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Contrasting patterns in growth and survival of Central Valley fall run Chinook salmon related to hatchery and ocean conditions

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Abstract

The objective of this study was to determine important ocean and hatchery covariates influencing early growth and survival of Central Valley fall run Chinook salmon. We used a dataset of recaptured coded wire tagged hatchery Chinook salmon to estimate early growth and cohort survival. Ocean conditions during the period of early ocean entry were based on output from a coupled physical-biogeochemical model configured for the broader California Current region. We built generalized additive and generalized linear models to describe growth and survival and used Akaike Information Criterion (AICc) model selection to determine which hatchery and ocean covariates related best to response variables. With regards to hatchery covariates, growth was best explained by release location, while survival was best explained by release weight and hatchery of origin. The ocean conditions included in the best models for both growth and survival included diatoms, predatory zooplankton, temperature, and currents. We observed the highest rates of salmon survival when in situ physical ocean conditions were indicative of relaxation events. For all four ocean covariates, the response curves illustrated opposite patterns between growth and survival models. This result implies that during periods of low survival, juvenile salmon were either 1) growing at a faster rate, or 2) growth appeared to increase because smaller fish had a higher mortality rate than larger fish. The first explanation would imply density-dependence, whereas the second explanation would imply size-selective mortality. These alternatives have implications on hatchery practices including salmon size at release and number of salmon in release groups.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank B. Wells for scientific insight, B. Lehman for extracting tags, the NW Fisheries Science Center and Fisheries and Ocean Canada for sharing data on tagged juvenile salmon, and Northwest Marine Technology for reading coded wire tags. This project would not have been possible without the efforts from current and past members of the salmon ecology team and crews of the vessels AR4 Jensen, Bell Shimada, Cassandra Anne, David Starr Jordan, Frosti, Irene’s Way, Long Fin, Ocean Starr, Shana Rae, and Whitsel. Comments from four reviewers were valuable and greatly improved the quality of this manuscript. Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the collection procedures were conducted under IACUC guidelines.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Santa Cruz, Cooperative Institute for Marine Ecosystems and Climate (CIMEC), University of California, Santa Cruz, USA

    Megan C. Sabal & Mark J. Henderson

  2. Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 110 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA

    Megan C. Sabal, Mark J. Henderson & Jeffrey A. Harding

  3. Point Adams Research Station, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, PO Box 155, Hammond, OR, 97121, USA

    David D. Huff

  4. Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA

    Jerome Fiechter

  5. Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA

    Sean A. Hayes

  6. United States Geological Survey, California Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Fisheries Biology, Humboldt State University, 1 Harpst Street, Arcata, CA, 95521, USA

    Mark J. Henderson

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  2. David D. Huff
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  3. Mark J. Henderson
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  4. Jerome Fiechter
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  5. Jeffrey A. Harding
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  6. Sean A. Hayes
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Correspondence to Megan C. Sabal.

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Sabal, M.C., Huff, D.D., Henderson, M.J. et al. Contrasting patterns in growth and survival of Central Valley fall run Chinook salmon related to hatchery and ocean conditions. Environ Biol Fish 99, 949–967 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-016-0536-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-016-0536-3

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