Abstract
The relative contribution of substrate depth and vegetation type on temperature mitigation and stormwater runoff reduction was studied in an experimental green roof in North eastern Italy. Two substrate depths (120 and 200 mm) and two vegetation types (herbaceous plants and shrubs, respectively) were used, and compared to control modules with similar substrate depths but left bare of vegetation. Experimental observations showed that: a) green roofs substantially reduce thermal load over the rooftop, with significant effects of substrate depth and no apparent impact of vegetation type; b) thermal effects are strongly influenced by substrate water content; c) green roofs strongly reduce water runoff with significant substrate x vegetation effects. Our data suggest that green roof design addressed to optimization of the thermal functions should take into account adequate planning of substrate depth. Moreover, our data show that vegetated modules out-competed medium-only ones in terms of runoff reduction capacity, in accordance with some previous studies. Both shrub-vegetated and herbaceous modules intercepted and stored more than 90% rainfall during intense precipitation events, with no significant difference between the two vegetation types despite different substrate depths.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Benvenuti S, Bacci D (2010) Initial agronomic performances of Mediterranean xerophytes in simulated dry green roofs. Urban Ecosyst 13:349–363
Bousselot JM, Klett JE, Koski RD (2011) Moisture content of extensive green roof substrate and growth response of 15 temperate plant species during dry down. HortSci 46:518–522
Bowler DE, Buyung-Ali L, Knight TM, Pullin AS (2010) Urban greening to cool town and cities: a systematic review of the empirical evidence. Landsc Urban Plan 97:147–155
Carter T, Jackson CR (2007) Vegetated roofs for stormwater management at multiple spatial scales. Landsc Urban Plan 80:84–94
Clark C, Adriaens P, Talbot FB (2008) Green roof valuation: a probabilistic economic analysis of environmental benefits. Environ Sci Technol 42:2155–2161
Czemiel Berndtsson J (2010) Green roof performance towards management of runoff water quantity and quality. Ecol Eng 36:351–360
Del Barrio EP (1998) Analysis of the green roofs cooling potential in buildings. Energy Build 27:179–193
Dunnet N, Nagase A, Hallam A (2008a) The dynamics of planted and colonizing species on a green roof over six growing seasons 2001–2006: influence of substrate depth. Urban Ecosyst 11:373–384
Dunnet N, Nagase A, Booth R, Grime P (2008b) Influence of vegetation composition on runoff in two simulated green roof experiments. Urban Ecosyst 11:385–398
Fang CF (2008) Evaluating the thermal reduction effect of plant layers on rooftops. Energy Build 40:1048–1052
Francis RA, Lorimer J (2011) Urban reconciliation ecology: the potential of living roofs and walls. J Environ Manag 92:1429–1437
Getter KL, Rowe DB (2008) Media depth influences Sedum green roof establishment. Urban Ecosyst 11:361–372
Getter KL, Rowe DB, Robertson GP, Cregg BM, Andresen JA (2009) Carbon sequestration potential of extensive green roofs. Environ Sci Technol 43:7564–7570
Jim CY, Tsang SW (2011) Biophysical properties and thermal performance of an intensive green roof. Build Env 46:1263–1274
Kadas G (2006) Rare invertebrates colonizing green roofs in London. Urban Habit 4:66–86
Lundholm J, MacIvor JS, MacDougall Z, Ranalli M (2010) Plant species and functional group combinations affect green roof ecosystem functions. PLoS One 5(3):e9677
Lüttge U (2004) Ecophysiology of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). Ann Bot 93:629–652
MacIvor JS, Ranalli MA, Lundholm JT (2011) Performance of dryland and wetland plant species on extensive green roofs. Ann Bot 107:671–679
Mentens J, Raes D, Hermy M (2006) Green roofs as a tool for solving the rainwater runoff problem in the urbanized 21st century. Landsc Urban Plan 77:217–226
Monterusso MA, Rowe DB, Rugh CL, Russell DK (2004) Runoff water quantity and quality from green roof systems. Acta Hortic 639:369–376
Monterusso MA, Rowe DB, Rugh CL (2005) Establishment and persistence of Sedum spp. and native taxa for green roof applications. HortSci 40:391–396
Nagase A, Dunnett N (2010) Drought tolerance in different vegetation types for extensive green roofs: effects of watering and diversity. Landsc Urban Plan 97:318–327
Nardini A, Salleo S (2000) Limitation of stomatal conductance by hydraulic traits: sensing or preventing xylem cavitation? Trees 15:14–24
Nardini A, Salleo S, Trifilò P, Lo Gullo MA (2003) Water relations and hydraulic characteristics of three woody species co-occurring in the same habitat. Ann For Sci 60:297–305
Pearcy RW, Tumosa N, Williams K (1981) Relationships between growth, photosynthesis and competitive interactions for a C3 and a C4 plant. Oecologia 48:371–376
Poldini L (1989) La vegetazione del Carso isontino e triestino. Ed. Lint, Trieste
Rowe DB (2011) Green roofs as a means of pollution abatement. Environ Poll 159:2100–2110
Sage RF, Pearcy RW (1987) The nitrogen use efficiency of C3 and C4 plants. I. Leaf nitrogen, growth, and biomass partitioning in Chenopodium album (L.) and Amaranthus retroflexus (L.). Plant Physiol 84:954–958
Sayed OH, Earnshaw MJ, Cooper M (1994) Growth, water relations, and CAM induction in Sedum album in response to water stress. Physiol Plant 36:383–388
Schroll E, Lambrinos J, Righetti T, Sandrock D (2011) The role of vegetation in regulating stormwater runoff from green roofs in a winter rainfall climate. Ecol Eng 37:595–600
Simmons MT, Gardiner B, Windhager S, Tinsley J (2008) Green roofs are not created equal: the hydrologic and thermal performance of six different extensive green roofs and reflective and non-reflective roofs in a sub-tropical climate. Urban Ecosyst 11:339–348
Sinclair TR, Holbrook NM, Zwieniecki MA (2005) Daily transpiration rates of woody species on drying soil. Tree Physiol 25:1469–1472
Spolek G (2008) Performance monitoring of three ecoroofs in Portland, Oregon. Urban Ecosyst 11:349–359
Takebayashi H, Moriyama M (2007) Surface heath budget on green roof and high reflection roof for mitigation of urban heath island. Build Environ 42:2971–2979
VanWoert ND, Rowe DB, Andresen JA, Rugh CL, Fernandez RT, Xiao L (2005) Green roof stormwater retention: effects of roof surface, slope, and media depth. J Environ Qual 34:1036–1044
Voyde E, Fassman E, Simcock R (2010) Hydrology of an extensive living roof under sub-tropical climate conditions in Auckland, New Zealand. J Hydrol 394:384–395
Wolf D, Lundholm JT (2008) Water uptake in green roof microcosms: effects of plant species and water availability. Ecol Eng 33:179–186
Wong NH, Chena Y, Ong CL, Siab A (2003) Investigation of thermal benefits of rooftop garden in the tropical environment. Build Environ 38:261–270
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to the Corpo Forestale of Regione Autonoma Friuli Venezia Giulia for allowing us to set up experimental modules over the roof of the Centro Didattico Naturalistico di Basovizza. We are particularly grateful to Dr Diego Masiello and Drs Roberta Soldà for kind assistance and hospitality.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nardini, A., Andri, S. & Crasso, M. Influence of substrate depth and vegetation type on temperature and water runoff mitigation by extensive green roofs: shrubs versus herbaceous plants. Urban Ecosyst 15, 697–708 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-011-0220-5
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-011-0220-5