Breast cancer poses a global health challenge, yet the influence of ethnicity on the tumor microenvironment (TME) remains understudied. In this investigation, we examined immune cell infiltration in 230 breast cancer samples, emphasizing diverse ethnic populations. Leveraging tissue microarrays (TMAs) and core samples, we applied multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF) to dissect immune cell subtypes across TME regions. Our analysis revealed distinct immune cell distribution patterns, particularly enriched in aggressive molecular subtypes triple-negative and HER2-positive tumors. We observed significant correlations between immune cell abundance and key clinicopathological parameters, including tumor size, lymph node involvement, and patient overall survival. Notably, immune cell location within different TME regions showed varying correlations with clinicopathologic parameters. Additionally, ethnicities exhibited diverse distributions of cells, with certain ethnicities showing higher abundance compared to others. In TMA samples, patients of Chinese and Caribbean origin displayed significantly lower numbers of B cells, TAMs, and FOXP3-positive cells. These findings highlight the intricate interplay between immune cells and breast cancer progression, with implications for personalized treatment strategies. Moving forward, integrating advanced imaging techniques, and exploring immune cell heterogeneity in diverse ethnic cohorts can uncover novel immune signatures and guide tailored immunotherapeutic interventions, ultimately improving breast cancer management. Full article

This article examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on potential years of life lost (PYLL) in Romania’s counties in 2020 and 2021. PYLL highlights the burden of premature deaths in a community and is a useful tool for prioritizing community health issues. The study compares the PYLL variation between different counties, identifying disparities in premature mortality rates and highlighting areas that require specific public health interventions. The results indicate that COVID-19 has had a significant impact on potential years of life lost across the country. For the year 2020, the total number of deaths from confirmed COVID-19 cases was 19,455, of which 14,152 premature deaths caused 193,489 PYLL, with a crude rate of 1053.28 PYLL per 100,000 inhabitants. In 2021, there were 39,966 deaths from confirmed COVID-19 cases, with 28,777 premature deaths, 386,061 PYLL, and a crude rate of 2116.63 PYLL per 100,000 population. This study reveals significant variations only in some counties, based on BYLL rates, and in the two years analyzed. The proportion of premature deaths (<80 years) varied by county and gender. PYLL’s analysis by gender shows that men experienced a higher number of premature deaths than women in most counties, and this trend persisted in both years. The results are presented in the form of thematic maps, highlighting standardized PYLL rates for both genders in each county, facilitating a visual understanding of regional disparities. The identified variations can serve as a basis for developing and implementing more effective public health policies, based on the specifics of each county. Full article

The separation of cenospheres is an important method for fly ash recycling, and there is no efficient and less polluting method available for separating cenospheres. This paper proposes the dry separation of cenospheres using a cyclone separator, which utilizes the small density of cenospheres as a feature to separate them. The corresponding numerical simulations of the cyclone separator model used to separate the cenospheres were carried out by a CFD analysis, after which the size of the radius of the upper discharge opening and the height of the sloping wall of the cyclone separator were analyzed by simulation; the effect of the incident velocity on the Newton’s efficiency of the separation of the cenospheres was also analyzed. The simulation results indicate that the Newton’s efficiency can reach 0.55 when the radius of the upper feed port is 90 mm, the height of the inclined wall is 400 mm, and the incident speed is 2.5 m/s. Full article

The characteristics of gap plasmon formed by nanoparticle-on-mirror (NPOM) structures composed of metal nanoparticles (MNPs) and metal thin films have aroused interest for use in various optoelectronic devices. The resonance enhancement characteristics in the gap region of an NPOM structure composed of gold nanoparticles and gold thin films are simulated theoretically by the finite element method (FEM). The resonant spectrum obtained by the internal coupling effect of the gap can be flexibly controlled by the polarization of incident light and the thickness of the dielectric layer between the MNPs and the metal thin films. We study the resonance spectra of polarization-dependent gold ellipsoidal nanoparticles (GENPs) and gold thin films in the gap region of an NPOM structure. The GENPs and gold thin films are separated by a dielectric layer with a refractive index of 1.36. We observe that the intensity of the resonance electric field in the gap region is inversely proportional to the polarization angle. Similarly, the intensity of the local electric field resonance peak in the gap region is inversely proportional to the thickness of the dielectric layer. When the thickness of the dielectric layer is 0.3 nm and the polarization angle is 0°, the best resonant electric field intensity of 2200 V/m is obtained in the gap region of the NPOM structure (the power of incident light is 1 mW). Finally, the resonant peak wavelength of the electric field in the gap region of the NPOM structure is also controlled by the polarization angle of the incident light and the thickness of the dielectric layer. Full article

This study proposes a method for classifying economic activity descriptors to match Nomenclature of Economic Activities (NACE) codes, employing a blend of machine learning techniques and expert evaluation. By leveraging natural language processing (NLP) methods to vectorize activity descriptors and utilizing genetic algorithm (GA) optimization to fine-tune hyperparameters in multi-class classifiers like Naive Bayes, Decision Trees, Random Forests, and Multilayer Perceptrons, our aim is to boost the accuracy and reliability of an economic classification system. This system faces challenges due to the absence of precise target labels in the dataset. Hence, it is essential to initially check the accuracy of utilized methods based on expert evaluations using a small dataset before generalizing to a larger one. Full article

The pristine CMK-3 carbon was ozonized and then chemically modified by the Zr and Fe compounds. The synthesized carbonaceous materials were characterized with physicochemical methods. The obtained carbons had a high specific surface area (ca. 800 m² g⁻¹) and an acidic surface. The Cr(VI) adsorption properties of the oxidized and Zr/Fe-modified carbon were studied. The highest static adsorption capacity towards Cr(VI) ions was evaluated for Zr/Fe-modified carbon (50.1 mg g⁻¹) at pH_eq = 5.8 after 240 min. The Elovich and Freundlich theoretical models were well fitted to the Cr(VI) adsorption kinetic and isotherm data on the Zr/Fe-modified CMK-3-type carbon. The leading Cr(VI) adsorption mechanism acting on the Zr/Fe-modified carbon was probably based on the redox reactions between Cr(VI) and the carbonaceous surface. Electrostatic attraction and surface complexation processes could also occur during Cr(VI) adsorption in the studied system. The effect of the competitive anions on the concentration level, such as in the galvanic wastewater for Cr(VI) adsorption onto chemically modified carbon, was negligible. The HCl and HNO₃ media were insufficient for the Zr/Fe-modified carbon regeneration after Cr(VI) adsorption. The Zr/Fe-modified carbon was successfully applied for the efficient (>90%) Cr(VI) removal from the model galvanic wastewater. Full article

Aim: Cytokines are crucial low-molecular-weight proteins involved in immune responses. This systematic review highlights the need for in-depth studies on cytokines’ biological mechanisms, providing insights into disease onset and potential therapeutic strategies. Materials and methods: A comprehensive literature search identified 18 relevant articles, emphasizing the multifaceted role of cytokines in orthodontic treatment (OT). The quality assessment using the ROBINS-I tool ensures a rigorous evaluation of the included studies, contributing to the overall reliability of the findings. Results and Conclusions: This systematic review explores the intricate relationship between cytokines and OT. Cytokines exhibit different properties, influencing cellular activities through autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine activities. OT, aimed at achieving stable occlusion, induces tension and compression in the periodontal ligament (PDL), triggering cytokine release. Proinflammatory cytokines play a role in inflammation, influencing bone and soft tissue metabolism. Studies show elevated cytokine levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) after orthodontic force application. The choice of orthodontic devices, such as self-ligating brackets, influences cytokine concentrations, indicating the importance of attachment design. Further research promises to enhance orthodontic practices, and optimize patient care. Full article

In absorption spectroscopy, it is challenging to detect absorption peaks with significant differences in their intensity in a single measurement. We enable high-dynamic-range measurements by dispersing scatterers within a sample to create a broad distribution of path lengths (PLs). The sample is placed within an integrating sphere (IS) to capture all scattered light of various PLs. To address the complexities of PLs inside the IS and the sample, we performed a ray-tracing simulation using the Monte Carlo (MC) method, which estimates the measured absorbance $A$ and PL distribution from the sample’s absorption coefficient µ_a and scattering properties at each wavelength λ. This method was validated using dye solutions with two absorption peaks whose intensity ratio is 95:1, employing polystyrene microspheres (PSs) as scatterers. The results confirmed that both peak shapes were delineated in a single measurement without flattening the high absorption peak. Although the measured peak shapes A(λ) did not align with the actual peak shapes µ_a(λ), MC enabled the reproduction of µ_a(λ) from A(λ). Furthermore, the analysis of the PL distribution by MC shows that adding scatterers broadens the distribution and shifts it toward shorter PLs as absorption increases, effectively adjusting it to µ_a. Full article

The excess consumption of a high-fat diet has been identified as one of the factors contributing to obesity. Women are at higher risk of adult obesity than men, predisposing them to a different set of detrimental disease conditions. Furthermore, aging studies show that physiological decline also has a serious impact on changes in the endocrine properties of white adipose tissue. However, there is still relatively little known about the factors associated with obesity and aging and their compounding impacts on women’s health. To investigate changes in adipocytokine secretion profiles, obesity was induced in female C3H/HeJ mice through the long-term consumption of a high-fat diet. Weight gain measurements and the Echo MRI analysis of fat composition showed that increases were due solely to the high fat content in the diet. Adipocytokine secretions were analyzed in media conditioned from harvested visceral fat tissue that was organ-cultured ex vivo. Adipocytokine analysis performed across diets and ages showed that there were significant increases in Adiponectin and Leptin secretion in high-fat diets, accelerating increases in Resistin secretion in high-fat diets. Aging induced the increased secretion of Lipcalin-2, Pentraxin-3, Serpin E1, MCP-1, and ICAM-1, regardless of diet. Furthermore, the comparisons of organoid-cultured protein secretions and flash-frozen tissue samples differed greatly, suggesting the WAT organoid cultures may yield information that is more reflective of in situ conditions. Taken together, our results show that high-fat diets and aging in C3H/HeJ female mice significantly impact secretions from adipose tissue, which may contribute to women’s health issues. Full article

The successful implementation of effective data governance in universities is crucial in complementing the massive information technology (IT) developments in higher education institutions globally. Hence, to identify the enablers of IT governance, this study examined the effects of knowledge value, knowledge-oriented culture, and knowledge-sharing process on the integration of IT governance in the curriculum and the latter’s effects on academic performance and perceived employability among university students in Saudi Arabia. We used a cross-sectional approach to collect quantitative data from 280 university students and employed structural equation modelling and partial least squares to conduct the data analysis. Our results confirmed the significant positive effects of knowledge value and the knowledge-sharing process on IT governance, along with a positive significant effect of IT governance on academic performance and perceived employment. Moreover, the results revealed a direct, positive, and significant effect of academic performance on perceived employment, as well as the significant mediating effects of IT governance and academic performance between these two. Apart from extending the relevant literature, this study offers several policy implications. Full article

This article presents a review of the research into the use of virtual reality (VR) for preservice teacher education. In addition to generating a description of the nature of VR, the analysis of the 24 included studies showed that the use of VR in preservice teacher education can have several benefits for student teachers and their educators, such as practicing professional competence in safe and diverse VR environments, the possibility of monitoring student development with VR, the use of learning environments that would not be accessible, and distance education for student teachers when schools for internships are located too far away from a teacher training institute. Although research into the effects of the use of VR in preservice teacher education is still limited, the results thus far indicate positive effects on student teachers’ motivation, self-efficacy, and various classes of teacher skills. We reflect on the challenges with respect to designing VR environments for preservice teacher education and on studying VR effects on teaching quality and student learning outcomes. Full article

Substance P (SP), encoded by the Tac1 gene, has been shown to promote leukocyte infiltration and organ impairment in mice with sepsis. Neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) is the major receptor that mediates the detrimental impact of SP on sepsis. This investigation studied whether SP affects the expression of adhesion molecules, including intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM1) on vascular endothelial cells in the liver and lungs, contributing to leukocyte infiltration in these tissues of mice with sepsis. Sepsis was induced by caecal ligation and puncture (CLP) surgery in mice. The actions of SP were inhibited by deleting the Tac1 gene, blocking NK1R, or combining these two methods. The activity of myeloperoxidase and the concentrations of ICAM1 and VCAM1 in the liver and lungs, as well as the expression of ICAM1 and VCAM1 on vascular endothelial cells in these tissues, were measured. The activity of myeloperoxidase and the concentration of ICAM1 and VCAM1 in the liver and lungs, as well as the expression of ICAM1 and VCAM1 on vascular endothelial cells in these tissues, increased in mice with CLP surgery-induced sepsis. Suppressing the biosynthesis of SP and its interactions with NK1R attenuated CLP surgery-induced alterations in the liver and lungs of mice. Our findings indicate that SP upregulates the expression of ICAM1 and VCAM1 on vascular endothelial cells in the liver and lungs, thereby increasing leukocyte infiltration in these tissues of mice with CLP surgery-induced sepsis by activating NK1R. Full article

This study examines the impact of reminiscence therapy on cognitive and emotional well-being in institutionalized older patients with dementia. Conducted at the Long-Term Care Health Facility for the Elderly, the research involved 34 participants who underwent therapy sessions that included personalized discussions of past experiences. Using physiological markers such as electroencephalography alpha and beta waves, along with psychological measures such as the Hasegawa Dementia Scale—Revised, the study aimed to quantify the effects of the therapy. Although the results indicated positive correlations between alpha and beta waves, suggesting enhanced relaxation and cognitive engagement, improvements in Hasegawa Dementia Scale—Revised scores were not statistically significant, pointing to variability in therapeutic effectiveness among patients. Despite these mixed outcomes, the findings support the potential of reminiscence therapy as a non-pharmacological intervention to improve the quality of life of dementia patients, though they also underscore the necessity for further research to refine therapy protocols and enhance applicability. Full article

The undercutting process is a technique employed to initiate the caving of the ore mass in block caving, achieved by creating a basal cut on the block scheduled to be submerged. The effective execution of the undercutting process involves numerous variables, such as the undercut height and the vertical section’s undercut geometry, whose influence has often been overlooked. This research presents a methodology for determining the undercut height in a post-undercutting scenario, including variables such as the undercut level design, the extraction level design, and the air gap. Integral to this methodology is a parameterization that estimates the undercut height, from which design abacuses can be created to aid the assessment of present and future operations for any block/panel caving operation that employs the post-undercutting variant. Additionally, two examples demonstrate the application of this methodology, revealing how alterations in the dimensions of the crown pillar and drawbells significantly influence the undercut height. The calculation methodology outlined in this document delivers an undercutting height, providing an evaluation methodology for ongoing operations. Consequently, any height exceeding this suggests a conservative approach, potentially offering an opportunity for design improvement and alignment with the described parameters. Full article

Struvite crystallization can recover nitrogen and phosphorus simultaneously from various kinds of wastewaters as a slow-release fertilizer. However, the enhancement of the removal efficiency of NH₄-N is challenging because the molar concentration of NH₄-N is higher than that of PO₄-P in many types of sewage including digested sludge filtrate. In this study, phosphorus eluate was recovered from sewage sludge incineration ash (SSA) and applied to the struvite crystallization process to increase the removal efficiency of NH₄-N for the digested sludge filtrate. Under acidic conditions, a maximum of 98.4% of phosphorus was eluted from SSA; in alkaline conditions, a maximum of 51.2% was eluted; and in sequential elution conditions with (NaOH+H₂SO₄), a maximum of 98.0% was eluted. Jar tests were performed by injecting three types of eluates (H₂SO₄ 1 N_elulate, NaOH 1 N_elulate, and (NaOH+H₂SO₄)_eluate), and PO₄-P was stably removed (>86%) under all tested conditions. When the NaOH 1 N_eluate was injected, the NH₄-N removal efficiency was highest at 84.4%, followed by 78.4% with the (NaOH+H₂SO₄)_eluate, and 58.7% with the H₂SO₄ 1 N_eluate at the molar ratio of Mg:P:N of 1.5:1.5:1. In addition, the sequential jar tests were conducted by injecting both the NaOH 1 N_eluate and (NaOH+H₂SO₄)_eluate. In the pH range of 8.5–9.5, the PO₄-P and NH₄-N removal efficiencies reached 92.3–94.5% and 97.9–99.1%, respectively. X-ray diffraction analyses confirmed that the majority of the crystal phases were struvite forms. Therefore, the combined application of both the NaOH 1 N_eluate and (NaOH+H₂SO₄)_eluate was adequate to enhance not only the phosphorus recovery but also the removal efficiencies of PO₄-P and NH₄-N. SSA recovering PO₄-P could be utilized as a new phosphorus source in the struvite crystallization process. Full article

The immune system’s amplified response to SARS-CoV-2 may lead to the production of autoantibodies, but their specific impact on disease severity and outcome remains unclear. This study aims to assess if hospitalized COVID-19 patients face a worse prognosis based on ANA presence, even without autoimmune diseases. We performed a retrospective, single-center, observational cohort study, enrolling 638 COVID-19 patients hospitalized from April 2020 to March 2021 at Hospital “Policlinico Riuniti” of Foggia (Italy). COVID-19 patients with a positive ANA test exhibited a significantly lower 30-day survival rate (64.4% vs. 83.0%) and a higher likelihood of severe respiratory complications during hospitalization than those with negative ANA screening (35.4% vs. 17.0%) (p < 0.001). The association between poor prognosis and ANA status was identified by calculating the HALP score (Hemoglobin-Albumin-Lymphocyte-Platelet), which was lower in COVID-19 patients with a positive ANA test compared to ANA-negative patients (108.1 ± 7.4 vs. 218.6 ± 11.2 AU; p < 0.011). In detail, COVID-19 patients with a low HALP showed a lower 30-day survival rate (99.1% vs. 83.6% vs. 55.2% for high, medium, and low HALP, respectively; p < 0.001) and a higher incidence of adverse respiratory events compared to those with high and medium HALP (13.1% vs. 35.2% vs. 64.6% for high, medium, and low HALP, respectively; p < 0.001). In summary, ANA positivity in COVID-19 patients appears to be linked to a more aggressive disease phenotype with a reduced survival rate. Furthermore, we propose that the HALP score could serve as a valuable parameter to assess prognosis for COVID-19 patients. Full article

UCP2 is an uncoupling protein homolog to UCP1. Unlike UCP1, which participates in non-shivering thermogenesis by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), UCP2 does not perform a canonical H⁺ leak, consuming the protonmotive force (Δp) through the inner mitochondrial membrane. The UCP2 biological role is elusive. It can counteract oxidative stress, acting with a “mild uncoupling” process to reduce ROS production, and, in fact, UCP2 activities are related to inflammatory processes, triggering pathological conditions. However, the Δp dissipation by UCP2 activity reduces the mitochondrial ATP production and rewires the bioenergetic metabolism of the cells. In all likelihood, UCP2 works as a carrier of metabolites with four carbon atoms (C4), reversing the anaerobic glycolysis-dependent catabolism to OXPHOS. Indeed, UCP2 can perform catalysis in dual mode: mild uncoupling of OXPHOS and metabolite C4 exchange of mitochondria. In vivo, the UCP2 features in the biology of mitochondria promote healthy ageing, increased lifespan, and can assure cerebro- and cardiovascular protection. However, the pathological conditions responsible for insulin secretion suppression are dependent on UCP2 activity. On balance, the uncertain biochemical mechanisms dependent on UCP2 do not allow us to depict the protective role in mitochondrial bioenergetics. Full article

Using semiochemicals collected from spotted lanternflies Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) (SLF) and deployed in the field with circle traps, we demonstrated that SLF responded to SLF pheromones: in particular, this was the case for males while seeking mates and for females while ovipositing. The attractants consisted of SLF body extract emitted from diffuser lures and SLF honeydew on burlap ribbons, collected from heavily infested locations. Traps with attractants were deployed in field sites with very light SLF infestations to avoid competing signals of pre-existing aggregations. The number of SLF equivalents emitted by each diffuser per trapping period was used in a dose–response analysis. Three trees per block received either (1) a control hexane lure and a clean ribbon, (2) a lure containing SLF extract and a clean ribbon, or (3) a lure containing SLF extract and a honeydew-laden ribbon. Ten blocks were sampled three times per week for twelve weeks. We found a significant positive dose–response by males to SLF body extract only in the presence of SLF honeydew, indicating a synergistic effect between honeydew volatiles and body volatiles. This dose–response occurred for five weeks after mating started, after which males no longer responded. Subsequently, females had a significant positive dose–response to SLF extract only in the presence of honeydew when oviposition was their primary activity, continuing for two weeks, suggesting that females may use pheromones to aggregate for oviposition. The extract in the absence of honeydew did not result in a positive dose–response, nor did the hexane control. These findings suggest that SLF respond synergistically to the combination of pheromones present in both SLF honeydew and SLF bodies. Thus, combining key components from both sources may aid the development of semiochemical lures for SLF. Full article

Whole-body vibration (WBV) is a widely used training method to increase muscle strength and power. However, its working mechanisms are still poorly understood, and studies investigating the effects of WBV on muscle stiffness are scant. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the acute effects of WBV on stiffness and countermovement jump (CMJ). Twenty-four recreationally active males, on separate days and in random order, performed a static squat under two different conditions: with WBV (WBV) or without vibration (CC). Muscle stiffness was assessed through the Wartenberg pendulum test, and CMJ was recorded. RM-ANOVA was employed to test differences between conditions in the above-mentioned variables. In the CC condition, stiffness was significantly lower after the exposure to the static squat (p = 0.006), whereas no difference was observed after the exposure to WBV. WBV and CC did not affect CMJ. No significant correlation was observed between changes in CMJ and changes in stiffness. Our results show that WBV may mitigate the reduction in muscle stiffness observed after static squats. However, current results do not support the notion that WBV exposure may account for an increase in CMJ performance. Full article

Bridges are one of the most critical and costly structures on road networks. Thus, their integrity and operation must be preserved to prevent safety concerns and connectivity losses after seismic events. Recent large-magnitude earthquakes have revealed a series of vulnerabilities in multi-span highway bridges. In particular, skewed bridges have been severely damaged due to their susceptibility to developing excessive in-plane deck rotations and span unseating. Although seismic design codes have been updated to prescribe larger seating lengths and have incorporated unseating prevention devices, such as shear keys and cable restrainers, research on the seismic performance of skewed bridges with passive energy-dissipation devices is still limited. Therefore, this study focuses on assessing the effectiveness of implementing hysteretic dampers on skewed bridges. With that aim, dampers with and without recentering capabilities are designed and incorporated in representative Chilean skewed bridges to assess their contribution to seismic performance. Three-dimensional nonlinear finite element models, multiple-stripe analysis, and fragility curves are utilized to achieve this objective. The results show that incorporating bidirectional dampers can effectively improve the seismic performance of skewed bridges at different hazard levels by limiting in-plane deck rotations independently of their skew angle. Additionally, the influence of external shear keys and damper hysteretic behavior is analyzed, showing that these parameters have a low influence on bridge performance when bidirectional dampers are incorporated. Full article

Oxidative stress can damage tissues and cells, and their resilience or susceptibility depends on the robustness of their antioxidant mechanisms. The latter include small molecules, proteins, and enzymes, which are linked together in metabolic pathways. Red blood cells are particularly susceptible to oxidative stress due to their large number of hemoglobin molecules, which can undergo auto-oxidation. This yields reactive oxygen species that participate in Fenton chemistry, ultimately damaging their membranes and cytosolic constituents. Fortunately, red blood cells contain robust antioxidant systems to enable them to circulate and perform their physiological functions, particularly delivering oxygen and removing carbon dioxide. Nonetheless, if red blood cells have insufficient antioxidant reserves (e.g., due to genetics, diet, disease, or toxin exposure), this can induce hemolysis in vivo or enhance susceptibility to a “storage lesion” in vitro, when blood donations are refrigerator-stored for transfusion purposes. Ergothioneine, a small molecule not synthesized by mammals, is obtained only through the diet. It is absorbed from the gut and enters cells using a highly specific transporter (i.e., SLC22A4). Certain cells and tissues, particularly red blood cells, contain high ergothioneine levels. Although no deficiency-related disease has been identified, evidence suggests ergothioneine may be a beneficial “nutraceutical.” Given the requirements of red blood cells to resist oxidative stress and their high ergothioneine content, this review discusses ergothioneine’s potential importance in protecting these cells and identifies knowledge gaps regarding its relevance in enhancing red blood cell circulatory, storage, and transfusion quality. Full article

There is a growing concern about limited water supply and water scarcity in many river basins across the world. The agricultural sector is the largest user of freshwater on the planet, with a growing amount of water extracted for livestock systems. Here, we use data from the GLEAM model to advance previous studies that estimated livestock water footprints by quantifying water use for feed production, animal drinking water, and animal service water. We additionally account for the role of trade in accounting for feed water allocations to different animals in different countries and make use of a hydrologic model to estimate feed irrigation water requirements for individual crops at a high spatial resolution. Lastly, we estimate the contribution of livestock water abstractions to water stress at a small river basin scale for the entire globe. We find that feed production water accounts for the majority (>90%) of global livestock water withdrawals, though there is regional variation. Similarly, we find large regional variation in the water consumption per head by livestock species. Despite consuming >200 km³ of water per year, we find that reducing water use in the livestock system alone will rarely reduce water stress in high-stress basins. This study highlights the need for quantifying locally relevant water use and water stress metrics for individual livestock systems. Full article