underexplored. In this study, we focus on assessing the application of these AI chatbots in understating LLPS by conducting various interactive sessions. We evaluated their performance based on the accuracy, response time, response length, and cosine similarity index (CSI) of their responses. Our findings show that Gemini consistently delivered more accurate responses to LLPS-related questions than ChatGPT. However, neither model delivered correct answers to all questions posed. Detailed analysis showed that Gemini required longer response times, averaging 272 words per response compared to ChatGPT’s 351. Additionally, the average CSI between the models was 0.62, highlighting moderate similarity. Despite both models showing potential to enhance scientific education in complex domains, our findings highlight a critical need for further refinement of these AI tools to improve their accuracy and reliability in specialized academic settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering)

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18 pages, 4056 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deflagration Dynamics of Methane–Air Mixtures in Closed Vessels at Elevated Temperatures

by Rafał Porowski, Robert Kowalik, Stanisław Nagy, Tomasz Gorzelnik, Adam Szurlej, Małgorzata Grzmiączka, Katarzyna Zielińska and Arief Dahoe

Energies 2024, 17(12), 2855; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17122855 (registering DOI) - 11 Jun 2024

Abstract

In this paper, we explore the deflagration combustion of methane–air mixtures through both experimental and numerical analyses. The key parameters defining deflagration combustion dynamics include maximum explosion pressure (P_max), maximum rate of explosion pressure rise (dP/dt) [...] Read more.

In this paper, we explore the deflagration combustion of methane–air mixtures through both experimental and numerical analyses. The key parameters defining deflagration combustion dynamics include maximum explosion pressure (P_max), maximum rate of explosion pressure rise (dP/dt)_max, deflagration index (K_G), and laminar burning velocity (S_U). Understanding these parameters enhances the process of safety design across the energy sector, where light-emissive fuels play a crucial role in energy transformation. However, most knowledge on these parameters comes from experiments under standard conditions (P = 1 bar, T = 293.15 K), with limited data on light hydrocarbon fuels at elevated temperatures. Our study provides new insights into methane–air mixture deflagration dynamics at temperatures ranging from 293 to 348 K, addressing a gap in the current process industry knowledge, especially in gas and chemical engineering. We also conduct a comparative analysis of predictive models for the laminar burning velocity of methane mixtures in air, including the Manton, Lewis, and von Elbe, Bradley and Mitcheson, and Dahoe models, alongside various chemical kinetic mechanisms based on experimental findings. Notably, despite their simplicity, the Bradley and Dahoe models exhibit a satisfactory predictive accuracy when compared with numerical simulations from three chemical kinetic models using Cantera v. 3.0.0 code. The findings of this study enrich the fundamental combustion data for methane mixtures at elevated temperatures, vital for advancing research on natural gas as an efficient “bridge fuel” in energy transition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experiments and Simulations of Combustion Process II)

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11 pages, 254 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Parents’ Needs When Experiencing the Transition to Twin Parenthood

by Maria João Freitas, Isabel Sofia Maneta Travanca and Rubén García-Fernández

Healthcare 2024, 12(12), 1173; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12121173 (registering DOI) - 11 Jun 2024

Abstract

(1) Background: The transition to twin parenthood is a demanding challenge with a higher risk of maternal and fetal complications during pregnancy and a postpartum period that involves caring for more than one newborn at the same time with similar and simultaneous needs. [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The transition to twin parenthood is a demanding challenge with a higher risk of maternal and fetal complications during pregnancy and a postpartum period that involves caring for more than one newborn at the same time with similar and simultaneous needs. (2) Aim: To find out about parents’ needs when experiencing the transition to twin parenthood and to describe the intervention of their specialized nursing support network. (3) Methodology: A descriptive exploratory study, based on a proper non-probabilistic sample of 15 nurses and 55 couples who are parents of twins, using two online questionnaires publicized on social networks. (4) Results: The couple’s needs were identified through knowledge of their experiences and difficulties during pregnancy and after the twin birth. Couples’ and nurses’ perceptions differed on the identified needs. The specialized nursing support network focuses its intervention on providing informative guidance on twin pregnancy and postpartum period, health education, group sharing experiences, home visits, planning, and including a family support network in the management of twin care and the creation of a daily routine. (5) Conclusions: There is a need to implement a program focused on the needs of parents of twins, promoting realistic expectations for the birth and parenting of twins, preparing parents, improving their well-being, and creating a specialized nursing support network available to this population. Full article

12 pages, 763 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Solid-State Fermentation Initiated by Pleurotus ostreatus of a Cottonseed Cake and Lathyrus clymenum Pericarp Mixture: Impact on Nutritional Profile and Gossypol Content

by Christos Eliopoulos, Ioanna Langousi, Eleni Kougia, Georgia Saxami, Giorgos Markou, Serkos A. Haroutounian and Dimitrios Arapoglou

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 5066; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14125066 (registering DOI) - 11 Jun 2024

Abstract

Solid-State fermentation (SSF) is a valuable process used for the enhancement of the nutritional profile of agro-industrial by-products. The main objective of the present study concerns the exploitation of a mixture consisting of Cottonseed Cake (CSC) and Lathyrus clymenum pericarp (LCP) at a [...] Read more.

Solid-State fermentation (SSF) is a valuable process used for the enhancement of the nutritional profile of agro-industrial by-products. The main objective of the present study concerns the exploitation of a mixture consisting of Cottonseed Cake (CSC) and Lathyrus clymenum pericarp (LCP) at a ratio of 80–20% w/w, which was utilized as substrate for the initiated by Pleurotus ostreatus SSF process. The final goal is the improvement of their nutritional value and the parallel reduction in their gossypol content. The obtained results revealed a statistically significant increase (p < 0.05) in protein content by 34.91%, while 1,3-1,6 β-glucans exceeded a 5-fold statistically significant increment (p < 0.05) at Day 11. Furthermore, lignin was reduced significantly (−26.71%) at Day 11. Free gossypol’s presence was lowered by 12.45%, while SSF presented a profound effect concerning the total gossypol level since the latter underwent a statistically significant reduction (p < 0.05) that exceeded 9-fold at Day 11. The study herein highlights SSF’s efficiency as a potential means to reduce free and total gossypol content with a parallel upgrade of its nutritional value. The fermentation outcome reveals its potential as a feed supplement and contributes to the reduction in the environmental footprint within the framework of a circular economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Waste Valorization, Green Technologies and Circular Economy)

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28 pages, 16026 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lithological Discrimination of Khyber Range Using Remote Sensing and Machine Learning Algorithms

by Sajid Ali, Huan Li, Asghar Ali and Jubril Izge Hassan

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 5064; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14125064 (registering DOI) - 11 Jun 2024

Abstract

In this study, the satellite data of ASTER and Landsat 8 OLI were used for the discrimination of lithological units covering the Khyber range. Of the 24 tested band combinations, the most suitable include 632 and 468 of ASTER and 754 and 147 [...] Read more.

In this study, the satellite data of ASTER and Landsat 8 OLI were used for the discrimination of lithological units covering the Khyber range. Of the 24 tested band combinations, the most suitable include 632 and 468 of ASTER and 754 and 147 of OLI in the RGB sequence. The data were also tested with two conventional machine learning algorithms (MLAs), namely maximum likelihood classification (MLC) and support vector machine (SVM), for lithological mapping. Principal component analysis (PCA), minimum noise fraction (MNF), band ratios, and color composites in combination with available lithological maps and field data were utilized for training sample collection for the MLC and SVM models to classify the lithological units. The accuracy assessment of SVM and MLC was performed using a confusion matrix, which revealed a higher accuracy of 74.8419% and 72.1217% for ASTER and an accuracy of 58.4833% and 60.0257% for OLI, respectively. The results indicate that ASTER imagery is more suitable for lithological discrimination in the study area due to its high spectral resolution in the VNIR to SWIR range. The experiment revealed that the SVM classification offered the highest overall accuracy of nearly 75% and the kappa coefficient value of 0.7 on ASTER data. This demonstrates the effectiveness of SVM classification in exploring lithological mapping in dry to semi-arid regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing Applications in Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences)

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26 pages, 5211 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Analysis of Energy-Efficient Path Planning for Sustainable Transportation

by Dimitris Georgiadis, Konstantina Karathanasopoulou, Cleopatra Bardaki, Ilias Panagiotopoulos, Ioannis Vondikakis, Thalis Paktitis and George Dimitrakopoulos

Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 4963; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16124963 (registering DOI) - 11 Jun 2024

Abstract

Optimizing path planning for energy efficiency is critical for achieving sustainable vehicular transportation. This paper presents a novel framework for evaluating the impact of path planning algorithms (PPAs) on energy consumption within a simulated environment. We leverage the CARLA simulator to conduct a [...] Read more.

Optimizing path planning for energy efficiency is critical for achieving sustainable vehicular transportation. This paper presents a novel framework for evaluating the impact of path planning algorithms (PPAs) on energy consumption within a simulated environment. We leverage the CARLA simulator to conduct a comparative analysis between the widely used A* and a Hybrid Genetic Algorithm (HGA) across diverse vehicular scenarios. This investigation aims to quantify the influence of PPA selection on vehicle energy expenditure, enabling data-driven optimization for energy minimization. We leverage an offline energy estimation model to further streamline the comparison of the two PPAs. Extensive simulations are employed to demonstrate the efficiency and adaptability of the proposed framework. The findings contribute to the development of energy-efficient path-planning strategies, promoting advancements toward sustainable transportation systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Information Systems and Services Based on the Internet of Everything)

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11 pages, 1716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Perivascular Adipose Tissue Density and Stenosis Plaque Degree in Lower Limb Peripheral Arteries in CT

by Alice Fortunati, Chiara Perazzo, Maria chiara Basile, Maurizio Ce’, Alexis Elias Malavazos, Sergio Papa, Deborah Fazzini, Francesco Secchi and Marco Alì

J. Vasc. Dis. 2024, 3(2), 224-234; https://doi.org/10.3390/jvd3020018 (registering DOI) - 11 Jun 2024

Abstract

Background: Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) attenuation has emerged as a novel biomarker for identifying high-risk arterial plaques due to its association with inflammation. Recognizing the systemic nature of atherosclerosis and its link with major cardiovascular events in coronary disease, this study evaluated PVAT [...] Read more.

Background: Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) attenuation has emerged as a novel biomarker for identifying high-risk arterial plaques due to its association with inflammation. Recognizing the systemic nature of atherosclerosis and its link with major cardiovascular events in coronary disease, this study evaluated PVAT attenuation in the peripheral arteries using CT imaging to expand the understanding of its diagnostic and prognostic potential. Methods: a retrospective analysis of 53 consecutive patients who underwent CT angiography, examining PVAT density across five primary peripheral arterial segments. A 5 mm region of interest adjacent to the vascular wall was analyzed by two blinded readers, with reproducibility coefficients calculated to determine the reliability of the measurements. For the statistical analyses, mean values were derived from these measurements. The patients were stratified into four groups based on the degree of arterial stenosis: <25%, 25–50%, 50–70%, and >70%. PVAT density comparisons between these groups were performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test and the pairwise Mann–Whitney U test with Holm–Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Results: the Kruskal–Wallis test revealed statistically significant disparities in PVAT density across the categorically differentiated stenosis groups (p < 0.001), indicating an association between PVAT density and arterial stenosis severity. This association was especially pronounced in the external iliac, common femoral, superficial femoral, and popliteal arteries, where the p-values were consistently below 0.05. Subsequent pairwise analyses utilizing the Mann–Whitney U test with Holm–Bonferroni correction affirmed these findings, in particular for the external iliac, common femoral, superficial femoral and popliteal arteries (p < 0.05). Conclusions: our findings reinforce the correlation between increased PVAT density and the degree of arterial stenosis, supporting the clinical value of PVAT as a non-invasive biomarker for cardiovascular risk stratification and potentially guiding therapeutic interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Diagnosis, Management, and Prognostic Assessment of Chronic Disease)

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15 pages, 2505 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antifungal Activity of ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesized from Eichhornia crassipes Extract for Construction Applications

by Rocío Vargas Hernández, Mayra A. Alvarez Lemus, Susana De la Rosa García, Rosendo López González, Patricia Quintana, David García Zaleta, Viridiana Velázquez Vázquez and Sergio Gómez Cornelio

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(12), 1007; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14121007 (registering DOI) - 11 Jun 2024

Abstract

Fungal growth on construction materials in tropical climates can degrade aesthetics and manifestations on modern and historical sick buildings, affecting the health of their inhabitants. This study synthesized ZnO nanoparticles with enhanced antifungal properties using a precipitation method. Different concentrations (25%, 50%, and [...] Read more.

Fungal growth on construction materials in tropical climates can degrade aesthetics and manifestations on modern and historical sick buildings, affecting the health of their inhabitants. This study synthesized ZnO nanoparticles with enhanced antifungal properties using a precipitation method. Different concentrations (25%, 50%, and 100%) of Eichhornia crassipes aqueous extract were used with Zn(NO₃)₂·6H₂O as the precursor to evaluate their spectroscopic, morphological, textural, and antifungal properties. X-ray diffraction confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite phase of ZnO with crystallite sizes up to 20 nm. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy identified absorption bands at 426, 503, and 567 cm⁻¹ for ZnO-100, ZnO-50, and ZnO-25, respectively. Nitrogen physisorption indicated a type II isotherm with macropores and a fractal dimension coefficient near 2 across all concentrations. Polydispersity index analysis showed that ZnO-50 had a higher PDI, indicating a broader size distribution, while ZnO-25 and ZnO-100 exhibited lower PDI values, reflecting uniform and monodisperse particle sizes. FESEM observations revealed semi-spherical ZnO morphologies prone to agglomeration, particularly in ZnO-25. Antifungal tests highlighted ZnO-25 as the most effective, especially against Phoma sp. with an MFC/MIC ratio of 78 µg/mL. Poisoned plate assays demonstrated over 50% inhibition at 312 µg/mL for all tested fungi, outperforming commercial antifungals. The results indicate that ZnO NPs synthesized using E. crassipes extract effectively inhibit fungal growth on construction materials. This procedure offers a practical approach to improving the durability of building aesthetics and may contribute to reducing the health risks associated with exposure to fungal compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials for a Cleaner Environment and Environmental Health)

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13 pages, 11368 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Two New Species of Pentacarinus from the Acrotiarini Tribe in Burmese Amber (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Cixiidae)

by Keyi Deng, Feiyang Liang, Thierry Bourgoin and Menglin Wang

Insects 2024, 15(6), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15060439 (registering DOI) - 11 Jun 2024

Abstract

Two new species, Pentacarinus maculosus sp. nov. and Pentacarinus tenebrosus sp. nov., from Burmese amber are described. Alongside the type species P. kachinensis already described, they are easily distinguishable by the tegmina patterns. The diagnosis of the genus Pentacarinus is amended, notably with [...] Read more.

Two new species, Pentacarinus maculosus sp. nov. and Pentacarinus tenebrosus sp. nov., from Burmese amber are described. Alongside the type species P. kachinensis already described, they are easily distinguishable by the tegmina patterns. The diagnosis of the genus Pentacarinus is amended, notably with fusion of Pcu + A₁ distad of forking CuA, the fork ScP + R approximately close to basal 1/5 of tegmen, basad of forking CuA, and only one transverse veinlet ir between RP and RA on forewings. Additionally, a key to these three species of Pentacarinus is provided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Systematics, Phylogeny and Evolution)

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34 pages, 5012 KiB

Open AccessArticle

L1–L2 Influence in Intonation: A Case of Russophone Immigrants in Brazil

by Tatiana Kachkovskaia, Luciana Lucente, Anna Smirnova Henriques, Mario Augusto de Souza Fontes, Pavel Skrelin and Sandra Madureira

Languages 2024, 9(6), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/languages9060212 (registering DOI) - 11 Jun 2024

Abstract

This paper is devoted to the features of sentence prosody (intonation) in Brazilian Portuguese spoken by immigrants whose first language is Russian, and explores the consequences that L1–L2 influence in intonation may have for communication. The study addressed four research questions: (1) Do [...] Read more.

This paper is devoted to the features of sentence prosody (intonation) in Brazilian Portuguese spoken by immigrants whose first language is Russian, and explores the consequences that L1–L2 influence in intonation may have for communication. The study addressed four research questions: (1) Do Brazilian Portuguese L2 speakers with Russian L1 always succeed in producing the correct utterance type? (2) Can L1–L2 influence lead to misunderstanding of connotations? (3) Is it possible that sometimes L1–L2 influence leads to being perceived as too emotional or not emotional enough? (4) Can L1–L2 influence in intonation be a significant factor in the perception of accent? In a perceptual experiment, productions of four target utterances in Brazilian Portuguese by Russian L1 and Brazilian Portuguese L1 speakers were evaluated by 124 Brazilian listeners in terms of sentence type, possible connotations, accent and arousal. The target utterances included three questions of different types and an exclamation. The findings revealed that the speaker’s L1 influenced the perception of prosodic meanings by Brazilian listeners. In some cases, interference from Russian melodic contours caused the incorrect identification of the sentence type in Brazilian Portuguese. However, even when sentence type was perceived correctly, differences could be found regarding the perception of arousal or accent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prosody and Immigration)

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16 pages, 700 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Forecast of Energy Demand towards a Sustainable Future in Renewable Energies Focused on Geothermal Energy in Peru (2020–2050): A LEAP Model Application

by Diego G. De la Cruz Torres, Luis F. Mazadiego, David Bolonio and Ramón Rodríguez Pons-Esparver

Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 4964; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16124964 (registering DOI) - 11 Jun 2024

Abstract

The present study aims to describe the potential sources of energy in Peru with the purpose of implementing them to achieve a sustainable system, taking advantage of the natural resources in the Peruvian land. To achieve this, three alternative scenarios have been defined [...] Read more.

The present study aims to describe the potential sources of energy in Peru with the purpose of implementing them to achieve a sustainable system, taking advantage of the natural resources in the Peruvian land. To achieve this, three alternative scenarios have been defined and analyzed using the LEAP (Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning) software [Software Version: 2020.1.112]. The scenarios are as follows: the first one, the Business-as-Usual scenario, is based on normal trends according to historical data and referencing projections made by Peruvian state entities; the second one is focused on Energy Efficiency, the highlighted characteristic is taking into consideration the efficient conditions in transmission and distribution of electric energy; and the third one, centered on Geothermal Energy, focused on the development of this type of energy source and prioritizing it. The primary purpose of this analysis is to identify the advantages and disadvantages inherent in each scenario in order to obtain the best out of each one. In this way, the intention is to propose solutions based on Peru’s national reality or possible uses of the country’s energy potential to supply its energy demand. Currently, Peru’s energy demand relies on fossil fuels, hydraulic, and thermal energy. However, there is the possibility of transforming this system into a sustainable one by strengthening existing and growing energy sources such as solar and wind energy and new technologies for hydraulic and thermal energy, in addition to considering geothermal energy as the main energy source in the third scenario. The new system mentioned satisfactorily indicates that the CO₂ equivalent emissions decrease significantly in the third scenario, with a 15.8% reduction compared to the first scenario and a 9.7% reduction in comparison to the second. On the other hand, the second scenario shows a 5.6% decrease in CO₂ emissions compared to the first, resulting from improvements in technology and energy efficiency without requiring significant modifications or considerable investments, as in the third scenario. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management System and Sustainability)

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14 pages, 7166 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Water Quality from the Zimny Sztok Spring (Southern Poland)—Preliminary Results

by Marek Ruman and Dominika Dąbrowska

Sustainability 2024, 16(12), 4962; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16124962 (registering DOI) - 11 Jun 2024

Abstract

Enabling citizens to have access to good-quality water is an important challenge in the 21st century. Water quality in springs located in urban areas may deteriorate as a result of natural and anthropogenic factors. The quality of water in springs is influenced not [...] Read more.

Enabling citizens to have access to good-quality water is an important challenge in the 21st century. Water quality in springs located in urban areas may deteriorate as a result of natural and anthropogenic factors. The quality of water in springs is influenced not only by rock weathering, evapotranspiration and climate change but also by the lack of sustainable resource use. Anthropogenic activities, including industrial and domestic and agricultural activities, may not only lead to an increase in pollutants such as nitrates, chlorides and heavy metals but also to the development of dangerous bacteria. Research on water quality was conducted in two series of measurements at the Zimny Sztok spring (southern Poland), located in an urban space. The results of the analyses indicate that the waters of this spring, despite anthropogenic pressure, exceeded the permissible values for drinking water only in terms of the total number of microorganisms. Unfortunately, this was not confirmed by Water Quality Index (WQI) values. These were approximately equal to 99 in the first measurement series and about 41 in the second series. Maintaining appropriate water quality is one of the goals of rational water management, and the constant control of selected parameters in the water falls within the scope of the concept of smart city/smart water. The example of this spring shows that the water was used by residents without information about its current physicochemical parameters and bacteriological composition. This problem can be solved in the future by implementing a monitoring system for this point. The aim of this work was to examine the quality of water in the spring, use the WQI to determine the potential risks and present the general problem of people consuming water from urban sources without knowing about their parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geological Environment Monitoring and Early Warning Systems)

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9 pages, 232 KiB

Open AccessArticle

SnoreLab Application in the Assessment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Pilot Study

by Eleonora M. C. Trecca, Antonio Lonigro, Domenico Ciavarella, Vito Carlo Alberto Caponio, Stefano Patruno, Lazzaro Cassano and Michele Cassano

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 5063; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14125063 (registering DOI) - 11 Jun 2024

Abstract

Background: SnoreLab (Version 5.3, Reviva Softworks Ltd., London, UK) is featured as the number one mobile application (app) for measuring snoring intensity and duration. The aim of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis between the results derived from SnoreLab and polysomnography [...] Read more.

Background: SnoreLab (Version 5.3, Reviva Softworks Ltd., London, UK) is featured as the number one mobile application (app) for measuring snoring intensity and duration. The aim of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis between the results derived from SnoreLab and polysomnography (PSG). Methods: Male and female patients between 18 and 75 years of age, seeking medical counseling for suspected obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), were considered eligible to participate in this study. Exclusion criteria were psychological or neurological disorders, drug or alcohol abuse, and inability to follow instructions. All patients underwent one overnight in-hospital PSG with simultaneous snoring recording using the SnoreLab app. Results: Nineteen patients (15 men, 4 women) aged 50.9 ± 10.5 years were included. The overall cohort exhibited a Snore Score of 24.8 ± 22.2 alongside an AHI of 15.1 ± 17.0, indicating moderate OSAS. Interestingly, elevated Snore Scores were observed in both the simple snoring (30.7 ± 19.2) and severe OSAS group (35.2 ± 21.4) (Kruskal–Wallis p-value = 0.176). The analysis of the Spearman’s test did not reveal a statistically significant correlation between PSG parameters and the Snore Score. Conclusions: While SnoreLab records snoring, it is not designed for screening sleep apnea. Although SnoreLab may not replace PSG for use in diagnosis, it could serve as a complementary tool for monitoring snoring and to improve the interaction between patients and clinicians when integrated into a suitable clinical assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sleep Monitoring Technology)

14 pages, 2157 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Viral Dynamics in the Tropical Pacific Ocean: A Comparison between Within and Outside a Warm Eddy

by Patrichka Wei-Yi Chen, Madeline Olivia, Gwo-Ching Gong, Sen Jan and An-Yi Tsai

Viruses 2024, 16(6), 937; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060937 (registering DOI) - 11 Jun 2024

Abstract

In mesoscale eddies, the chemical properties and biological composition are different from those in the surrounding water due to their unique physical processes. The mechanism of physical–biological coupling in warm-core eddies is unclear, especially because no studies have examined the effects of environmental [...] Read more.

In mesoscale eddies, the chemical properties and biological composition are different from those in the surrounding water due to their unique physical processes. The mechanism of physical–biological coupling in warm-core eddies is unclear, especially because no studies have examined the effects of environmental factors on bacteria and viruses. The purpose of the present study was to examine the influence of an anticyclonic warm eddy on the relationship between bacterial and viral abundances, as well as viral activity (viral production), at different depths. At the core of the warm eddy, the bacterial abundance (0.48 to 2.82 × 10⁵ cells mL⁻¹) fluctuated less than that outside the eddy (1.12 to 7.03 × 10⁵ cells mL⁻¹). In particular, there was a four-fold higher viral–bacterial abundance ratio (VBR) estimated within the eddy, below the layer of the deep chlorophyll maximum, than outside the eddy. An anticyclonic warm eddy with downwelling at its center may contribute to viruses being transmitted directly into the deep ocean through adsorption on particulate organic matter while sinking. Overall, our findings provide valuable insights into the interaction between bacterial and viral abundances and their ecological mechanisms within a warm eddy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity and Evolution of Viruses in Ecosystem)

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26 pages, 3411 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting the Direction of NEPSE Index Movement with News Headlines Using Machine Learning

by Keshab Raj Dahal, Ankrit Gupta and Nawa Raj Pokhrel

Econometrics 2024, 12(2), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/econometrics12020016 (registering DOI) - 11 Jun 2024

Abstract

Predicting stock market movement direction is a challenging task due to its fuzzy, chaotic, volatile, nonlinear, and complex nature. However, with advancements in artificial intelligence, abundant data availability, and improved computational capabilities, creating robust models capable of accurately predicting stock market movement is [...] Read more.

Predicting stock market movement direction is a challenging task due to its fuzzy, chaotic, volatile, nonlinear, and complex nature. However, with advancements in artificial intelligence, abundant data availability, and improved computational capabilities, creating robust models capable of accurately predicting stock market movement is now feasible. This study aims to construct a predictive model using news headlines to predict stock market movement direction. It conducts a comparative analysis of five supervised classification machine learning algorithms—logistic regression (LR), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and artificial neural network (ANN)—to predict the next day’s movement direction of the close price of the Nepal Stock Exchange (NEPSE) index. Sentiment scores from news headlines are computed using the Valence Aware Dictionary for Sentiment Reasoning (VADER) and TextBlob sentiment analyzer. The models’ performance is evaluated based on sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC). Experimental results reveal that all five models perform equally well when using sentiment scores from the TextBlob analyzer. Similarly, all models exhibit almost identical performance when using sentiment scores from the VADER analyzer, except for minor variations in AUC in SVM vs. LR and SVM vs. ANN. Moreover, models perform relatively better when using sentiment scores from the TextBlob analyzer compared to the VADER analyzer. These findings are further validated through statistical tests. Full article

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