The 2023 MDPI Annual Report has
been released!
 
15 pages, 3588 KiB  
Article
Phenotypic and Genotypic Features of the FAN1 Mutation-Related Disease in a Large Hungarian Family
by Ildikó Császár, Tibor Kalmár, Zoltán Maróti, János Ávéd, Edit Szederkényi, János Zombori, Gabriella Pankotai-Bodó, Sándor Turkevi-Nagy and Béla Iványi
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(11), 5907; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25115907 (registering DOI) - 29 May 2024
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in the FAN1 gene lead to a systemic disease with karyomegalic interstitial nephritis (KIN) at the forefront clinically. The phenotypic–genotypic features of a FAN1 mutation-related disease involving five members of a Hungarian Caucasian family are presented. Each had adult-onset chronic kidney [...] Read more.
Pathogenic variants in the FAN1 gene lead to a systemic disease with karyomegalic interstitial nephritis (KIN) at the forefront clinically. The phenotypic–genotypic features of a FAN1 mutation-related disease involving five members of a Hungarian Caucasian family are presented. Each had adult-onset chronic kidney disease of unknown cause treated with renal replacement therapy and elevated liver enzymes. Short stature, emaciation, latte-colored skin, freckles, and a hawk-like nose in four patients, a limited intellect in two patients, and chronic restrictive lung disease in one patient completed the phenotype. Severe infections occurred in four patients. All five patients had ceased. Four patients underwent autopsy. KIN and extrarenal karyomegaly were observed histologically; the livers showed no specific abnormality. The genotyping using formalin-fixed tissue samples detected a hitherto undescribed homozygous FAN1 mutation (c.1673_1674insT/p.Met558lfs*4; exon 5) in three of these patients and a heterozygous FAN1 mutation in one patient. The reason for the heterozygosity is discussed. In addition, 56 family members consented to the screening for FAN1 mutation from which 17 individuals proved to be heterozygous carriers; a blood chemistry evaluation of their kidney and liver function did not find any abnormality. The clinical presentation of FAN1-related disease was multifaceted, and not yet described manifestations were observed besides kidney and liver disease. Mutation in this gene should be suspected in adults with small kidneys of unknown cause, elevated liver enzymes, and recurrent infections, even without a family history. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renal Dysfunction, Uremic Compounds, and Other Factors 2.0)
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13 pages, 296 KiB  
Article
Skew Cyclic and Skew Constacyclic Codes over a Mixed Alphabet
by Karthick Gowdhaman, Cruz Mohan, Chinnapillai Durairajan, Selda Çalkavur and Patrick Solé
Axioms 2024, 13(6), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms13060360 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
In this note, we study skew cyclic and skew constacyclic codes over the mixed alphabet R=FqR1R2, where q=pm, p is an odd prime with m odd and [...] Read more.
In this note, we study skew cyclic and skew constacyclic codes over the mixed alphabet R=FqR1R2, where q=pm, p is an odd prime with m odd and R1=Fq+uFq with u2=u, and R2=Fq+uFq+vFq with u2=u,v2=v,uv=vu=0. Such codes consist of the juxtaposition of three codes of the same size over Fq,R1, and R2, respectively. We investigate the generator polynomial for skew cyclic codes over R. Furthermore, we discuss the structural properties of the skew cyclic and skew constacyclic codes over R. We also study their q-ary images under suitable Gray maps. Full article
16 pages, 1657 KiB  
Article
Modeling of Ethiopian Beef Meat Marbling Score Using Image Processing for Rapid Meat Grading
by Tariku Erena, Abera Belay, Demelash Hailu, Bezuayehu Gutema Asefa, Mulatu Geleta and Tesfaye Deme
J. Imaging 2024, 10(6), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10060130 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
Meat characterized by a high marbling value is typically anticipated to display enhanced sensory attributes. This study aimed to predict the marbling scores of rib-eye, steaks sourced from the Longissimus dorsi muscle of different cattle types, namely Boran, Senga, and Sheko, by employing [...] Read more.
Meat characterized by a high marbling value is typically anticipated to display enhanced sensory attributes. This study aimed to predict the marbling scores of rib-eye, steaks sourced from the Longissimus dorsi muscle of different cattle types, namely Boran, Senga, and Sheko, by employing digital image processing and machine-learning algorithms. Marbling was analyzed using digital image processing coupled with an extreme gradient boosting (GBoost) machine learning algorithm. Meat texture was assessed using a universal texture analyzer. Sensory characteristics of beef were evaluated through quantitative descriptive analysis with a trained panel of twenty. Using selected image features from digital image processing, the marbling score was predicted with R2 (prediction) = 0.83. Boran cattle had the highest fat content in sirloin and chuck cuts (12.68% and 12.40%, respectively), followed by Senga (11.59% and 11.56%) and Sheko (11.40% and 11.17%). Tenderness scores for sirloin and chuck cuts differed among the three breeds: Boran (7.06 ± 2.75 and 3.81 ± 2.24, respectively), Senga (5.54 ± 1.90 and 5.25 ± 2.47), and Sheko (5.43 ± 2.76 and 6.33 ± 2.28 Nmm). Sheko and Senga had similar sensory attributes. Marbling scores were higher in Boran (4.28 ± 1.43 and 3.68 ± 1.21) and Senga (2.88 ± 0.69 and 2.83 ± 0.98) compared to Sheko (2.73 ± 1.28 and 2.90 ± 1.52). The study achieved a remarkable milestone in developing a digital tool for predicting marbling scores of Ethiopian beef breeds. Furthermore, the relationship between quality attributes and beef marbling score has been verified. After further validation, the output of this research can be utilized in the meat industry and quality control authorities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Image and Video Processing)
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27 pages, 50593 KiB  
Article
A Dual-Layer Complex Network-Based Quantitative Flood Vulnerability Assessment Method of Transportation Systems
by Jiayu Ding, Yuewei Wang and Chaoyue Li
Land 2024, 13(6), 753; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13060753 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
Evaluating the vulnerability of urban transportation systems to flood disasters can provide scientific support for urban disaster prevention and mitigation. Current methods for assessing the flood vulnerability of urban roads often overlook the internal relationships within the complex spatial composition of road networks [...] Read more.
Evaluating the vulnerability of urban transportation systems to flood disasters can provide scientific support for urban disaster prevention and mitigation. Current methods for assessing the flood vulnerability of urban roads often overlook the internal relationships within the complex spatial composition of road networks and surface structures. In this study, based on the theory of complex networks, a dual-layer network assessment model is established for evaluating the flood vulnerability of urban transportation systems by coupling basic geographic data with road network vector data. Unlike traditional methods, this model considers the complex relationship between road network structures and ground surfaces, uncovering a correlation between road network structure and road flood vulnerability. By utilizing this model, the flood vulnerability of road networks in Shenzhen, as well as the city’s spatial flood vulnerability, are quantitatively assessed. Based on the quantitative results, we create maps illustrating the distribution of road and spatial flood vulnerability in Shenzhen. The study results reflect that roads highly vulnerable to flooding are mainly located in the central urban area of the southwest, with the flood vulnerability spatially concentrated primarily in the northern and western regions. Using data from government reports, news stories, and other sources over the past five years, we compile recorded instances of urban waterlogging. The quantitative results of the model are consistent with the distribution trend in recorded waterlogging points, indicating that the model’s outcomes are authentic and reliable. Full article
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31 pages, 2186 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Impact of Recycled Building Materials on Environmental Sustainability and Energy Efficiency: A Comprehensive Framework for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions
by Amjad Almusaed, Ibrahim Yitmen, Jonn Are Myhren and Asaad Almssad
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1566; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061566 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
In this study, we critically examine the potential of recycled construction materials, focusing on how these materials can significantly reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy usage in the construction sector. By adopting an integrated approach that combines Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and [...] Read more.
In this study, we critically examine the potential of recycled construction materials, focusing on how these materials can significantly reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy usage in the construction sector. By adopting an integrated approach that combines Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Material Flow Analysis (MFA) within the circular economy framework, we thoroughly examine the lifecycle environmental performance of these materials. Our findings reveal a promising future where incorporating recycled materials in construction can significantly lower GHG emissions and conserve energy. This underscores their crucial role in advancing sustainable construction practices. Moreover, our study emphasizes the need for robust regulatory frameworks and technological innovations to enhance the adoption of environmentally responsible practices. We encourage policymakers, industry stakeholders, and the academic community to collaborate and promote the adoption of a circular economy strategy in the building sector. Our research contributes to the ongoing discussion on sustainable construction, offering evidence-based insights that can inform future policies and initiatives to improve environmental stewardship in the construction industry. This study aligns with the European Union’s objectives of achieving climate-neutral cities by 2030 and the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals outlined for completion by 2030. Overall, this paper contributes to the ongoing dialogue on sustainable construction, providing a fact-driven basis for future policy and initiatives to enhance environmental stewardship in the industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
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12 pages, 3022 KiB  
Article
Antibiotic Resistance in Enterococci and Enterobacteriaceae from Laboratory-Reared Fresh Mealworm Larvae (Tenebrio molitor L.) and Their Frass
by Barbara Turchi, Simone Mancini, Francesca Pedonese, Ilaria Resci, Beatrice Torracca, Francesca Marconi, Chiara Barone, Roberta Nuvoloni and Filippo Fratini
Pathogens 2024, 13(6), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13060456 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
The occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in foodstuff involves a human health risk. Edible insects are a precious resource; however, their consumption raises food safety issues. In this study, the occurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in laboratory-reared fresh mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor L.) [...] Read more.
The occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in foodstuff involves a human health risk. Edible insects are a precious resource; however, their consumption raises food safety issues. In this study, the occurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in laboratory-reared fresh mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor L.) and frass was assessed. Antibiotics were not used during the rearing. Enterobacteriaceae and enterococci were isolated from 17 larvae and eight frass samples. In total, 62 and 69 isolates presumed to belong to Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus spp., respectively, were obtained and tested for antibiotic susceptibility via disk diffusion. Based on the results, isolates were grouped, and representative resistant isolates were identified at species level through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. For enterococci resistance, percentages higher than 15% were observed for vancomycin and quinupristin–dalfopristin, whereas Enterobacteriaceae resistance higher than 25% was found against cefoxitin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin–clavulanic acid. Based on the species identification, the observed resistances seemed to be intrinsic both for enterococci and Enterobacteriaceae, except for some β-lactams resistance in Shigella boydii (cefoxitin and aztreonam). These could be due to transferable genetic elements. This study suggests the need for further investigations to clarify the role of edible insects in the spreading of antibiotic resistance determinants through the food chain. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Bacterial Pathogens)
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15 pages, 3137 KiB  
Article
Anorectal Manometry in Pediatric Colorectal Surgical Care
by Justin C. Wheeler, Scott S. Short and Michael D. Rollins
Children 2024, 11(6), 654; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11060654 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
Background: Pediatric colorectal specialists care for patients with a variety of defecation disorders. Anorectal (AR) manometry testing is a valuable tool in the diagnosis and management of these children. This paper provides a summary of AR manometry techniques and applications as well as [...] Read more.
Background: Pediatric colorectal specialists care for patients with a variety of defecation disorders. Anorectal (AR) manometry testing is a valuable tool in the diagnosis and management of these children. This paper provides a summary of AR manometry techniques and applications as well as a review of AR manometry findings in pediatric patients with severe defecation disorders referred to a pediatric colorectal center. This is the first study describing multi-year experience using a portable AR manometry device in pediatric patients. Methods: An electronic medical record review was performed (1/2018 to 12/2023) of pediatric patients with defecation disorders who had AR manometry testing. Demographics, diagnostic findings, and outcomes are described. Key Results: A total of 297 unique patients (56.9% male, n = 169) had AR manometry testing. Of these, 72% (n = 188) had dyssynergic defecation patterns, of which 67.6% (n = 127) had fecal soiling prior to treatment. Pelvic rehabilitation (PR) was administered to 35.4% (n = 105) of all patients. A total of 79.5% (n = 58) of the 73 patients that had fecal soiling at initial presentation and completed PR with physical therapy and a bowel management program were continent after therapy. AR manometry was well tolerated, with no major complications. Conclusions: AR manometry is a simple test that can help guide the management of pediatric colorectal surgical patients with defecation disorders. As a secondary finding, PR is a useful treatment for patients with dyssynergic stooling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Pediatric Colorectal Surgery)
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18 pages, 757 KiB  
Article
Viscoelastic Hertzian Impact
by Ivan Argatov
Lubricants 2024, 12(6), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12060193 (registering DOI) - 28 May 2024
Abstract
The problem of normal impact of a rigid sphere on a Maxwell viscoelastic solid half-space is considered. The first-order asymptotic solution is constructed in the framework of Hunter’s model of viscoelastic impact. In particular, simple analytical approximations have been derived for the maximum [...] Read more.
The problem of normal impact of a rigid sphere on a Maxwell viscoelastic solid half-space is considered. The first-order asymptotic solution is constructed in the framework of Hunter’s model of viscoelastic impact. In particular, simple analytical approximations have been derived for the maximum contact force and the time to achieve it. A linear regression method is suggested for evaluating the instantaneous elastic modulus and the mean relaxation time from a set of experimental data collected for different spherical impactors and impact velocities. Full article
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15 pages, 1686 KiB  
Article
Food Web Structure and Ecosystem Functions of the Water Source in the Middle Route of China’s South-to-North Water Diversion Project
by Yuanyuan Zhang, Kaidi Gu, Xinyu Wang, Ji’ao Zhang, Jiaoyang Duan, Zhongjun Hu and Qigen Liu
Fishes 2024, 9(6), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060202 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
The Danjiangkou Reservoir is the water source of the middle route of China’s South-to-North Water Diversion Project, encompassing the Dan Reservoir and Han Reservoir. However, little is known about the ecological functions of this important ecosystem. Based on a survey conducted in 2023 [...] Read more.
The Danjiangkou Reservoir is the water source of the middle route of China’s South-to-North Water Diversion Project, encompassing the Dan Reservoir and Han Reservoir. However, little is known about the ecological functions of this important ecosystem. Based on a survey conducted in 2023 in the Dan Reservoir, a mass balance model was constructed using Ecopath with Ecosim 6.6 software to characterize its food web structure and ecosystem properties. The model consisted of 18 functional groups, including producers, consumers, and detritus, covering the entire process of energy flow in the ecosystem. The outputs indicated that the fractional trophic level of functional groups in the Dan Reservoir ecosystem ranged from 1.00 to 3.50. The ecotrophic efficiencies of the main economic fish species were all less than 0.9, and the ecotrophic efficiencies of phytoplankton and detritus were less than 0.5. There were two main food chains: the detritus food chain (39%) and the grazing food chain (61%). The total energy transfer efficiency between trophic levels was only 6.02%, and there was a significant phenomenon of energy transfer blockage between trophic levels II and V. Analysis of the overall characteristics of the ecosystem revealed that the total primary production to total biomass (67.96619), connectance index (0.274), and Finn’s cycling index (2.856) of the Dan Reservoir ecosystem all indicate that the ecosystem is immature, with low nutrient recycling efficiency and poor resistance to external disturbances. This may be related to the low proportion of silver carp and bighead carp in the reservoir and the unreasonable structure of the fish community. Our results suggest that it is necessary to scientifically adjust the structure of the fish community, enhance the proportion of filter-feeding and omnivorous fish to improve the energy flow efficiency, and promote the maturity and stability of the Dan Reservoir. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Ecology)
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12 pages, 1276 KiB  
Article
ABCD2-I Score Predicts Unplanned Emergency Department Revisits within 72 Hours Due to Recurrent Acute Ischemic Stroke
by Wei-Zhen Lu, Hui-An Lin, Sen-Kuang Hou and Sheng-Feng Lin
Diagnostics 2024, 14(11), 1118; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14111118 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
Background: the ABCD2 score is valuable for predicting early stroke recurrence after a transient ischemic attack (TIA), and Doppler ultrasound can aid in expediting stroke triage. The study aimed to investigate whether combining the ABCD2 score with carotid duplex results can enhance the [...] Read more.
Background: the ABCD2 score is valuable for predicting early stroke recurrence after a transient ischemic attack (TIA), and Doppler ultrasound can aid in expediting stroke triage. The study aimed to investigate whether combining the ABCD2 score with carotid duplex results can enhance the identification of early acute ischemic stroke after TIA. Methods: we employed a retrospective cohort design for this study, enrolling patients diagnosed with TIA who were discharged from the emergency department (ED). The modified ABCD2-I (c50) score, which incorporates a Doppler ultrasound assessment of internal carotid artery stenosis > 50%, was used to evaluate the risk of acute ischemic stroke within 72 h. Patients were categorized into three risk groups: low risk (with ABCD2 and ABCD2-I scores = 0–4), moderate risk (ABCD2 score = 4–5 and ABCD2-I score = 5–7), and high risk (ABCD2 score = 6–7 and ABCD2-I score = 8–9). Results: between 1 January 2014, and 31 December 2019, 1124 patients with new neurological deficits were screened, with 151 TIA patients discharged from the ED and included in the analysis. Cox proportional hazards analysis showed that patients in the high-risk group, as per the ABCD2-I (c50) score, were significantly associated with revisiting the ED within 72 h due to acute ischemic stroke (HR: 3.12, 95% CI: 1.31–7.41, p = 0.0102), while the ABCD2 alone did not show significant association (HR: 1.12, 95% CI: 0.57–2.22, p = 0.7427). Conclusion: ABCD2-I (c50) scores effectively predict early acute ischemic stroke presentations to the ED within 72 h after TIA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Cerebrovascular Imaging and Interventions)
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18 pages, 26070 KiB  
Article
Vertical Balance of an Autonomous Two-Wheeled Single-Track Electric Vehicle
by David Rodríguez-Rosa, Andrea Martín-Parra, Andrés García-Vanegas, Francisco Moya-Fernández, Ismael Payo-Gutiérrez and Fernando J. Castillo-García
Technologies 2024, 12(6), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies12060076 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
In the dynamic landscape of autonomous transport, the integration of intelligent transport systems and embedded control technology is pivotal. While strides have been made in the development of autonomous agents and multi-agent systems, the unique challenges posed by two-wheeled vehicles remain largely unaddressed. [...] Read more.
In the dynamic landscape of autonomous transport, the integration of intelligent transport systems and embedded control technology is pivotal. While strides have been made in the development of autonomous agents and multi-agent systems, the unique challenges posed by two-wheeled vehicles remain largely unaddressed. Dedicated control strategies for these vehicles have yet to be developed. The vertical balance of an autonomous two-wheeled single-track vehicle is a challenge for engineering. This type of vehicle is unstable and its dynamic behaviour changes with the forward velocity. We designed a scheduled-gain proportional–integral controller that adapts its gains to the forward velocity, maintaining the vertical balance of the vehicle by means of the steering front-wheel angle. The control law was tested with a prototype designed by the authors under different scenarios, smooth and uneven floors, maintaining the vertical balance in all cases. Full article
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57 pages, 30286 KiB  
Review
Recent Trends of Authentication Methods in Extended Reality: A Survey
by Louisa Hallal, Jason Rhinelander and Ramesh Venkat
Appl. Syst. Innov. 2024, 7(3), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi7030045 (registering DOI) - 28 May 2024
Abstract
Extended Reality (XR) is increasingly gaining momentum in industries such as retail, health, and education. To protect users’ personal data, establishing a secure authentication system for XR devices becomes essential. Recently, the focus on authentication methods for XR devices has been limited. To [...] Read more.
Extended Reality (XR) is increasingly gaining momentum in industries such as retail, health, and education. To protect users’ personal data, establishing a secure authentication system for XR devices becomes essential. Recently, the focus on authentication methods for XR devices has been limited. To further our understanding of this topic, we surveyed authentication schemes, particularly systems and methods deployed in XR settings. In this survey, we focused on reviewing and evaluating papers published during the last decade (between 2014 and 2023). We compared knowledge-based authentication, physical biometrics, behavioral biometrics, and multi-model methods in terms of accuracy, security, and usability. We also highlighted the benefits and drawbacks of those methods. These highlights will direct future Human–computer Interaction (HCI) and security research to develop secure, reliable, and practical authentication systems. Full article
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11 pages, 1011 KiB  
Article
Phase II Trial of Romidepsin as Consolidation Therapy after Gemcitabine, Dexamethasone, and Cisplatin in Elderly Transplant-Ineligible Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma
by Satoshi Yamasaki, Hiroatsu Iida, Akio Saito, Morio Matsumoto, Yoshiaki Kuroda, Tohru Izumi, Akiko M. Saito, Hiroaki Miyoshi, Koichi Ohshima, Hirokazu Nagai and Hiromi Iwasaki
Hematol. Rep. 2024, 16(2), 336-346; https://doi.org/10.3390/hematolrep16020034 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
Romidepsin is an important therapeutic option for patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL). However, the timing of romidepsin administration remains controversial. The objective of this study was to characterize the safety and efficacy of romidepsin as consolidation therapy after gemcitabine, dexamethasone, and cisplatin [...] Read more.
Romidepsin is an important therapeutic option for patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL). However, the timing of romidepsin administration remains controversial. The objective of this study was to characterize the safety and efficacy of romidepsin as consolidation therapy after gemcitabine, dexamethasone, and cisplatin (GDP) therapy (GDPR). This study of patients treated between March 2019 and March 2021 was registered with the Japan Registry of Clinical Trials (registration number: jRCT0000000519). If complete response, partial response, or stable disease was confirmed after 2–4 GDP cycles, romidepsin was administered every 4 weeks for 1 year. Seven patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) PTCL (T-follicular helper phenotype [n = 1] and angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma [n = 6]) were included in this prospective study (PTCL-GDPR). After a median follow-up of 34 months of patients in PTCL-GDPR, the 2-year overall survival rate was 71%, and the overall response rate after treatment was 57%. Common adverse events in patients with PTCL-GDPR included hematological toxicities such as neutropenia, which improved with supportive treatment. There were no treatment-related mortalities. GDPR might be safe and effective in elderly transplant-ineligible patients with R/R PTCL; however, further investigation is required. Full article
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18 pages, 3159 KiB  
Review
Changing the Landscape of Solid Tumor Therapy from Apoptosis-Promoting to Apoptosis-Inhibiting Strategies
by Razmik Mirzayans
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(6), 5379-5396; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46060322 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
The many limitations of implementing anticancer strategies under the term “precision oncology” have been extensively discussed. While some authors propose promising future directions, others are less optimistic and use phrases such as illusion, hype, and false hypotheses. The reality is revealed by practicing [...] Read more.
The many limitations of implementing anticancer strategies under the term “precision oncology” have been extensively discussed. While some authors propose promising future directions, others are less optimistic and use phrases such as illusion, hype, and false hypotheses. The reality is revealed by practicing clinicians and cancer patients in various online publications, one of which has stated that “in the quest for the next cancer cure, few researchers bother to look back at the graveyard of failed medicines to figure out what went wrong”. The message is clear: Novel therapeutic strategies with catchy names (e.g., synthetic “lethality”) have not fulfilled their promises despite decades of extensive research and clinical trials. The main purpose of this review is to discuss key challenges in solid tumor therapy that surprisingly continue to be overlooked by the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) and numerous other authors. These challenges include: The impact of chemotherapy-induced genome chaos (e.g., multinucleation) on resistance and relapse, oncogenic function of caspase 3, cancer cell anastasis (recovery from late stages of apoptosis), and pitfalls of ubiquitously used preclinical chemosensitivity assays (e.g., cell “viability” and tumor growth delay studies in live animals) that score such pro-survival responses as “lethal” events. The studies outlined herein underscore the need for new directions in the management of solid tumors. Full article
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15 pages, 244 KiB  
Article
Popularity in Chinese Early Adolescents: A Focus Group Analysis
by Yan Li, Yunyi Long and Cixin Wang
Adolescents 2024, 4(2), 263-277; https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents4020019 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
Popularity is of great developmental significance to early adolescents for its implications on behavioral and adjustment outcomes. Although extensive research on popularity has been conducted in Western cultures, little is known about Chinese adolescents’ indigenous understanding of popularity. The current study examined Chinese [...] Read more.
Popularity is of great developmental significance to early adolescents for its implications on behavioral and adjustment outcomes. Although extensive research on popularity has been conducted in Western cultures, little is known about Chinese adolescents’ indigenous understanding of popularity. The current study examined Chinese early adolescents’ understanding of popularity using focus group interviews to explore the characteristics of popularity and unpopularity, as well as popularity determinants for boys and girls. We conducted interviews on six focus groups comprising 37 Chinese fifth and sixth graders (18 boys, 19 girls). Transcriptions were coded and analyzed through developing coding schemes that included emerged codes and categories. The results showed both cross-cultural similarities and culturally specific findings in adolescents’ perceptions of popularity characteristics and determinants. Specifically, sociability, academic performance, and prosocial behaviors served as major characteristics of popularity, whereas aggressive and disruptive behaviors were regarded as typical attributes of unpopularity. More importantly, culturally unique aspects of popularity characteristics were reported by Chinese adolescents, such as a strong sense of collective honor. When responding what would make a peer popular, Chinese early adolescents reported various behavioral, social, and cultural factors. Findings of this study underscore the importance of examining perceptions of popularity in consideration of the cultural context. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Emerging and Contemporary Issue in Adolescence)
17 pages, 1237 KiB  
Article
The Hidden Reserve of Nurses in The Netherlands: A Spatial Analysis
by Frits van Merode, Wim Groot, Catharina van Oostveen and Melline Somers
Nurs. Rep. 2024, 14(2), 1353-1369; https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep14020102 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
Worldwide, nurse shortages constitute a problem, including in the Netherlands. Every region in the country has a shortage of all types of nurses. At the same time, there are large hidden reserves: persons who have been trained as a nurse but do not [...] Read more.
Worldwide, nurse shortages constitute a problem, including in the Netherlands. Every region in the country has a shortage of all types of nurses. At the same time, there are large hidden reserves: persons who have been trained as a nurse but do not work in the healthcare sector. The size of the hidden reserve exceeds the shortage of nurses. Until now, the literature has not paid much attention to spatial aspects of the nursing shortage problem. In this paper, we analyze the size of the hidden reserves and how they are distributed over the country, across large and smaller cities, and across different nurse categories. We find that especially densely populated areas have relatively small shares of trained nurses as well as large hidden reserves relative to their population. These areas are also facing the largest nurse shortages. As nurse labor markets are local, policies that are more focused on local situations are necessary to activate these hidden reserves. Full article
12 pages, 3494 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Heating Oil and Tyre Pyrolysis Oil Combustion in an Evaporative Combustion Chamber
by István Péter Kondor
Fuels 2024, 5(2), 210-221; https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels5020012 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
This research aims to delve into the intricacies of combustion processes, specifically focusing on heating oil and a blend of heating oil with Tire Pyrolysis Oil (TPO) in a self-developed evaporative combustion chamber featuring steam injection. The primary objective is to scrutinize the [...] Read more.
This research aims to delve into the intricacies of combustion processes, specifically focusing on heating oil and a blend of heating oil with Tire Pyrolysis Oil (TPO) in a self-developed evaporative combustion chamber featuring steam injection. The primary objective is to scrutinize the impact of steam injection on the combustion dynamics. Conducting a series of tests, the investigation involved the meticulous manipulation of stoichiometric ratios while introducing ambient air through gravity fuel flow. Subsequent iterations of these tests incorporated the introduction of steam into the ambient air stream. The examination encompassed the combustion of both heating oil and the TPO blend within the combustion chamber. The evaluation criteria comprised an in-depth analysis of flame characteristics, temperature distribution within the combustion chamber, and the quantification of emissions such as particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and water vapor (H2O). Throughout the experimentation phase, commercially available diesel fuel served as the primary fuel source. To facilitate the tests, the combustion chamber under scrutiny was seamlessly integrated into an AVL engine test bench system. Essential parameters, including fuel consumption, were meticulously gauged using an AVL 735 fuel flow meter, while fuel temperature was monitored using the AVL 745 fuel temperature conditioning system. The intake air, a crucial element in the combustion process, was quantified with precision using an AVL Flowsonix sensor. Emission measurements were conducted meticulously using state-of-the-art equipment, with gaseous emissions analyzed using an AVL FTIR AMA i60 exhaust gas analyzer. Simultaneously, soot emissions were quantified through employment of an AVL Micro Soot sensor. This comprehensive approach not only delves into the fundamental aspects of combustion but also extends its reach to the exploration of innovative techniques, such as steam injection, to enhance combustion efficiency and reduce emissions. The integration of advanced measurement tools ensures a robust and thorough analysis of the combustion process and its environmental implications. Full article
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40 pages, 1511 KiB  
Article
TEOS-10 Equations for Determining the Lifted Condensation Level (LCL) and Climatic Feedback of Marine Clouds
by Rainer Feistel and Olaf Hellmuth
Oceans 2024, 5(2), 312-351; https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans5020020 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
At an energy flux imbalance of about 1 W m–2, the ocean stores 90% of the heat accumulating by global warming. However, neither the causes of this nor the responsible geophysical processes are sufficiently well understood. More detailed investigations of the [...] Read more.
At an energy flux imbalance of about 1 W m–2, the ocean stores 90% of the heat accumulating by global warming. However, neither the causes of this nor the responsible geophysical processes are sufficiently well understood. More detailed investigations of the different phenomena contributing to the oceanic energy balance are warranted. Here, the role of low-level marine clouds in the air–sea interaction is analysed. TEOS-10, the International Thermodynamic Equation of State of Seawater—2010, is exploited for a rigorous thermodynamic description of the climatic trends in the lifted condensation level (LCL) of the marine troposphere. Rising sea surface temperature (SST) at a constant relative humidity (RH) is elevating marine clouds, cooling the cloud base, and reducing downward thermal radiation. This LCL feedback effect is negative and counteracts ocean warming. At the current global mean SST of about 292 K, the net radiative heat flux from the ocean surface to the LCL cloud base is estimated to be 24 W m–2. Per degree of SST increase, this net flux is expected to be enhanced by almost 0.5 W m–2. The climatic LCL feedback effect is relevant for the ocean’s energy balance and may be rigorously thermodynamically modelled in terms of TEOS-10 equations. LCL height may serve as a remotely measured, sensitive estimate for the sea surface’s relative fugacity, or conventional relative humidity. Full article
14 pages, 474 KiB  
Article
Early Intervention in Septic Arthritis of the Hand, Optimizing Patient Outcomes in Hand Infections—A Five-Year Retrospective Study
by Florin-Vlad Hodea, Andreea Grosu-Bularda, Razvan Nicolae Teodoreanu, Andrei Cretu, Vladut-Alin Ratoiu, Ioan Lascar and Sorin-Cristian Hariga
Medicina 2024, 60(6), 895; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60060895 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Hand septic arthritis is a potentially debilitating condition that can significantly affect patient functionality and quality of life. Understanding the demographic, clinical, and microbiological characteristics of this condition is crucial for its effective treatment and management. : This study [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Hand septic arthritis is a potentially debilitating condition that can significantly affect patient functionality and quality of life. Understanding the demographic, clinical, and microbiological characteristics of this condition is crucial for its effective treatment and management. : This study aimed to analyze the demographic and clinical profiles of patients with hand septic arthritis, to identify common microbial pathogens, and to evaluate the impact of various factors on clinical course and treatment outcomes. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional retrospective study examined patients diagnosed with septic arthritis of the hand, focusing on their demographic data, clinical presentation, causative organisms, treatment methods, and outcomes. Data on age, sex, cause of infection, affected sites, surgical interventions, microbiological findings, and patient outcomes were also collected. Results: This study found a higher prevalence of septic arthritis in males and identified bite as the predominant cause. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common pathogen. A large number of patients did not exhibit bacterial growth, and bacterial resistance did not significantly affect the outcome. Outcomes were statistically influenced by the timing of medical presentation and the presence of comorbidities. Conclusions: Early diagnosis and intervention are critical for effective management of hand septic arthritis. This study underscores the need for a comprehensive approach that considers patient demographic and clinical characteristics to optimize treatment outcomes. Awareness and preventive measures are essential to reduce the incidence and severity of this condition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Infectious Disease)
14 pages, 509 KiB  
Review
Assessing the Impact of Bilingualism on the Linguistic Skills of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in Greece: A Scoping Review
by Angelos Papadopoulos, Alexandra Prentza, Louiza Voniati, Dionysios Tafiadis, Nikolaos Trimmis and Panagiotis Plotas
Medicina 2024, 60(6), 894; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60060894 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
(1) Background and Objectives: This review aims to identify the latest literature on the possible effect of bilingualism on the linguistic skills of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) residing in Greece. (2) Materials and Methods: The literature was searched in [...] Read more.
(1) Background and Objectives: This review aims to identify the latest literature on the possible effect of bilingualism on the linguistic skills of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) residing in Greece. (2) Materials and Methods: The literature was searched in the databases of Scopus and PubMed by selecting articles and by reviewing four studies published in peer-reviewed journals. This Scoping Review is based on the standards of PRISMA recommendations for scoping reviews, while the PCC framework was used as a guide to construct clear and meaningful objectives and eligibility criteria. (3) Results: The publications included in the review addressed a variety of language-related skills, including morphology, the syntax–pragmatics interface, narrative ability, as well as both receptive and expressive language skills. (4) Conclusions: Three out of four studies provide evidence that bilingual ASD children are not disadvantaged compared to monolingual peers but rather enjoy some benefits, to a certain extent, due to bilingualism. However, the number of the reviewed studies as well as the limitations of the studies themselves render this conclusion tentative. Additionally, the findings set guidelines that speech therapists, educators, psychologists, and doctors in the Greek context need to follow when treating or educating bilingual children with ASD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atypical Autism: Causes, Diagnosis, and Support)
15 pages, 987 KiB  
Systematic Review
Comparison of Immediate Implantation into the Socket with and without Periapical Pathology: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Alma Pranckeviciene, Inga Vaitkeviciene, Jolanta Siudikiene, Skaiste Poskeviciene and Vita Maciulskiene-Visockiene
Medicina 2024, 60(6), 893; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60060893 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The present systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate and compare the long-term clinical outcomes of immediate implants placed into fresh sockets with and without periapical pathology. Materials and Methods: After the search and review of the [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: The present systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate and compare the long-term clinical outcomes of immediate implants placed into fresh sockets with and without periapical pathology. Materials and Methods: After the search and review of the literature in the electronic databases, 109 publications were achieved. The titles and abstracts of 66 publications were screened. After the evaluation of the full text of 22 publications, based on the inclusion criteria, six controlled clinical studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Results: The statistical calculation showed no heterogeneity among the studies included. The implant survival was 99.6% in the test (socket with periapical pathology) and control (socket without periapical pathology) groups of all the clinical trials. The results of the meta-analysis showed no statistically significant difference between test and control groups regarding the marginal bone level and the width of keratinized mucosa in all the studies. Other parameters indicating plaque level, bleeding on probing, and gingival recession also did not differ between test and control groups at the final follow-up in nearly all studies. Conclusions: Within the limitation of this systemic review and meta-analysis, the obtained data suggest that implants immediately placed into the extraction sockets of teeth exhibiting periapical pathology can be successfully osseointegrated for an extended period. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dentistry)
26 pages, 1434 KiB  
Review
Hesperidin, a Potential Antiviral Agent against SARS-CoV-2: The Influence of Citrus Consumption on COVID-19 Incidence and Severity in China
by Adam Kowalczyk
Medicina 2024, 60(6), 892; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60060892 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
This review examines hesperidin, a citrus bioflavonoid, as a potential antiviral agent against SARS-CoV-2. The COVID-19 pandemic has demanded an urgent need to search for effective antiviral compounds, including those of natural origin, such as hesperidin. The review provides a comprehensive analysis of [...] Read more.
This review examines hesperidin, a citrus bioflavonoid, as a potential antiviral agent against SARS-CoV-2. The COVID-19 pandemic has demanded an urgent need to search for effective antiviral compounds, including those of natural origin, such as hesperidin. The review provides a comprehensive analysis of the chemical properties, bioavailability and antiviral mechanisms of hesperidin, particularly its potential efficacy against SARS-CoV-2. A review of databases, including PubMedPico, Scopus and Web of Science, was conducted using specific keywords and search criteria in accordance with PRISMA (Re-porting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) guidelines between 2020 and 2024. Of the 207 articles, 37 were selected for the review. A key aspect is the correlation of in vitro, in silico and clinical studies on the antiviral effects of hesperidin with epidemiological data on citrus consumption in China during 2020–2024. The importance of integrating laboratory findings with actual consumption patterns to better understand the role of hesperidin in mitigating COVID-19 was highlighted, and an attempt was made to analyze epidemiological studies to examine the association between citrus juice consumption as a source of hesperidin and the incidence and severity of COVID-19 using China as an example. The review identifies consistencies and discrepancies between experimental and epidemiological data, highlighting the need to correlate the two fields to better understand the potential of hesperidin as an agent against SARS-CoV-2. Challenges and limitations in interpreting the results and future research perspectives in this area are discussed. The aim of this comprehensive review is to bridge the gap between experimental studies and epidemiological evidence and to contribute to the understanding of their correlation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacology)
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10 pages, 401 KiB  
Article
The Relationship between Fragmented QRS and Myocardial Injury in Patients with Acute Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
by Osman Küçükkelepçe, Emre Yılmaz and Sencer Çamcı
Medicina 2024, 60(6), 891; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60060891 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Carbon monoxide (CO) intoxication is one of the most common causes of poisoning-related deaths and complications. Myocardial injury is an important complication of CO poisoning. In our study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between the presence and prevalence of [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Carbon monoxide (CO) intoxication is one of the most common causes of poisoning-related deaths and complications. Myocardial injury is an important complication of CO poisoning. In our study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between the presence and prevalence of fragmented QRS (fQRS) and myocardial injury in patients with CO intoxication. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated patients who presented to the emergency department of our tertiary care center with CO intoxication between January 2020 and December 2023. In our study, we performed subgroup analyses according to the presence of myocardial injury and fQRS. We evaluated the parameters and risk factors associated with myocardial injury. Results: Myocardial injury was detected in 44 patients, and fQRS was detected in 38 patients. In the myocardial injury (+) group, the fQRS rate was 38.6%, and the median number of leads with fQRS was 3 (2–6) and was significantly higher than in the myocardial injury (-) group (p < 0.001). We found that carboxyhemoglobin had a significant positive correlation with troponin (p = 0.001) and pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (proBNP) (p = 0.009). As a result of multivariate analysis, we determined that age, creatinine, proBNP, fQRS, and ≥3 leads with fQRS are independent risk factors for myocardial injury. Conclusions: Myocardial injury in CO intoxication patients is associated with proBNP, the presence of fQRS, and the number of leads with fQRS. Age, creatinine level, proBNP, the presence of fQRS, and ≥3 leads with fQRS are independent risk factors for myocardial injury in patients with CO intoxication. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cardiology)

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