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Water content of limestones submitted to realistic wet deposition: a CIME2 chamber simulation

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Abstract

An experimental chamber (CIME2) has been specially designed to simulate wet atmospheric deposition on limestones used in Paris cultural heritage. This instrument is a complementary tool to CIME, a previously developed chamber dedicated to the simulation of dry atmospheric deposition on monuments and artifacts. The aim of this paper is to describe CIME2 and characterize the wet deposits produced inside it. Mist (fog), drizzle, and rainfall are differentiated in order to document their ability to saturate the limestones most currently used in Paris monuments: The Saint-Maximin’s limestone, the Liais of Saint-Maximin, and the Chauvigny’s limestone are tested. The comparison between normalized and environmental petrophysical data shows that in the wet deposition simulations, limestones are not systematically water-saturated. Moreover, the realistic experimental conditions chosen favor a more rapid evaporation of the stone water. The quantification of the non-saturation state is a first step that has to be taken into account to improve the geochemical models used to predict the alteration.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the DIM R2DS French Regional Program (2013–2017) and the French National Research Agency (ANR JCJC GLAM Project (2014–2018). The authors thank J. Vatteville from LaVision for the PDI measurements.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, LISA, UMR CNRS 7583, Université Paris Est Créteil et Université Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, 61, av du Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil Cedex, France

    Anne Chabas, Lucile Gentaz, Pauline Uring, Alain Phan, Adriana Coman, Stéphane Christophe Alfaro, Mandana Saheb, Edouard Pangui & Pascal Zapf

  2. Laboratoire Chrono-environnement UMR6249, CNRS-Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25000, Besançon, France

    Jean-Pierre Sizun

  3. OSU-Efluve, Université Paris Est Créteil Val de Marne, 61, av du Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil Cedex, France

    Florian Huet

Authors
  1. Anne Chabas
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  2. Jean-Pierre Sizun
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  3. Lucile Gentaz
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  4. Pauline Uring
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  5. Alain Phan
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  6. Adriana Coman
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  7. Stéphane Christophe Alfaro
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  8. Mandana Saheb
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  9. Edouard Pangui
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  10. Pascal Zapf
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  11. Florian Huet
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Correspondence to Anne Chabas.

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Responsible editor: Michel Sablier

Highlights

• An experimental chamber designed for studying wet deposition on cultural heritage materials is described and characterized.

• Petrophysical measurements are performed in simulated Parisian environment.

• Rainfall, drizzle, and mist deposits are differentiated to evaluate their ability to saturate different porous networks.

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Chabas, A., Sizun, JP., Gentaz, L. et al. Water content of limestones submitted to realistic wet deposition: a CIME2 chamber simulation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 23973–23985 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2433-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2433-0

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