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Electron microscopic characterization of cell wall degradation of the 400,000-year-old wooden Schöningen spears

Elektronenmikroskopische Charakterisierung des Zellwandabbaus von 400.000 Jahre alten Holzspeeren aus Schöningen

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Abstract

The cell wall degradation of 400,000-year-old wooden spears, excavated in 1994 at the Schöningen brown-coal opencast mine (100 km east of Hannover/Germany), was examined by transmission electron microscopy. The degradation of the spears was confined to surface layers only, inner parts remained without structural changes. Features in some of the wooden portions, such as a greater lignification of the outer part of the S2 layer and the absence of intercellular cavities suggested that the samples also contained mild compression wood. The presence of both normal and compression wood provided an opportunity to compare the extent of cell wall degradation in these two types of wood. The normal wood cell walls were more severely eroded than the walls of compression wood tracheids. Cell wall erosion in the normal wood extended to the middle lamella in places. The observations indicated an attack of cell walls by erosion bacteria only. As the spears had been buried underground, these observations are consistent with the emerging knowledge that normally erosion bacteria are responsible for the deterioration of buried and wet archaeological woods because they are more tolerant to extremely low oxygen levels.

Zusammenfassung

Mit Hilfe der Transmissions-Elektronenmikroskopie wurde der Zellwandabbau der 400.000 Jahre alten Holzspeere, die seit 1994 im Braunkohlentagebau bei Schöningen (100 km östlich von Hannover/Deutschland) ausgegraben wurden, untersucht. Der Abbau beschränkte sich auf wenige Zelllagen an der Oberfläche, die weiter innen liegenden Bereiche zeigten keinen Abbau. Neben normalen Tracheiden mit homogener Lignifizierung der S2 fanden sich stets auch Tracheiden, deren äußere S2 eine deutlich stärkere Lignifizierung zeigte. Dieses Merkmal bei gleichzeitigem Fehlen von Interzellularen ist charakteristisch für mildes Druckholz. Das Vorkommen von normalem Holz und mildem Druckholz in den Proben der Schöninger Speere ergab die Möglichkeit, die Abbaumuster in beiden Zelltypen miteinander zu vergleichen. Bei normalen Tracheiden war die Sekundärwand nahezu vollständig erodiert, während dies bei Tracheiden des milden Druckholzes weitgehend auf die innere S2 begrenzt war. Derartige Erosionen, die bevorzugt an ligninärmeren Wandbereichen entstehen, sind typisch für Erosionsbakterien. Da die Speere in tieferen Erdschichten gefunden wurden, stimmen die Beobachtungen damit überein, dass Erosionsbakterien für den Abbau bei extrem niedrigem Sauerstoffgehalt verantwortlich sind.

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Schmitt, U., Singh, A.P., Thieme, H. et al. Electron microscopic characterization of cell wall degradation of the 400,000-year-old wooden Schöningen spears. Holz Roh Werkst 63, 118–122 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-004-0542-6

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