Abstract
Clonidine, an antihypertensive drug, binds to alpha 2-adrenergic and imidazoline receptors. The endogenous ligand for imidazoline receptors may be a clonidine-displacing substance, a small molecule isolated from bovine brain. This clonidine-displacing substance was purified and determined by mass spectroscopy to be agmatine (decarboxylated arginine), heretofore not detected in brain. Agmatine binds to alpha 2-adrenergic and imidazoline receptors and stimulates release of catecholamines from adrenal chromaffin cells. Its biosynthetic enzyme, arginine decarboxylase, is present in brain. Agmatine, locally synthesized, is an endogenous agonist at imidazoline receptors, a noncatecholamine ligand at alpha 2-adrenergic receptors and may act as a neurotransmitter.
Publication types
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Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
MeSH terms
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Adrenal Medulla / drug effects
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Adrenal Medulla / metabolism
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Agmatine / chemistry
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Agmatine / isolation & purification
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Agmatine / metabolism*
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Agmatine / pharmacology
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Animals
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Binding Sites
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Brain / enzymology
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Brain / metabolism
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Brain Chemistry*
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Carboxy-Lyases / metabolism
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Cattle
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Cerebral Cortex / metabolism
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Clonidine / analogs & derivatives
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Clonidine / metabolism
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Epinephrine / metabolism
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Imidazoline Receptors
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Neurotransmitter Agents / metabolism
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Norepinephrine / metabolism
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Rats
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Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha / metabolism
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Receptors, Drug / metabolism
Substances
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Imidazoline Receptors
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Neurotransmitter Agents
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Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha
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Receptors, Drug
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Agmatine
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apraclonidine
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Carboxy-Lyases
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arginine decarboxylase
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Clonidine
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Norepinephrine
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Epinephrine