Abstract
We investigate strong lensing by a spherically symmetric mass distribution in the framework of the Einstein-Straus solution with a positive cosmological constant and concentrate on the case of a spatially closed Universe (). We develop a method based on integration of differential equations in order to make possible the computation of light deflection and time delay. By applying our results to the lensed quasar sloan digital sky survey (SDSS) , we find that the bending of light and the time delay depend on wether the present value of the scale factor is or is not much smaller than a value close to . Beyond this value, the results are almost the same as for the spatially flat Universe. Moreover, it turns out that a positive cosmological constant attenuates the light bending in agreement with Rindler and Ishak’s finding.
- Received 16 July 2018
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.98.123508
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