Fashion resale has emerged as a notable strategy for the fashion industry to reduce its environmental footprint by promoting fashion circularity. Despite extensive research on consumer awareness of resale and the purchase of pre-owned items, there remains a gap in understanding the factors that influence consumers’ participation in resale markets, encompassing both selling and buying practices. Drawing on social practice theory (SPT), this qualitative study examines the nuanced factors influencing consumers’ online resale practices and investigates how online fashion resale practices (OFRPs) have become integrated into their daily consumption patterns. In-depth interviews were conducted with thirty experienced Chinese consumers engaged in both the selling and buying practices of secondhand fashion. Initially, the study identified eight nuanced motivations and seven challenges influencing consumers’ OFRPs. Subsequently, the research uncovered two types of materials and seven core skills necessary for successful OFRP transactions, along with six associated meanings of OFRPs. Specifically, we found that participants seamlessly integrated OFRP into their daily routines through nurtured sociality, and OFRP only fostered sustainable consumption behaviors in one-third of participants, suggesting significant room for improvement. This study provides empirical insights into the existing literature and offers actionable recommendations to key stakeholders for advancing fashion circularity—a critical objective for the sustainability of the fashion industry. Full article

Visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (V-SLAM) plays a crucial role in the development of intelligent robotics and autonomous navigation systems. However, it still faces significant challenges in handling highly dynamic environments. The prevalent method currently used for dynamic object recognition in the environment is deep learning. However, models such as Yolov5 and Mask R-CNN require significant computational resources, which limits their potential in real-time applications due to hardware and time constraints. To overcome this limitation, this paper proposes ADM-SLAM, a visual SLAM system designed for dynamic environments that builds upon the ORB-SLAM2. This system integrates efficient adaptive feature point homogenization extraction, lightweight deep learning semantic segmentation based on an improved DeepLabv3, and multi-view geometric segmentation. It optimizes keyframe extraction, segments potential dynamic objects using contextual information with the semantic segmentation network, and detects the motion states of dynamic objects using multi-view geometric methods, thereby eliminating dynamic interference points. The results indicate that ADM-SLAM outperforms ORB-SLAM2 in dynamic environments, especially in high-dynamic scenes, where it achieves up to a 97% reduction in Absolute Trajectory Error (ATE). In various highly dynamic test sequences, ADM-SLAM outperforms DS-SLAM and DynaSLAM in terms of real-time performance and accuracy, proving its excellent adaptability. Full article

This paper introduces a novel type of connection that integrates unbonded prestressed strands (UPS) and mortise-tenon in an assembly frame structure (UPS-MTF). First, the damage process and failure modes of the joints under reciprocating horizontal loads were systematically analyzed using refined numerical models. The recommended values of the design parameters of the joints were derived from the parametric analysis results. Refined numerical modeling results reveal the diagonal compression strut mechanism within the core region of the joint. The diagonal compression struts model assists in establishing the theoretical calculation formula for the skeleton curve of shear stress–strain in the core region. Second, a genetic algorithm (GA) parameter was identified for the restoring force model of the core region to determine the parameters of the hysteresis rules. Finally, a macro-simplified analytical model of the joint was created based on the restoring force model of the core region, and parameter analysis was conducted to verify the applicability of this macro-simplified analytical model. The research results prove that the damaged form of the joint proposed in this paper originates from the shear and relative slip damage between the components in the core region. The axial compression ratio significantly affects the hysteretic performance of the joints, and the upper and lower limit values were identified for the axial compression ratio of the joints. The area and initial effective stress of the UPS exert a minimal effect on the hysteretic performance of the joint. Based on the method proposed in this paper for determining the restoring force model in the core region of the joints, the hysteresis curves obtained from the macro-simplified analytical model closely match the refined numerical analysis model results. This correspondence verifies the applicability of the macro-simplified analytical model. Full article

Recovering valuable active substances from the by-products of agricultural processing is a crucial concern for scientific researchers. This paper focuses on the enrichment of soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI) from soybean whey wastewater using either ammonium sulfate salting or ethanol precipitation, and discusses their physicochemical properties. The results show that at a 60% ethanol content, the yield of STI was 3.983 mg/mL, whereas the yield was 3.833 mg/mL at 60% ammonium sulfate saturation. The inhibitory activity of STI obtained by ammonium sulfate salting out (A-STI) was higher than that obtained by ethanol precipitation (E-STI). A-STI exhibited better solubility than E-STI at specific temperatures and pH levels, as confirmed by turbidity and surface hydrophobicity measurements. Thermal characterization revealed that both A-STI and E-STI showed thermal transition temperatures above 90 °C. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that A-STI had a smooth surface with fewer pores, while E-STI had a rough surface with more pores. In conclusion, there was no significant difference in the yield of A-STI and E-STI (p < 0.05); however, the physicochemical properties of A-STI were superior to those of E-STI, making it more suitable for further processing and utilization. This study provides a theoretical reference for the enrichment of STI from soybean whey wastewater. Full article

Fritillaria cirrhosa and its relatives have been utilized in traditional Chinese medicine for many years and are under priority protection in China. Despite their medicinal and protective value, research on their phylogeny, genetic diversity, and divergence remains limited. Here, we investigate the chloroplast genome variation architecture of 46 samples of F. cirrhosa and its relatives collected from various regions, encompassing the majority of wild populations across diverse geographical areas. The results indicate abundant variations in 46 accessions including 1659 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and 440 indels. Six variable markers (psbJ, ndhD, ycf1, ndhG, trnT-trnL, and rpl32-trnL) were identified. Phylogenetic and network analysis, population structure analysis, and principal component analysis showed that the 46 accessions formed five clades with significant divergence, which were related to their geographical distribution. The regions spanning from the southern Hengduan Mountains to the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau exhibited the highest levels of genetic diversity. F. cirrhosa and its relatives may have suffered a genetic bottleneck and have a relatively low genetic diversity level. Moreover, geographical barriers and discrete patches may have accelerated population divergence. The study offers novel perspectives on the phylogeny, genetic diversity, and population structure of F. cirrhosa and its relatives, information that can inform conservation and utilization strategies in the future. Full article

Alpha-amylases are crucial hydrolase enzymes which have been widely used in food, feed, fermentation, and pharmaceutical industries. Methods for low-cost production of α-amylases are highly desirable. Soybean seed, functioning as a bioreactor, offers an excellent platform for the mass production of recombinant proteins for its ability to synthesize substantial quantities of proteins. In this study, we generated and characterized transgenic soybeans expressing the α-amylase AmyS from Bacillus stearothermophilus. The α-amylase expression cassettes were constructed for seed specific expression by utilizing the promoters of three different soybean storage peptides and transformed into soybean via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The event with the highest amylase activity reached 601 U/mg of seed flour (one unit is defined as the amount of enzyme that generates 1 micromole reducing ends per min from starch at 65 °C in pH 5.5 sodium acetate buffer). The optimum pH, optimum temperature, and the enzymatic kinetics of the soybean expressed enzyme are similar to that of the E. coli expressed enzyme. However, the soybean expressed α-amylase is glycosylated, exhibiting enhanced thermostability and storage stability. Soybean AmyS retains over 80% activity after 100 min at 75 °C, and the transgenic seeds exhibit no significant activity loss after one year of storage at room temperature. The accumulated AmyS in the transgenic seeds represents approximately 15% of the total seed protein, or about 4% of the dry seed weight. The specific activity of the transgenic soybean seed flour is comparable to many commercial α-amylase enzyme products in current markets, suggesting that the soybean flour may be directly used for various applications without the need for extraction and purification. Full article

Mycotoxins are well-known secondary metabolites produced by several fungi that grow and occur in different crops during both pre-harvest and post-harvest conditions. The contamination and occurrence of mycotoxins currently represent some of the major issues in the entire agri-food system. The quantification of mycotoxins in different feeds and foodstuffs is extremely difficult because of the low concentration ranges; therefore, both sample collection and preparation are essential to providing accurate detection and reliable quantification. Currently, several analytical methods are available for the detection of mycotoxins in both feed and food products, and liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) represents the most reliable instrumental approach. In particular, the fast development of high-throughput methods has made it possible to screen and analyze, in the same analytical run and with high accuracy, multiple mycotoxins, such as those regulated, masked, or modified, and emerging ones. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide an overview of the state of the art of mycotoxins occurrence, health-related concerns, and analyses, discussing the need to perform multi-screening approaches combined with omics technologies to simultaneously analyze several mycotoxins in different feed and food matrices. This approach is expected to provide more comprehensive information about the profile and distribution of emerging mycotoxins, thus enhancing the understanding of their co-occurrence and impact on the entire production chain. Full article

Stone matrix asphalt and asphalt concrete mixture with 13.2 mm nominal maximum aggregate size (named SMA13 and AC13, respectively) are widely used in the surface course of asphalt pavement in China. Generally, the pavement performance of SMA13 is superior to that of AC13, while the cost of the former is significantly higher than that of the latter. The objective of this paper was to develop a new hot mix asphalt (named SMAC13) whose performance and cost are between SMA13 and AC13. A boundary sieve size (BSS) of 2.36 mm was selected between fine and coarse aggregates. Based on the union set of aggregate gradation ranges of SMA13 and AC13, the family of gradation curves in the forms of S shapes were designed in terms of the BSS passing rate. According to the evaluation of the skeleton interlock of coarse aggregate of the gradation curve family, the aggregate gradation range of SMAC13 was determined. Also, the performance of three kinds of asphalt mixtures were compared through laboratory tests. The results indicated that SMA13 shows the best rutting resistance, followed by SMAC13 then AC13, while in terms of low-temperature performance in resistance to cracking, the sequence is SMAC13, AC13, and SMA13. The sequence of water stability is AC13, SMAC13, and SMA13. Furthermore, the cost of SMAC13 is 25% less than that of SMA13. Therefore, SMAC13 can be used as an alternative for the surface course of asphalt pavement in terms of performance and cost. Full article

Background: Non-seminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCTs) represent a rare yet the most prevalent malignancy among young men. Bone metastases (BMs) are exceedingly uncommon in this neoplasm, and available data regarding the initial disease presentation, survival outcomes, and prognostic significance of BMs are limited. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 40 NSGCT patients with BMs treated between 2001 and 2021 in our tertiary care center. The cohort was stratified into synchronous (n = 29) and metachronous (n = 11) groups based on the presence of BM at diagnosis or only at relapse, respectively. We assessed overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), disease presentation, and treatments. Results: After a median follow-up of 93 months, the 5-year PFS and OS rates were 37.6% and 53.9% in the synchronous group and 18.2% and 36.4% in the metachronous group, respectively. At the initial diagnosis, most patients were classified into the IGCCCG poor prognostic group (n = 34, 85%). BMs were mostly asymptomatic (n = 23, 57.5%), involved the spine (n = 37, 92.5%), and could become visible only after disease response (n = 4, 10%). A pathological examination of resected bone lesions after first-line treatment revealed necrosis (n = 5, 71.4%), teratoma, or seminoma (both n = 1, 14.3%). At first relapse, eight patients in the synchronous group did not experience bone recurrence, while eight patients experienced recurrence at the initial affected bone site. Conclusions: In NSGCT patients, BMs often present asymptomatically and may initially be unnoticed. However, these patients may have a poorer prognosis compared to those in the IGCCCG poor prognostic group. Further studies including control groups are needed to assess the independent prognostic significance of BMs. Full article

SARS-CoV-2 infection ranges from mild to severe presentations, according to the intensity of the aberrant inflammatory response. Purinergic receptors dually control the inflammatory response: while adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs) are anti-inflammatory, ATP P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs) exert pro-inflammatory effects. The aim of this study was to assess if there were differences in allelic and genotypic frequencies of a loss-of-function SNP of ADORA2A (rs2298383) and a gain-of-function single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of P2RX7 (rs208294) in the severity of SARS-CoV-2-associated infection. Fifty-five individuals were enrolled and categorized according to the severity of the infection. Endpoint genotyping was performed in blood cells to screen for both SNPs. The TT genotype (vs. CT + CC) and the T allele (vs. C allele) of P2RX7 SNP were found to be associated with more severe forms of COVID-19, whereas the association between ADORA2A SNP and the severity of infection was not significantly different. The T allele of P2RX7 SNP was more frequent in people with more than one comorbidity and with cardiovascular conditions and was associated with colorectal cancer. Our findings suggest a more prominent role of P2X7R rather than of A2AR polymorphisms in SARS-CoV-2 infection, although larger population-based studies should be performed to validate our conclusions. Full article

This study investigates the effects of a self-administered eye exercise (SEE) program on the balance and gait ability of chronic stroke patients hospitalized due to hemiplegia. This study includes 42 patients diagnosed with stroke-related hemiplegia and hospitalized at D Rehabilitation Hospital. The researcher randomly allocated 42 patients into two groups: the experimental group (EG, n = 21, mean age = 58.14 ± 7.69 years, mean BMI = 22.83 ± 2.19 kg/m²) and the control group (CG, n = 21, mean age = 58.57 ± 6.53 years, mean BMI = 22.81 ± 2.36 kg/m²). The SEE program was applied to the EG and the general self-administered exercise (SE) program was applied to the CG. After 4 weeks of intervention, weight distribution of the affected side, the Timed Up and Go test (TUG), step length of the affected side, step length of the unaffected side, gait speed, and cadence were analyzed and compared. In the within-group comparison, both groups showed significant differences in weight distribution (p < 0.05), TUG (p < 0.05), step length of the affected side (p < 0.05), step length of the unaffected side (p < 0.05), gait speed (p < 0.05), and cadence (p < 0.05). In the between-group comparison, a significant difference in the TUG (p < 0.05) was observed. The SEE program had an overall similar effect to the SE program in improving the balance and gait ability of chronic stroke patients, and had a greater effect on dynamic balance ability. Therefore, the SEE program can be proposed as a self-administered exercise program to improve balance and gait ability in stroke patients who are too weak to perform the SE program in a clinical environment or have a high risk of falling. Full article

Background: Unbalances in the gut microbiota have been proposed as a possible cause of esophageal cancer (ESCA), yet the exact causal relationship remains unclear. Purpose: To investigate the potential causal relationship between the gut microbiota and ESCA with Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Methods: Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of 207 gut microbial taxa (5 phyla, 10 classes, 13 orders, 26 families, 48 genera, and 105 species) and 205 gut microbiota metabolic pathways conducted by the Dutch Microbiome Project (DMP) and a FinnGen cohort GWAS of esophageal cancer specified the summary statistics. To investigate the possibility of a mediation effect between the gut microbiota and ESCA, mediation MR analyses were performed for 1091 blood metabolites and 309 metabolite ratios. Results: MR analysis indicated that the relative abundance of 10 gut microbial taxa was associated with ESCA but all the 12 gut microbiota metabolic pathways with ESCA indicated no statistically significant association existing. Two blood metabolites and a metabolite ratio were discovered to be mediating factors in the pathway from gut microbiota to ESCA. Conclusion: This research indicated the potential mediating effects of blood metabolites and offered genetic evidence in favor of a causal correlation between gut microbiota and ESCA. Full article

Under the effect of the Rosenblatt process, time-delay systems of nonlinear stochastic delay differential equations are considered. Utilizing the delayed matrix functions and exact solutions for these systems, the existence and Hyers–Ulam stability results are derived. First, depending on the fixed point theory, the existence and uniqueness of solutions are proven. Next, sufficient criteria for the Hyers–Ulam stability are established. Ultimately, to illustrate the importance of the results, an example is provided. Full article

To obtain more sustainable and active food packaging materials, PHBV films containing 5% wt. of phenolic compounds with different molecular structures (ferulic acid, vanillin, and catechin) and proved antioxidant and antimicrobial properties were obtained by melt blending and compression molding. These were characterized by their structural, mechanical, barrier, and optical properties, as well as the polymer crystallization, thermal stability, and component migration in different food simulants. Phenolic compounds were homogenously integrated within the polymer matrix, affecting the film properties differently. Ferulic acid, and mainly catechin, had an anti-plasticizing effect (increasing the polymer glass transition temperature), decreasing the film extensibility and the resistance to breaking, with slight changes in the elastic modulus. In contrast, vanillin provoked a plasticizing effect, decreasing the elastic modulus without notable changes in the film extensibility while increasing the water vapor permeability. All phenolic compounds, mainly catechin, improved the oxygen barrier capacity of PHBV films and interfered with the polymer crystallization, reducing the melting point and crystallinity degree. The thermal stability of the material was little affected by the incorporation of phenols. The migration of passive components of the different PHBV films was lower than the overall migration limit in every simulant. Phenolic compounds were released to a different extent depending on their thermo-sensitivity, which affected their final content in the film, their bonding forces in the polymer matrix, and the simulant polarity. Their effective release in real foods will determine their active action for food preservation. Catechin was the best preserved, while ferulic acid was the most released. Full article

The overall 5-year survival rate of ovarian cancer (OC) is generally low as the disease is often diagnosed at an advanced stage of progression. To save lives, OC must be identified in its early stages when treatment is most effective. Early-stage OC causes the upregulation of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), making the molecule a promising biomarker for early-stage detection. An LPA assay can additionally stage the disease since LPA levels increase with OC progression. This work presents two methods that demonstrate the prospective application for detecting LPA: the electromagnetic piezoelectric acoustic sensor (EMPAS) and a chemiluminescence-based iron oxide nanoparticle (IONP) approach. Both methods incorporate the protein complex gelsolin–actin, which enables testing for detection of the biomarker as the binding of LPA to the complex results in the separation of gelsolin from actin. The EMPAS was characterized with contact angle goniometry and atomic force microscopy, while gelsolin–actin-functionalized IONPs were characterized with transmission electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In addition to characterization, LPA detection was demonstrated as a proof-of-concept in Milli-Q water, buffer, or human serum, highlighting various LPA assays that can be developed for the early-stage detection of OC. Full article

Understanding the impact of cancer on the experience of time is crucial in the context of hope and recovery. This study, a follow-up to a previous qualitative study of ovarian cancer patients – explored two types of such experiences—the memory of past happiness and the limited future planning. A sociodemographic questionnaire with nine questions about the experience of time was used on a convenience sample of 202 patients with various cancers, predominantly women with breast, ovarian, and cervical cancer. It was found that the respondents experienced increased focus on the present, decreased focus on the future, and a sense of unpredictability, with a relatively short temporal horizon measured in weeks and months, not years. Almost half of the respondents (46%) measured time during treatment by the rhythm of chemotherapy and check-ups, which thus appeared as the most meaningful events. The increase in the frequency with which patients underwent chemotherapy mildly affected their focus on the present (R = 0.25, p < 0.05), likely because of the discomfort of the side effects. The correlations between age and time in treatment, on the one hand, and the experience of time, on the other, were negligible. Changed temporal experience during chemotherapy is a factor that can have an impact on patients’ well-being and ability to cope with the disease. It thus should be taken into account when planning oncology care. Full article

The main purpose of this study was to develop observation techniques and processing technology for the electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM) of sapphire wafers. To measure the effect of gas-film thickness, discharge-spark conditions, and droplet sliding frequency on machining quality and efficiency in ECDM, this research utilized high-speed cameras to observe the gas film thickness and formation of the gas film during ECDM. Additionally, this study observed the machining-gap phenomena during ECDM. The formation mechanism and machining characteristics of the gas film were understood through experiments. The machining parameters included the liquid level, working voltage, rotation speed, and duty factor. This study analyzed and discussed the effect of each machining parameter on the gas-film thickness, current, electrode consumption, and droplet sliding frequency. Moreover, this study aimed to obtain optimized machining parameters to overcome the difficulty of machining sapphire. The experimental results indicated that utilizing a high-speed camera to capture the phenomena between electrodes during electrochemical discharge could effectively observe the gas-film thickness and the coverage of the gas film. A higher bubble coalescence rate enhanced the machining capability and reduced the lateral discharge. Therefore, this study could obtain better machining-hole depths through observation and analysis to improve gas-film stability and machining capability. This study demonstrated that a liquid level of 700 µm, a working voltage of 48 V, a duty factor of 50%, and a tool electrode rotational speed of 200 rpm could achieve a hole depth of 86.7 µm and a hole diameter of 129.5 µm. Full article

Ship detection and identification play pivotal roles in ensuring navigation safety and facilitating efficient maritime traffic management. Aiming at ship detection in complex environments, which often faces problems such as the dense occlusion of ship targets, low detection accuracy, and variable environmental conditions, in this paper, we propose a ship detection algorithm CSD-YOLO (Context guided block module, Slim-neck, Deformable large kernel attention-You Only Look Once) based on the deformable large kernel attention (D-LKA) mechanism, which was improved based on YOLOv8 to enhance its performance. This approach integrates several innovations to bolster its performance. Initially, the utilization of the Context Guided Block module (CG block) enhanced the c2f module of the backbone network, thereby augmenting the feature extraction capabilities and enabling a more precise capture of the key image information. Subsequently, the introduction of a novel neck architecture and the incorporation of the slim-neck module facilitated more effective feature fusion, thereby enhancing both the accuracy and efficiency of detection. Furthermore, the algorithm incorporates a D-LKA mechanism to dynamically adjust the convolution kernel shape and size, thereby enhancing the model’s adaptability to varying ship target shapes and sizes. To address data scarcity in complex marine environments, the experiments utilized a fused dataset comprising the SeaShips dataset and a proprietary dataset. The experimental results demonstrate that the CSD-YOLO algorithm outperformed the YOLOv8n algorithm across all model evaluation metrics. Specifically, the precision rate (precision) was 91.5%, the recall rate (recall) was 89.5%, and the mean accuracy (mAP) was 91.5%. Compared to the benchmark algorithm, the Recall was improved by 0.7% and the mAP was improved by 0.4%. These results indicate that the CSD-YOLO algorithm can effectively meet the requirements for ship target recognition and tracking in complex marine environments. Full article

The artificially submerged cavitation water jet is effectively utilized by ejecting a high-pressure water stream into a low-pressure water stream through concentric nozzles and utilizing the cavitation phenomenon generated by the shear layer formed between the two streams. In this study, we investigated the cavitation characteristics of artificially submerged cavitation water jets by combining numerical simulations and erosion experiments. The results indicate that an appropriate standoff distance can generate more cavitation clouds on the workpiece surface, and the erosion characteristics of the artificially submerged cavitation water jet are most pronounced at a dimensionless standoff distance of S_D = 30. The shear effect formed between the two jets plays a crucial role in generating initial cavitation bubbles within the flow field of the artificially submerged cavitation water jet. Moreover, increasing the convergent angle between the two jets can significantly enhance the cavitation effect between them and lead to a more substantial cavitation effect. Simultaneously, increasing the pressure of the high-pressure inner nozzle also contributes to enhancing the cavitation effect of the artificially submerged cavitation water jet. Full article

Tuberous sclerosis is a rare genetic disorder involving mainly the nervous and cardiovascular systems. The early recognition of the cardiovascular manifestations by the pediatrician allows an appropriate management and therefore enhances the quality of life of the affected children. Cardiac rhabdomyomas and the associated arrhythmias are the first cardiac features and they might represent a diagnosis challenge given their wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. We aimed to provide the paediatric practitioners with current knowledge regarding the cardiovascular complications in children with tuberous sclerosis. We overviewed the antenatal and postnatal evolution of cardiovascular manifestations, the systematic screening and long-term follow-up strategy of cardiac rhabdomyomas and arrhythmias in children with tuberous sclerosis. Full article

Background: Breastfeeding could improve a child’s health early on, but its long-term effects on childhood behavioral and emotional development remain inconclusive. We aimed to estimate the associations of feeding practice with childhood behavioral and emotional development. Methods: In this population-based birth cohort study, data on feeding patterns for the first 6 mo of life, the duration of breastfeeding, and children’s emotional and behavioral outcomes were prospectively collected from 2489 mother–child dyads. Feeding patterns for the first 6 mo included exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and non-exclusive breastfeeding (non-EBF, including mixed feeding or formula feeding), and the duration of breastfeeding (EBF or mixed feeding) was categorized into ≤6 mo, 7–12 mo, 13–18 mo, and >18 mo. Externalizing problems and internalizing problems were assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and operationalized according to recommended clinical cutoffs, corresponding to T scores ≥64. Multivariable linear regression and logistic regression were used to evaluate the association of feeding practice with CBCL outcomes. Results: The median (interquartile range) age of children at the outcome measurement was 32.0 (17.0) mo. Compared with non-EBF for the first 6 mo, EBF was associated with a lower T score of internalizing problems [adjusted mean difference (aMD): −1.31; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): −2.53, −0.10], and it was marginally associated with T scores of externalizing problems (aMD: −0.88; 95% CI: −1.92, 0.15). When dichotomized, EBF versus non-EBF was associated with a lower risk of externalizing problems (aOR: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.34, 0.87), and it was marginally associated with internalizing problems (aOR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.54, 1.06). Regarding the duration of breastfeeding, breastfeeding for 13–18 mo versus ≤6 mo was associated with lower T scores of internalizing problems (aMD: −2.50; 95% CI: −4.43, −0.56) and externalizing problems (aMD: −2.75; 95% CI: −4.40, −1.10), and breastfeeding for >18 mo versus ≤6 mo was associated with lower T scores of externalizing problems (aMD: −1.88; 95% CI: −3.68, −0.08). When dichotomized, breastfeeding for periods of 7–12 mo, 13–18 mo, and >18 mo was associated with lower risks of externalizing problems [aOR (95% CI): 0.96 (0.92, 0.99), 0.94 (0.91, 0.98), 0.96 (0.92, 0.99), respectively]. Conclusions: Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 mo and a longer duration of breastfeeding, exclusively or partially, are beneficial for childhood behavioral and emotional development. Full article