Abstract
High biocultural diversity is often found in landscapes where farming practices have preserved diverse habitats and many ‘traditional’ cultural features. We assessed what impacts conservation and agri-environmental regulations had and have on the maintenance of some elements in traditional hay meadow management in two such cultural landscapes (Gyimes—Romania; Őrség—Hungary). Data were gathered by interviews with local farmers and conservation scientists, discussed with farmers. We found that extensive farming was not given adequate weight and explicit function in the regulatory frameworks either in the landscape where traditional farming is still actively practiced, or where it has mostly vanished and/or was transformed. Of the 25 traditional management elements documented in Gyimes, regulations affected seven components directly, and one more indirectly. Four of these impacts were negative and four were positive. Of the 20 traditional management elements in Őrség, 11 elements were regulated, and five more were affected indirectly. Only two elements were affected positively. Our data show that for a more efficient support of traditional farming, more traditional elements must be encouraged, e.g. hayseed scattering, mowing with small machinery, manual cleaning of weeds and shrubs, manual hay gathering and extensive manuring. The role of increasing the spatial scale of regulations, considering the whole socio-ecological system and the need for region-specific regulations are discussed. We argue that in those landscapes where traditional small-scale farming is still actively practiced, decision-makers should understand local management practices and concepts first, instead of imposing requirements on farmers that are alien to the local landscape and society.
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Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge all the interviewees, who patiently and generously shared their knowledge with us. In Gyimes region: Antal Béla and his wife, Valéria, Berszán Erzsébet, Ferenc Andrásné, Györgyice János, Jánó András, Jánó Béla and his wife, Anna, Jánó György, Jánó György, Kis Béla, Kulcsár Péter, Ladó Géza, Prezsmer Károly and his wife, Virág, Tankó Anna and her husband, János, Tankó Dezsőné, Tankó Emil, Tankó Károly, Tankó Margit, Tankó Péter Donát, Tankó Tímár Attila, Tankó Katalin, Tankó Tódor, and his wife, Valéria, Tímár Dezső, and his wife, Piroska, Tímár Sándor. In the Őrség region: Baksa Ernő, Bicsák László, Boda Mihályné, Czainkó Zoltán and his wife, Rozália, Cseke Gyula, Dávid Kálmán and his wife, Aranka, Farkas Géza, Fölnagy Gyula, Gaál Ferenc, Gaál Gyula, Gruber Ágnes, Herczeg Pálné, Holecz Károlyné, Horváth Zoltán, Kenyeres Zoltán, Keserű Józsefné, Kósa Sándor, Könye Ferencné, Kövesdi Máté, Laczó Gézáné, Máté Mihály, Melkli Ödön, Mesterházy Attila, Németh Istvánné, Orbán Ervin, Paár Józsefné, Panker Jenőné, Reszneki Gyula, Ropos Károlyné, Simon Józsefné, Siska Lajosné, Slamar Rafael, Szabó Elek, Szakály Ferenc and his wife, Vilma, Szekeres Zsófia, Szinetár Csaba, Tanner Tibor, Tóth Jánosné, Török Elemérné, Trajbár Józsefné, Vidéki Róbert, Zaicz Tibor, Zsámbár László, Zsiga Józsefné. We also thank the Pagan Snow Cap association (Pogány-havas Kistérségi Társulás) for helping in data collection, and Béla Borsos and Laura Sutcliffe for English revision. This research was partly supported by the project “Sustainable Conservation on Hungarian Natura 2000 Sites (SH/4/8)” within the framework of the Swiss Contribution Program.
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Babai, D., Tóth, A., Szentirmai, I. et al. Do conservation and agri-environmental regulations effectively support traditional small-scale farming in East-Central European cultural landscapes?. Biodivers Conserv 24, 3305–3327 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-015-0971-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-015-0971-z