In this study, a two-port network-based microwave sensor for liquid characterization is presented. The suggested sensor is built as a miniature microwave resonator using the third iteration of Hilbert’s fractal architecture. The suggested structure is used with the T-resonator to raise the sensor quality factor. The suggested sensor is printed on a FR4 substrate and has a footprint of $40\times 60\times 1.6{\mathrm{mm}}^3$. Analytically, a theoretical investigation is made to clarify how the suggested sensor might function. The suggested sensor is created and put to the test in an experiment. Later, two pans to contain the urine Sample Under Test (SUT) are printed on the sensor. Before loading the SUT, it is discovered that the suggested structure’s frequency resonance is 0.46 GHz. An 18 MHz frequency shift is added to the initial resonance after the pans are printed. They monitor the S-parameters in terms of S12 regarding the change in water content in the urine samples, allowing for the sensing component to be completed. As a result, 10 different samples with varying urine percentages are added to the suggested sensor to evaluate its ability to detect the presence of urine. Finally, it is discovered that the suggested process’ measurements and corresponding simulated outcomes agreed quite well. Full article

At the end of the Amarna Period, a process of political and religious restoration began. This attempt at recovery went beyond the strictly official, as the Egyptian society seemed to demand a moral reparation. It was a much-needed change that would encompass all aspects of society and it was imperative that the changes be visible. It is for this reason that visual art would be one of the main means of communication. The artistic image was the propaganda necessary to reconstruct historical memory and religious sentiment. This was most evident in the early years of the 19th dynasty, when, in addition, the need to legitimize the new royal lineage was reflected in private tombs. The Egyptian artist used art to visually consolidate these changes, and the owner of the tomb was keen to do so. This article aims to analyze the artistic changes, mainly in the private sphere, that occurred in funerary art in opposition to the religious changes that had been made during the Amarna Period and that were most evident from the reign of Horemheb until the first half of the reign of Ramesses II. Politics and art intermingled at a time when reconstructing the past and the relationship with divinity was an urgent necessity. Full article

Investigating the influence of human activities and climate change on streamflow and sediment load is of great significance for understanding the hydrological cycle, addressing climate change, and ensuring sustainable water resource management. Based on observed data of precipitation, streamflow, and sediment load from 1990 to 2021 in the Xiliugou Basin, trend and abrupt change analyses of streamflow and sediment load were conducted using the coefficient of variation and Bayesian change point detection method. The effects of climate change and human activities on streamflow and sediment load were further examined through the double mass curve method, with a focus on the impact of land use changes on streamflow and sediment load dynamics. The results indicated that: (1) During the study period, there was a consistent decreasing trend in streamflow, sediment load, and precipitation, with respective rates of −77.76 × 10⁴ m³/year, −55.97 × 10⁴ Mt/year, and −0.84 mm/year. The distribution of annual streamflow and sediment load in the basin was uneven, with 61.05% of precipitation occurring during the wet season and the peak sediment discharge month being July, accounting for 58.90% of the total annual sediment load. (2) The variations in streamflow and sediment load in the Xiliugou Basin exhibited distinct stage characteristics, with abrupt changes occurring around 1997. Both streamflow and sediment load showed significant fluctuations from the reference period to the changing period, decreasing by 45.54% and 82.85%, respectively. (3) A positive correlation between precipitation and streamflow was observed in the Xiliugou Basin, with correlation coefficients (R) of 0.62 and 0.49, indicating a stimulating effect of precipitation on streamflow and sediment load. Human activities significantly reduced sediment load in the Xiliugou Basin from 1998 to 2021, contributing to a reduction of 115.08%. (4) An increase in cropland, water, and barren areas would lead to higher streamflow and sediment load, while an increase in grassland, forest, and impervious areas would decrease both streamflow and sediment load. Full article

A typical Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) generates a large region of enhanced rainfall over the equatorial Indian Ocean that moves slowly eastward into the western Pacific. Tropical cyclones often form on the poleward edges of the MJO moist-convective envelope, frequently impacting both southeast Asia and northern Australia, and on occasion Eastern Africa. This paper addresses the question of whether these MJO-induced tropical cyclones will become more numerous in the future as the oceans warm. The Lagrangian Atmosphere Model (LAM), which has been carefully tuned to simulate realistic MJO circulations, is used to study the sensitivity of MJO modulation of tropical cyclogenesis (TCG) to global warming. A control simulation for the current climate is compared with a simulation with enhanced radiative forcing consistent with that for the latter part of the 21st century under Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) 585. The LAM control run reproduces the observed MJO modulation of TCG, with about 70 percent more storms forming than monthly climatology predicts within the MJO’s convective envelope. The LAM SSP585 run suggests that TCG enhancement within the convective envelope could reach 170 percent of the background value under a high greenhouse gas emissions scenario, owing to a strengthening of Kelvin and Rossby wave components of the MJO’s circulation. Full article

This paper presents research on the mass dispersion and adsorption of organics present in tap water on powdered activated carbon (PAC) in a two-layer filter column. The adsorption rate depends on the difference between the concentration of organics and the equilibrium concentration. In homogeneous flocculators with simultaneous adsorption on PAC, the concentration difference is lower than in a filter column with PAC. Therefore, the utilization of the PAC’s adsorption capacity in filters is higher than in homogeneous flocculators. PAC is introduced into the upper anthracite layer of a filter bed, while the bottom layer is a sand layer, which protects the underdrain system from becoming clogged with PAC particles. The sorbent wis introduced into the bed in the final phase of filter backwashing. The authors present a model of adsorption on PAC in a filter column. Both experiments and calculations confirmed a better utilization of PAC’s adsorption capacity in the filter column compared to its utilization in a homogeneous flocculator. Three criterion equations were developed using dimensionless numbers, Re, Pe and Nu, as well as two similarity moduli related to a sorbent apparent density and an adsorption coefficient. Additionally, a relationship between the Peclet number (Pe) and the Reynolds number (Re) as well as the similarity modulus for the sorbent apparent density were determined for the mass dispersion process. The relationship between the diffusive Nuselt number (Nu) and the Re number as well as the similarity modulus for the sorbent apparent density were determined for the parameter describing an adsorbate permeation rate across a water–sorbent interface. The impact of the Re number and the similarity modulus for the sorbent apparent density on the Henry constant was also investigated. The criterion equations can be used to determine the adsorption model parameters; they may be helpful in designing a filtration system supplemented with PAC. In the capillary velocity range $V_x^{*}$ ∈ ⟨0.15·10⁻²; 0.72·10⁻²⟩ m/s and with a change in the apparent density of the sorbent ${\rho }_{p,sorb}$ from 3000 to 12,000 g PAC/m³ of the bed, as a result of the experimental tests carried out, it was established that the actual coefficient of longitudinal dispersion $D_x^{*}$ varied in the range of 0.16·10⁻⁴ to 2.03·10⁻⁴ m²/s, the product of the constant mass transfer rate and the specific outer surface of sorbent $k\cdot a_m$ varied in the range of 2.23·10⁻⁷ to 1.70·10⁻⁶ (m/s)·(m²/g PAC), while the Henry constant Γ* varied in the range of 7.24 to 44.20 1/m³ of sorbent and the Henry constant Γ varied in the range of 0.0012 to 0.0019 m³ of water/g PAC. Full article

In Romania, influenza vaccination uptake among healthcare workers decreased over time despite access to the vaccine being constantly improved. The aim of this paper is to provide a comparative analysis of the knowledge and attitudes of Dental Medicine and Medicine students towards recommended vaccinations for healthcare workers, focusing on influenza vaccination. A cross-sectional study was conducted during the entire 2021–2022 academic year. Data were collected using 2 electronic questionnaires which were applied to the students from the Faculty of Medicine (n = 883) and, respectively, the Faculty of Dental Medicine of the Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. The questionnaires were offered to 1187 students and completed by 911 students (response rate = 77%). Out of these, 85% (n = 778) identified the influenza vaccine as recommended; 35% (n = 321) reported getting an annual influenza vaccination; and 37% (333) reported getting an influenza vaccination in the previous season. Overall, 45% (n = 222) of the respondents who completed the questionnaires from October 2021 to February 2022 reported that they intend to get vaccinated against influenza in the 2021–2022 season and approximately 8% (n = 39) reported that they had already been vaccinated. The multivariable analysis showed that the habit of getting annually vaccinated against influenza as well as the knowledge that influenza vaccine is recommended for all healthcare workers were associated with a higher probability of intending to get vaccinated. The current study emphasizes the need to raise awareness among medical students regarding influenza vaccination and to involve medical education institutions, public health authorities, and healthcare facilities in promoting this vaccination among students since the influenza vaccine uptake rate among medical students included in this study was suboptimal. Full article

With the development of port automation and artificial intelligence, coordination with multi-geographic data centers (Geo-DCs) has become a viable solution to address the issue of limited port computing resources. This study proposes a distributed energy dispatch method for the port microgrid coordinated with Geo-DCs (Geo-DCPM), aimed at reducing port carbon emissions and operational costs. Consider the single point of failure problem and high construction costs of centralized data centers. Geo-DCs are first introduced to solve the problem of insufficient computing resources in ports. An energy consumption calculation model for Geo-DCs is established, considering the data load delay constraint and the data space transfer constraint caused by specific delay-sensitive loads in the port microgrid. Then, an energy dispatch model (EDM) is constructed for the Geo-DCPM, taking into account carbon capture costs. Moreover, based on mixed-integer linear programming, a distributed algorithm is proposed to solve the EDM problem. Finally, the simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. Compared with the centralized algorithm, the packet loss rate of the distributed algorithm combined with Geo-DCs is significantly lower, reduced by about 70%. Full article

Understanding the mechanisms by which the combination of green marketing components fosters local sustainable development is crucial for global regions in achieving the United Nations’ sustainable development goals. Utilizing panel data from China’s provinces from 2011 to 2022, this study employs the DEA model to assess both the static and dynamic efficiencies of sustainable development across China’s 31 provinces. Subsequently, drawing on the 6P theory of marketing element combination, this study selects human input, capital input, energy input, technological output, economic output, and ecological output as causal variables, with the local sustainable development index serving as the outcome variable. By integrating the fsQCA method, the study identifies four distinct configurations: a “single input–multiple output” model, a “multiple input–single output” model, an “input–output” linkage model, and an “input-driven” model. This conclusion can enhance the comprehension of the dynamics through which various combinations of green marketing components contribute to local sustainable development from a regional macroeconomic perspective, offering a theoretical foundation for achieving sustainable development globally. Full article

Plant proteins are increasingly seen as critical nutrient sources for both amateur and professional athletes. The aim of the presented study was to review the inventions and experimental articles referring to the application of plant-based proteins, peptides and amino acids in food products dedicated to sportspeople and published in the period 2014–2023. The literature search was conducted according to PRISMA statementsacross several key databases, including Scopus and ISI Web of Science. Altogether, 106 patents and 35 original articles were found. The survey of patents and inventions described in the articles showed the use of 52 taxa (mainly annual herbaceous plants), creating edible seeds and representing mainly the families Fabaceae and Poaceae. The majority of inventions were developed by research teams numbering from two to five scientists, affiliated in China, The United States of America and Japan. The greatest number of inventions applied plant-based proteins (especially protein isolates), declared the nutritional activity and were prepared in liquid or solid consistency. According to the reviewed studies, the intake of soybean and potato proteins might provide better results than animal-based protein (excluding resistance training), whereas the consumption of pea and rice protein does not possess any unique anabolic properties over whey protein. The analysis of other investigations demonstrated the varied acceptability and consumption of food products, while the high rating of the tested food products presented in four articles seems to be an effect of their sensual values, as well as other elements, such as production method, health benefits and cost-effectiveness. Considering the great potential of useful plant species, it might be concluded that future investigations focusing on searching for novel plant protein sources, suitable for the preparation of food products dedicated to amateur and professional sportspeople, remain of interest. Full article

Strategies for obtaining deep slots in soft materials can vary significantly. Conventionally, the tool travels along the slot, removing material mainly with the side cutting edges. However, a “plunge milling” strategy is also possible, performing the cut vertically, taking advantage of the tip cutting edges that almost reach the center of the tool. Although both strategies are already commonly used, there is a clear gap in the literature in studies that compare tool wear, surface roughness, and productivity in each case. This paper describes an experimental study comparing the milling of deep slots in AA7050-T7451 aluminum alloy, coated with a novel DLCSiO500W3.5O₂ layer to minimize the aluminum adhesion to the tool, using conventional and plunge milling strategies. The main novelty of this paper is to present a broad study regarding different factors involved in machining operations and comparing two distinct strategies using a novel tool coating in the milling of aeronautical aluminum alloy. Tool wear is correlated with the vibrations of the tools in each situation, the cycle time is compared between the cases studied, and the surface roughness of the machined surfaces is analyzed. This study concludes that the cycle time of plunge milling can be about 20% less than that of conventional milling procedures, favoring economic sustainability and modifying the wear observed on the tools. Plunge milling can increase productivity, does not increase tool tip wear, and avoids damaging the side edges of the tool, which can eventually be used for final finishing operations. Therefore, it can be said that the plunge milling strategy improves economic and environmental sustainability as it uses all the cutting edges of the tools in a more balanced way, with less global wear. Full article

During the overall design phase of solar-powered unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), a large amount of high-fidelity (HF) propeller aerodynamic performance data is required to enhance design performance, but the acquisition cost is prohibitively expensive. To improve model accuracy and reduce modeling costs, this paper constructs a multi-fidelity aerodynamic data fusion model by associating data with different fidelity. This model utilizes a low-fidelity computational method to quickly determine the design space. The constrained Latin hypercube sampling based on the successive local enumeration (SLE-CLHS) method and the expected improvement (EI) criterion were adopted to achieve the efficient initialization and fastest convergence of the Co-Kriging surrogate model within the design space. This modeling framework was applied to acquire the aerodynamic performance of high-altitude propellers, and the model was evaluated using various performance indicators. The results demonstrate that the proposed model has excellent predictive performance. Specifically, when the surrogate model was constructed using 350 high-fidelity samples, there were improvements of 13.727%, 12.241%, and 5.484% for thrust, torque, and efficiency compared with the surrogate model constructed from low-fidelity samples. Full article

Assessing drag force and Reynolds stresses in turbulent flows is crucial for evaluating the stability and longevity of hydraulic structures. Yet, this task is challenging due to the complex nature of turbulent flows. To address this, physical models are often employed. Nonetheless, this practice is associated with difficulties, especially in the case of high sampling frequency where the inherent randomness of velocity fluctuations becomes mixed with the measurement noise. This study introduces a stochastic approach, which aims to mitigate bias from measurement errors and provide a probabilistic estimate of extreme stress values. To accomplish this, a simple experimental setup with a hydraulic jump was employed to acquire long-duration velocity measurements. Subsequently, a modified first-order autoregressive model was applied through ensemble simulations, demonstrating the benefits of the stochastic approach. The analysis highlights its effectiveness in estimating the uncertainty of extreme events frequency and minimizing the bias induced by the noise in the high-magnitude velocity measurements and by the limited length of observations. These findings contribute to advancing our understanding of turbulent flow analysis and have implications for the design and assessment of hydraulic structures. Full article

Cavitary corpora lutea are commonly observed during the estrous cycle in bovines. Since the quality of the corpus luteum (CL) is extremely important during embryo transfer when embryos are implanted into the recipient, the ultrasonographic examination of the CL is becoming more and more important in terms of the outcome of the procedure. In the present study, a total of 2477 ultrasonographic transrectal diagnoses were performed, and data were collected between the years of 2018 and 2020 in a large-scale Holstein Friesian dairy farm in Hungary. In 91.1% (n = 2257) and in 8.9% (n = 220) of the cases, compact CLs and cavitary CLs, respectively, were diagnosed at pregnancy diagnosis. The presence of a cavitary CL on the ovary at pregnancy diagnosis increased the odds of remaining open after pregnancy by 21 times compared to the presence of a compact CL (OR = 21.0, p < 0.001) in the cows. The presence of cavitary CL was not influenced either by month or season. Ovarian cysts were detected in 196 cases (8.0%) in the examined animals. The presence of a cavitary CL decreased by 9 times when an ovarian cyst was also diagnosed (OR = 9.0, 1.6% vs. 9.5%, p < 0.001). The presence of an ovarian cyst decreased the odds of established pregnancy by 81 times (OR = 81.1, p < 0.001). Based on our results, the presence of a cavitary CL between days 31 and 42 after artificial insemination is associated with a smaller chance of conception in Holstein Friesian cows. The presence of an ovarian cyst decreases the occurrence of cavitary CL and the chance of conception. Full article

Sorghum grain contains high levels and a diverse profile of polyphenols (PPs), which are antioxidants known to reduce oxidative stress when consumed in the diet. Oxidative stress leading to amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation, neurotoxicity, and mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Thus, PPs have gained attention as possible therapeutic agents for combating AD. This study aimed to (a) quantify the phenolic compounds (PP) and antioxidant capacities in extracts from six different varieties of sorghum grain and (b) investigate whether these PP extracts exhibit any protective effects on human neuroblastoma (BE(2)-M17) cells against Aβ- and tau-induced toxicity, Aβ aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by Aβ and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP). PP and antioxidant capacity were quantified using chemical assays. Aβ- and tau-induced toxicity was determined using the 3-(4,5-dimenthylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-dimethyltetrazolium bromide (MTS) assay. The thioflavin T (Th-T) assay assessed anti-Aβ aggregation. The dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) assay determined the levels of general ROS and the MitoSOX assay determined the levels of mitochondrial superoxide. Sorghum varieties Shawaya short black-1 and IS1311C possessed the highest levels of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity, and sorghum varieties differed significantly in their profile of individual PPs. All extracts significantly increased cell viability compared to the control (minus extract). Variety QL33 (at 2000 µg sorghum flour equivalents/mL) showed the strongest protective effect with a 28% reduction in Aβ-toxicity cell death. The extracts of all sorghum varieties significantly reduced Aβ aggregation. All extracts except that from variety B923296 demonstrated a significant (p ≤ 0.05) downregulation of Aβ-induced and TBHP-induced ROS and mitochondrial superoxide relative to the control (minus extract) in a dose- and variety-dependent manner. We have demonstrated for the first time that sorghum polyphenolic extracts show promising neuroprotective effects against AD, which indicates the potential of sorghum foods to exert a similar beneficial property in the human diet. However, further analysis in other cellular models and in vivo is needed to confirm these effects. Full article

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are considered to be potentially genotoxic and carcinogenic to humans. For non-smoking populations, food is the main source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure. Due to their lipophilic nature, oils and fats rank among the food items with the highest polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content. Consequently, the detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils is critical for the promotion of human health. This paper reviews sample pretreatment methods, such as liquid-phase-based extraction methods, adsorbent-based extraction methods, and the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method, combined with detection techniques like mass spectrometry and chromatography-based techniques for accurate quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils since 2010. An overview on the advances of the methods discussed herein, along with a commentary addition of current challenges and prospects, will guide researchers to focus on developing more effective detection methods and control measures to reduce the potential risks and hazards posed by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Full article

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) techniques have garnered significant attention as green and sustainable methods for obtaining biologically active substances from a diverse array of plant byproducts. This paper comprehensively reviews the use of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) in obtaining bioactive compounds from various plant residues, including pomace, seeds, skins, and other agricultural byproducts. The main purpose of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is the selective isolation and recovery of compounds, such as polyphenols, essential oils, vitamins, and antioxidants, that have significant health-promoting properties. Using supercritical carbon dioxide as the solvent, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) not only eliminates the need for hazardous organic solvents, e.g., ethanol, and methanol, but also protects heat-sensitive bioactive compounds. Moreover, this green extraction technique contributes to waste valorisation by converting plant byproducts into value-added extracts with potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. This review highlights the advantages of SFE, including its efficiency, eco-friendliness, and production of residue-free extracts, while discussing potential challenges and future prospects for the utilisation of SFE in obtaining biologically active substances from plant byproducts. Full article

KNbO₃ single crystals are grown by the self-flux method using K₂CO₃ as a flux, but often suffer from discolouration. In this work, KNbO₃ single crystals were grown by the flux method using KBO₂ as a flux. KNbO₃ powder was prepared by the solid-state reaction of K₂CO₃ and Nb₂O₅. KBO₂ was fabricated by the reaction of K₂B₄O₇·4H₂O and K₂CO₃. Single crystals of KNbO₃ were grown in a Pt crucible and the structure and dielectric properties of the single crystals were investigated. X-ray diffraction showed the KNbO₃ single crystals to have an orthorhombic Cmm2 perovskite unit cell at room temperature. The existence of ferroelastic domains was revealed by transmission electron microscopy. Electron probe microanalysis showed the single crystals to be stoichiometric and contain small amounts of B. Differential thermal analysis, Raman scattering and impedance spectroscopy were used to study the phase transitions. KBO₂ may be a suitable flux for the growth of KNbO₃ single crystals. Full article

To improve the luminescent efficiency of and to design the color spectrum of phosphors, the comprehensive understanding of the correlation between physical parameters and luminescent properties is imperative, necessitating systematic experimental studies. However, unintentional variations across individually prepared samples impede the thorough investigation of the correlation. In this study, we investigate the possible sources of unintentional variation in the photoluminescence properties of phosphors during sample preparation using a solid-state reaction, explicitly focusing on the ball milling process. Based on the quantitative features of the photoluminescent properties and their associated statistical errors, we explore the impact of unintentional variation alongside intended systematic variation, highlighting its potential to obscure meaningful trends. Full article

With the increasing popularity of clean energy, the use of micro turbines to recover surplus energy in the water supply pipelines of high-rise buildings has attracted more attention. This study adopts a predictor model based on Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) to optimize the draft tube shape for micro-Francis turbines. The predictor model is formed on a dataset provided by numerical simulations, which are validated by lab tests. Specifically, numerical investigations are carried out in the shape of a draft tube to determine an optimal model. Additionally, the superiority of the RBFNN model in nonlinear optimization is verified by comparing it with other models under the same date sets. After that, the design parameters are optimized using RBFNN and sequential quadratic programming algorithm (SQPA). Finally, the turbine prototype is fabricated and tested on a lab test rig. The experimental results indicate that the numerical method adopted in this research is accurate enough for such a micro-Francis turbine performance prediction. Under the design conditions, the proposed micro-Francis turbine produces a power of 147 W with an efficiency of over 29%, which shows a considerable improvement compared to the initial prototype. Full article

Healthcare professionals wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) during outbreaks often experience heat strain and discomfort, which can negatively impact their work performance and well-being. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological and psychological effects of a newly designed wearable cooling and dehumidifying system (WCDS) on healthcare workers wearing PPE via a 60 min treadmill walking test. Core temperature, mean skin temperature, heart rate, and subjective assessments of thermal sensation, wetness sensation, and thermal comfort were measured throughout the test. Additionally, ratings of wearing comfort and movement comfort were recorded during a wearing trial. The results showed that the WCDS significantly reduced core temperature, improved thermal sensation, and reduced wetness sensation compared to the non-cooling condition. The microclimatic temperature within the PPE was significantly lower in the cooling condition, indicating the WCDS’s ability to reduce heat buildup. The wearing trial results demonstrated general satisfaction with the wearability and comfort of the WCDS across various postures. These findings contribute to the development of enhanced PPE designs and the improvement in working conditions for healthcare professionals on the frontlines during outbreaks. Full article

A comprehensive understanding of the mechanical characteristics of deep coalbed methane reservoir rocks (DCMRR) is crucial for the safe and efficient development of deep coalbed gas resources. In this study, the microstructural and mechanical features of the coal seam roof, floor, and the coal seam itself were analyzed through laboratory experiments. The impact mechanisms of drilling fluid and fracturing fluid hydration on the mechanical properties and failure behavior of coal seam rocks were investigated. The experimental results indicate that the main minerals in coal seams are clay and amorphous substances, with kaolinite being the predominant clay mineral component in coal seam rocks. The rock of the coal seam roof and floor exhibits strong elasticity and high compressive strength, while the rock in the coal seam section shows a lower compressive capacity with pronounced plastic deformation characteristics. The content of kaolinite shows a good correlation with the mechanical properties of DCMRR. As the kaolinite content increases, the strength of DCMRR gradually decreases, and deformability enhances. After immersion in drilling fluid and slickwater, the strength of coal seam rocks significantly decreases, leading to shear fracture zones and localized strong damage features after rock compression failure. The analysis of the mechanical properties of DCMRR suggests that the horizontal well trajectory should be close to the coal seam roof, and strong sealing agents should be added to drilling fluid to reduce the risk of wellbore collapse. Enhancing the hydration of slickwater is beneficial for the formation of a more complex fracture network in deep coalbed methane reservoir. Full article

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a powerful model to study multiple sclerosis (MS). One of the approaches for EAE is to actively immunize with myelin-derived peptides with immune adjuvants. One of the commonly used immune adjuvants is pertussis toxin (PTx), without which EAE disease is mild with relatively longer onset. However, pertussis toxin can also inhibit G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling so it can confound investigations into the role of GPCRs in EAE or therapies designed to target GPCRs. Since EAE via active immunization without PTx results in a relatively mild disease state, we wanted to confirm that appropriate signaling molecules for the disease were being induced in one target tissue (i.e., brain). RNA-Seq analysis of whole brain tissue demonstrated that the MS signaling pathway was strongly activated in symptomatic mice. In addition, there was activation of Th1 (IFN signaling), Th2 (IL-4 signaling), and Th17 (IL-17 signaling). In comparing canonical pathways from our mouse mild EAE brains with a human MS atlas, EAE shared the most pathways with active and inactive lesions. An advantage of this approach is that disease induction is slower to develop and results in modest clinical signs, which likely more closely mimic human disease onset. Full article