The 2023 MDPI Annual Report has
been released!
 
13 pages, 7768 KiB  
Article
Development of X-Band Geophysical Model Function for Sea Surface Wind Speed Retrieval with ASNARO-2
by Yuko Takeyama and Shota Kurokawa
Atmosphere 2024, 15(6), 686; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15060686 (registering DOI) - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
In the present study, a new geophysical model function (GMF) is developed for the X-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) on board the Advanced Satellite with New System Architecture for Observation-2 (ASNARO-2) to retrieve accurate offshore wind speeds. Equivalent neutral wind speeds based on [...] Read more.
In the present study, a new geophysical model function (GMF) is developed for the X-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) on board the Advanced Satellite with New System Architecture for Observation-2 (ASNARO-2) to retrieve accurate offshore wind speeds. Equivalent neutral wind speeds based on the local forecast model (LFM) are employed as reference wind vectors, and 12,259 matching points from 502 SAR images obtained with horizontal transmitting, horizontal receiving polarization around Japan are collected. To ensure convergence of the calculation, 8129 points are selected from the matching points to determine the basic formula for the GMF and 23 coefficients based on the relationships among the normalized radar cross section, wind speed, incidence angle, and relative wind direction. Compared with the reference wind speeds, the GMF wind speeds showed reproducibility with a bias of −0.10 m/s and an RMSD of 1.37 m/s. Additionally, it can be confirmed that the retrieved wind speed has the bias of 0.03 and the RMSD of 1.68 m/s when compared to the in situ wind speed from the Kuroshio Extension Observatory (KEO) buoy. The accuracy of these retrieved wind speeds is comparable to previous studies, and it is indicated that the developed GMF can be used to retrieve offshore winds from ASNARO-2 images. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Satellite Remote Sensing Applied in Atmosphere (2nd Edition))
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19 pages, 2893 KiB  
Review
Effective Preservation of Traditional Malay Houses: A Review of Current Practices and Challenges
by Sara Alsheikh Mahmoud, Huzaifa Bin Hashim, Mohd Fazaulnizam Shamsudin and Hamza Alsheikh Mahmoud
Sustainability 2024, 16(11), 4773; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114773 (registering DOI) - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
Traditional Malay houses are a significant part of Malay cultural heritage. They depict local culture, customs, and philosophy and symbolize national identity. As a tourism-based facility, traditional Malay houses contribute to the growth of the economic and tourism sectors in Malaysia. Over time, [...] Read more.
Traditional Malay houses are a significant part of Malay cultural heritage. They depict local culture, customs, and philosophy and symbolize national identity. As a tourism-based facility, traditional Malay houses contribute to the growth of the economic and tourism sectors in Malaysia. Over time, Malay houses have deteriorated owing to human and natural factors. Modernization and urbanization also threaten the existence of Malay houses. These factors, along with the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, are the main drivers for Malay houses preservation. The aim of this study is to investigate the state of the art in the preservation of traditional Malay houses through a critical review of current practices and challenges. The results show that considerable efforts have been made by different parties to preserve Malay houses. However, the preservation of Malay houses has neither reached a comprehensive status nor achieved the desired goals. For holistic preservation of Malay houses, a multidimensional preservation approach is recommended, in which engineering and technology, socioeconomic, planning, and management dimensions are all addressed simultaneously, consistent with sustainability principles and local objectives. This study identifies key areas where strategic support and improvements are needed to meet the desired outcomes in traditional Malay houses preservation. These include challenges and aspects overlooked in current practices. Therefore, the study findings can be used by policy and decision makers to guide the planning and management of traditional Malay houses preservation. It also contributes to knowledge translation in practice by discussing current preservation practices and recommending a potential preservation approach. This study highlights future research directions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Engineering and Science)
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28 pages, 8142 KiB  
Article
Integrating Uncertainties in a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis with the Entscheidungsnavi
by Sven Peters, Mendy Tönsfeuerborn and Rüdiger von Nitzsch
Mathematics 2024, 12(11), 1746; https://doi.org/10.3390/math12111746 (registering DOI) - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
The Entscheidungsnavi is an open-source decision support system based on multi-attribute utility theory, that offers various methods for dealing with uncertainties. To model decisions with uncertainties, decision-makers can use two categories: Forecast and Parameter Uncertainties. Forecast Uncertainty is modeled with (combined) influence factors [...] Read more.
The Entscheidungsnavi is an open-source decision support system based on multi-attribute utility theory, that offers various methods for dealing with uncertainties. To model decisions with uncertainties, decision-makers can use two categories: Forecast and Parameter Uncertainties. Forecast Uncertainty is modeled with (combined) influence factors using discrete, user-defined probability distributions or predefined ‘worst-median-best’ distributions. Parameter Uncertainty allows imprecision for utilities, objective weights, and probability distributions. To analyze these uncertainties, the Entscheidungsnavi offers several methods and tools, like a robustness check, based on (Monte Carlo) simulations and a sensitivity analysis. The objective weight analysis provides insights into the effects of different objective weight combinations. Indicator impacts, tornado diagrams, and risk profiles visualize the impact of uncertainties in a decision under risk. Risk profiles also enable a check for stochastic and simulation dominance. This article presents the complete range of methods for dealing with uncertainties in the Entscheidungsnavi using a hypothetical case study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical Modelling in Decision Making Analysis)
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14 pages, 5751 KiB  
Article
Study of Acoustic Prototypes Based on Plastic Cap Waste
by Romina Del Rey, José Enrique Crespo Amorós, Joan Escales Tur and Jesús Alba
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1652; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061652 (registering DOI) - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
This paper presents the initial prototypes of solutions designed using plastic caps, seeking acoustic applications for both airborne sound insulation and the acoustic conditioning of rooms. Plastic caps are a waste product from the packaging sector and they constitute a major waste problem, [...] Read more.
This paper presents the initial prototypes of solutions designed using plastic caps, seeking acoustic applications for both airborne sound insulation and the acoustic conditioning of rooms. Plastic caps are a waste product from the packaging sector and they constitute a major waste problem, given that, if they are not attached to the packaging, they get lost during the recycling cycle and end up in landfill. Finding an application for this waste that can provide acoustic improvements is a sustainable alternative. This paper shows the results of airborne sound insulation measurements obtained in a scaled transmission chamber and sound absorption measurements obtained in a scaled reverberation chamber for different combinations of single and double plastic caps and combinations with thin sheets of sustainable materials, such as jute weaving, textile waste, hemp felt and cork board. Tests have shown that obtaining sound reduction index values of up to 20 dB is possible with plastic cap configurations, or even up to 30 dB is possible at some frequencies with combinations of caps and certain eco-materials. With regard to the sound absorption coefficient tests, close to unity absorption values have been achieved with the appropriate configuration at frequencies that can also be selected. The results indicate that these panels can be eco-solutions for airborne sound insulation as lightweight elements, or they can be used for the conditioning of rooms, tailoring the sound absorption maximums to the desired frequencies. Full article
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17 pages, 14166 KiB  
Article
Source Models of the 2016 and 2022 Menyuan Earthquakes and Their Tectonic Implications Revealed by InSAR
by Xixuan Bai, Bingqiang Zhang, Aizhi Guo, Yi Yan, Hao Xu, Xiaoya Bian, Shuwen Zhan and Jiangcheng Chen
Sensors 2024, 24(11), 3622; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113622 (registering DOI) - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
The Haiyuan fault system plays a crucial role in accommodating the eastward expansion of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and is currently slipping at a rate of several centimeters per year. However, limited seismic activities have been observed using geodetic techniques in this area, [...] Read more.
The Haiyuan fault system plays a crucial role in accommodating the eastward expansion of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and is currently slipping at a rate of several centimeters per year. However, limited seismic activities have been observed using geodetic techniques in this area, impeding the comprehensive investigation into regional tectonics. In this study, the geometric structure and source models of the 2022 Mw 6.7 and the 2016 Mw 5.9 Menyuan earthquakes were investigated using Sentinel-1A SAR images. By implementing an atmospheric error correction method, the signal-to-noise ratio of the 2016 interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) coseismic deformation field was significantly improved, enabling InSAR observations with higher accuracy. The results showed that the reliability of the source models for those events was improved following the reduction in observation errors. The Coulomb stress resulting from the 2016 event may have promoted the strike-slip movement of the western segment of the Lenglongling fault zone, potentially expediting the occurrence of the 2022 earthquake. The coseismic slip distribution and the spatial distribution of aftershocks of the 2022 event suggested that the seismogenic fault may connect the western segment of the Lenglongling fault (LLLF) and the eastern segment of the Tuolaishan fault (TLSF). Additionally, the western segment of the surface rupture zone of the northern branch may terminate in the secondary branch close to the Sunan-Qilian fault (SN-QL) strike direction, and the earthquake may have triggered deep aftershocks and accelerated stress release within the deep seismogenic fault. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Remote Sensors)
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13 pages, 2916 KiB  
Article
Identification of the Structure of Liquid–Gas Flow in a Horizontal Pipeline Using the Gamma-Ray Absorption and a Convolutional Neural Network
by Robert Hanus, Marcin Zych, Piotr Ochał and Małgorzata Augustyn
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4854; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114854 (registering DOI) - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
Knowledge of the liquid–gas flow regime is important for the proper control of many industrial processes (e.g., in the mining, nuclear, petrochemical, and environmental industries). The latest publications in this field concern the use of computational intelligence methods for flow structure recognition, which [...] Read more.
Knowledge of the liquid–gas flow regime is important for the proper control of many industrial processes (e.g., in the mining, nuclear, petrochemical, and environmental industries). The latest publications in this field concern the use of computational intelligence methods for flow structure recognition, which include, for example, expert systems and artificial neural networks. Generally, machine learning methods exploit various characteristics of sensors signals in the value, time, frequency, and time–frequency domain. In this work, the convolutional neural network (CNN) VGG-16 is applied for analysis of histogram images of signals obtained for water–air flow by using gamma-ray absorption. The experiments were carried out on the laboratory hydraulic installation fitted with a radiometric measurement system. The essential part of the hydraulic installation is a horizontal pipeline made of metalplex, 4.5 m long, with an internal diameter of 30 mm. The radiometric measurement set used in the investigation consists of a linear Am-241 radiation source with an energy of 59.5 keV and a scintillation detector with a NaI(Tl) crystal. In this work, four types of water–air flow regimes (plug, slug, bubble, and transitional plug–bubble) were studied. MATLAB 2022a software was used to analyze the measurement signal obtained from the detector. It was found that the CNN network correctly recognizes the flow regime in more than 90% of the cases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Signal Processing and Machine Learning for Physics Applications)
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12 pages, 1000 KiB  
Article
Nationwide Big Data Analysis of Statin Use and Intracerebral Hemorrhage Risk in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients in Taiwan
by William Winardi, Sin-Hua Moi, Thomas Winardi, Yu-Wen Cheng, Po-Yuan Chen and Cheng-Kai Lin
Medicina 2024, 60(6), 939; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60060939 (registering DOI) - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Although statins are recommended for secondary prevention of acute ischemic stroke, some population-based studies and clinical evidence suggest that they might be used with an increased risk of intracranial hemorrhage. In this nested case–control study, we used Taiwan’s nationwide [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Although statins are recommended for secondary prevention of acute ischemic stroke, some population-based studies and clinical evidence suggest that they might be used with an increased risk of intracranial hemorrhage. In this nested case–control study, we used Taiwan’s nationwide universal health insurance database to investigate the possible association between statin therapy prescribed to acute ischemic stroke patients and their risk of subsequent intracerebral hemorrhage and all-cause mortality in Taiwan. Materials and Methods: All data were retrospectively obtained from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database. Acute ischemic stroke patients were divided into a cohort receiving statin pharmacotherapy and a control cohort not receiving statin pharmacotherapy. A 1:1 matching for age, gender, and index day, and propensity score matching was conducted, producing 39,366 cases and 39,366 controls. The primary outcomes were long-term subsequent intracerebral hemorrhage and all-cause mortality. The competing risk between subsequent intracerebral hemorrhage and all-cause mortality was estimated using the Fine and Gray regression hazards model. Results: Patients receiving statin pharmacotherapy after an acute ischemic stroke had a significantly lower risk of subsequent intracerebral hemorrhage (p < 0.0001) and lower all-cause mortality rates (p < 0.0001). Low, moderate, and high dosages of statin were associated with significantly decreased risks for subsequent intracerebral hemorrhage (adjusted sHRs 0.82, 0.74, 0.53) and all-cause mortality (adjusted sHRs 0.75, 0.74, 0.74), respectively. Conclusions: Statin pharmacotherapy was found to safely and effectively reduce the risk of subsequent intracerebral hemorrhage and all-cause mortality in acute ischemic stroke patients in Taiwan. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stroke: Diagnostic Approaches and Therapies)
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13 pages, 902 KiB  
Article
A Novel Approach to Surface Roughness Virtual Sample Generation to Address the Small Sample Size Problem in Ultra-Precision Machining
by Ruilin Liu and Wenwen Tian
Sensors 2024, 24(11), 3621; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113621 (registering DOI) - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
Surface roughness is one of the main bases for measuring the surface quality of machined parts. A large amount of training data can effectively improve model prediction accuracy. However, obtaining a large and complete surface roughness sample dataset during the ultra-precision machining process [...] Read more.
Surface roughness is one of the main bases for measuring the surface quality of machined parts. A large amount of training data can effectively improve model prediction accuracy. However, obtaining a large and complete surface roughness sample dataset during the ultra-precision machining process is a challenging task. In this article, a novel virtual sample generation scheme (PSOVSGBLS) for surface roughness is designed to address the small sample problem in ultra-precision machining, which utilizes a particle swarm optimization algorithm combined with a broad learning system to generate virtual samples, enriching the diversity of samples by filling the information gaps between the original small samples. Finally, a set of ultra-precision micro-groove cutting experiments was carried out to verify the feasibility of the proposed virtual sample generation scheme, and the results show that the prediction error of the surface roughness prediction model was significantly reduced after adding virtual samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Intelligent Sensors)
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9 pages, 2509 KiB  
Article
Tunable Nonlinear Optical Bistability Based on the Fabry–Perot Cavity Composed of Dirac Semimetal and Two Symmetric Photonic Crystals
by Yunyang Ye, Jing Pan, Wei Chen, Huayue Zhang and Riwei Wang
Coatings 2024, 14(6), 705; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14060705 (registering DOI) - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
In this paper, we study the nonlinear optical bistability (OB) in a symmetrical multilayer structure. This multilayer structure is constructed by embedding a nonlinear three-dimensional Dirac semimetal (3D DSM) into a Fabry–Perot cavity composed of one-dimensional photonic crystals. The OB phenomenon stems from [...] Read more.
In this paper, we study the nonlinear optical bistability (OB) in a symmetrical multilayer structure. This multilayer structure is constructed by embedding a nonlinear three-dimensional Dirac semimetal (3D DSM) into a Fabry–Perot cavity composed of one-dimensional photonic crystals. The OB phenomenon stems from the third order nonlinear conductivity of 3D DSM. The local field of resonance mode could enhance the nonlinearity and reduce the thresholds of OB. This structure achieves the tunability of OB due to the fact that the transmittance could be modulated by the Fermi energy. It is found that the OB threshold and threshold width could be remarkably reduced by increasing the Fermi energy of the 3D DSM. Besides, we also found that the OB curve depends heavily on the angle of incidence of the incident light, the structural parameters of the Fabry–Perot cavity, and the position of the 3D DSM inside the cavity. After parameter optimization, we obtained OB with a threshold of 106 V/m. We believe this simple multilayer structure could provide a reference idea for realizing low-threshold and tunable all-optical switching devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Properties of Crystals and Thin Films, Volume II)
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10 pages, 237 KiB  
Article
Investigating the Relationship between Body Mass Index, Cholesterol, and Cancer in United States Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study
by Anastasija Martinović and David R. Axon
Diseases 2024, 12(6), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases12060120 (registering DOI) - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI), cholesterol, and cancer in United States (US) adults. Data were collected from the 2020 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). Eligible participants were US adults (≥18 years) with [...] Read more.
The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI), cholesterol, and cancer in United States (US) adults. Data were collected from the 2020 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). Eligible participants were US adults (≥18 years) with data on BMI, cholesterol, and cancer status, who were alive at the end of the data collection period. An adjusted logistic regression model assessed associations between eight possible combinations of BMI and cholesterol status (independent variable) with cancer diagnosis (dependent variable). Among 27,805 individuals in the 2020 MEPS data, 20,818 met the eligibility criteria (weighted N = 252,340,615). Of these 2668 (weighted N = 29,770,359) had cancer and 18,150 (weighted N = 222,570,256) did not have cancer. In the adjusted logistic regression model, underweight and normal weight individuals with high cholesterol were associated with higher odds of cancer (odds ratio, OR = 2.002, and 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.032–3.885, and OR = 1.326 and 95% CI = 1.047–1.681, respectively), while obese individuals with normal cholesterol were associated with lower odds of cancer (OR = 0.681; 95% CI = 0.543–0.853) compared to normal weight individuals with normal cholesterol. This study offers insights into specific groups of individuals who may be prioritized for cancer prevention. Further research is required to investigate these findings in additional subpopulations. Full article
3 pages, 541 KiB  
Interesting Images
Guidewire Retention by the Venous Cannula of Veno-Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
by Sebastian Bratke and Jan A. Graw
Reports 2024, 7(2), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports7020043 (registering DOI) - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
While insertion of a central venous catheter (CVC) for intravascular access, diagnosis, and intensive care medical treatment is frequently needed in critically ill patients, retention of the guidewire used for CVC placement with Seldinger’s technique is a very rare complication. In patients treated [...] Read more.
While insertion of a central venous catheter (CVC) for intravascular access, diagnosis, and intensive care medical treatment is frequently needed in critically ill patients, retention of the guidewire used for CVC placement with Seldinger’s technique is a very rare complication. In patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), significant negative pressures in the thoracal and abdominal venous system are generated by the venous ECMO drainage cannula. Therefore, during CVC placement in patients treated with ECMO, special vigilance is required because the significant negative pressures generated by the venous ECMO drainage cannula facilitate venous suction of an unsecured guidewire. Full article
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21 pages, 1371 KiB  
Article
Heterosis for Interactions between Insect Herbivores and 3-Line Hybrid Rice under Low and High Soil Nitrogen Conditions
by Finbarr G. Horgan, Carmencita C. Bernal, Angelee Fame Ramal, Maria Liberty P. Almazan, Enrique A. Mundaca and Eduardo Crisol-Martínez
Insects 2024, 15(6), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15060416 (registering DOI) - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
Hybrid rice results from crossing a male-sterile line (the A line) with a pollen doner (the restorer or R line). In 3-line hybrid breeding systems, a fertile B line is also required to maintain A line populations. Heterosis is defined as a condition [...] Read more.
Hybrid rice results from crossing a male-sterile line (the A line) with a pollen doner (the restorer or R line). In 3-line hybrid breeding systems, a fertile B line is also required to maintain A line populations. Heterosis is defined as a condition of traits whereby the hybrid exceeds the average of the parental lines. Heterobeltiosis is where the hybrid exceeds both parents. Hybrid rice may display heterosis/heterobeltiosis for growth, yield and resistance to herbivores, among other traits. In a greenhouse experiment, we assessed the frequency of heterosis for resistance to the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugans (BPH)), whitebacked planthopper (Sogatella furcifera (WBPH)) and yellow stemborer (Scirpophaga incertulas (YSB)) in eight hybrids under varying soil nitrogen conditions. We also assessed plant biomass losses due to herbivore feeding as an approximation of tolerance (the plant’s capacity to compensate for damage). Nitrogen reduced resistance to all three herbivores but was also associated with tolerance to WBPH and YSB based on improved plant survival, growth and/or yields. Plant biomass losses per unit weight of WBPH also declined under high nitrogen conditions for a number of hybrids, and there were several cases of overcompensation in rice for attacks by this herbivore. There was one case of nitrogen-related tolerance to BPH (increased grain yield) for a hybrid line with relatively high resistance, likely due to quantitative traits. Heterosis and heterobeltiosis were not essential to produce relatively high herbivore resistance or tolerance across hybrids. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Biology and Management of Sap-Sucking Pests)
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15 pages, 6550 KiB  
Article
Light-Weighting and Comparative Simulation Analysis of the Forearm of Welding Robots
by Hongchen Pang, Zibin Sun, Jiezhen Hu and Fang Yang
Actuators 2024, 13(6), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/act13060209 (registering DOI) - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
The light-weighting of a robotic arm is an important aspect of robot research. In the operation of existing welding robots, excessive vibrations in the welding actuators have been observed, which lead to reduced welding precision and work efficiency. The direct connection between the [...] Read more.
The light-weighting of a robotic arm is an important aspect of robot research. In the operation of existing welding robots, excessive vibrations in the welding actuators have been observed, which lead to reduced welding precision and work efficiency. The direct connection between the forearm and the welding actuator is a key component that affects vibrations. Based on this, a study on light-weighting the forearm is proposed. Using the theory of topology optimization with variable density structure, the structural dimensions, shapes, and geometric parameters of the forearm are optimized. The material removal methods of “hole cutting” and “local hollowing” are employed to reconstruct the forearm structure model. Static, modal, and transient simulations were performed on the forearm model pre-optimization and post-optimization. The optimization results show that the mass of the forearm is reduced by 19.8%. The static simulation comparative analysis shows that, under the same constraints and load conditions, the maximum total deformation of the optimized forearm is reduced by 3.6%, the maximum stress is reduced by 3.2%, and the maximum equivalent elastic strain is reduced by 5.7%. The optimized forearm structure is more reasonable and exhibits better mechanical performance. Modal simulation comparative analysis shows that the first and second natural frequencies of the optimized forearm are increased by 9.8% and 7.0%, respectively. Transient simulation comparative analysis demonstrates that, under the maximum operating condition, the vibration frequency and amplitude of the optimized welding robot forearm are reduced by 19.4% and 26.9%, respectively. The maximum amplitudes of the maximum equivalent stress curve and maximum equivalent elastic strain curve are reduced by 51.0% and 46.0%, respectively. This study provides a guarantee for reducing vibrations in welding actuators, improving welding precision, and enhancing the work efficiency of the welding robot. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Actuators for Robotics)
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17 pages, 3118 KiB  
Article
Occurrence, Impact, and Multilocus Sequence Analysis of Alder Yellows Phytoplasma Infecting Common Alder and Italian Alder in Southern Italy
by Carmine Marcone, Roberto Pierro and Carmine Palmieri
Microorganisms 2024, 12(6), 1140; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12061140 (registering DOI) - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
Alder yellows (ALY) phytoplasma (16SrV-C) is associated with ALY, a disease of several Alnus (alder) species in Europe and A. rubra in North America. In all affected species, the symptoms are similar. However, latent infections are common. ALY phytoplasma includes different strains which [...] Read more.
Alder yellows (ALY) phytoplasma (16SrV-C) is associated with ALY, a disease of several Alnus (alder) species in Europe and A. rubra in North America. In all affected species, the symptoms are similar. However, latent infections are common. ALY phytoplasma includes different strains which may be occasionally transmitted to grapevines leading to some grapevine yellows diseases. In the current study, visual symptom assessment and PCR-based methods using universal and group-specific phytoplasma primers were used to update and extend knowledge on the occurrence, impact, and genetic diversity of ALY phytoplasma in declining and non-symptomatic A. glutinosa and A. cordata trees in the Basilicata and Campania regions of southern Italy. ALY phytoplasma was detected in 80% of alder trees examined. In symptomatic trees, no other cause of disease was observed. More than half of alder trees that tested phytoplasma-positive proved to be latently infected. A considerable genetic variability was observed among the newly recorded ALY phytoplasma strains in southern Italy in almost of the genes examined. These included 16S rRNA, 16S/23S rDNA spacer region, ribosomal protein rpsV (rpl22) and rpsC (rps3), map, imp, and groEL genes. Eleven new genotypes were identified at map gene sequence level. However, the genetic differences observed were not related to plant host species, geographical origin, and symptoms shown by infected alder trees. Also, this study indicates that ALY phytoplasma is more widespread than previously thought. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Microbe Interactions)
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13 pages, 7680 KiB  
Article
Antibiotics in Surface Sediments from the Anning River in Sichuan Province, China: Occurrence, Distribution, and Risk Assessment
by Junlie Zhou, Jianglin Kang, Chunyan Lin, Qi Xu, Wanrong Yang, Ke Fan and Jinrong Li
Toxics 2024, 12(6), 411; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12060411 (registering DOI) - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
The occurrence, distribution, and ecological risk assessment of 36 antibiotics from five groups, including macrolides (MLs), fluoroquinolones (FQs), tetracyclines (TCs), amphenicols (APs), and sulfonamides (SAs), were investigated for the first time in the Anning River, Sichuan Province, China. The results show that antibiotics [...] Read more.
The occurrence, distribution, and ecological risk assessment of 36 antibiotics from five groups, including macrolides (MLs), fluoroquinolones (FQs), tetracyclines (TCs), amphenicols (APs), and sulfonamides (SAs), were investigated for the first time in the Anning River, Sichuan Province, China. The results show that antibiotics were widely present in the sediments of the Anning River, with a total of 22 antibiotics detected. FQs were among the most abundant antibiotics, followed by TCs, MLs, APs, and SAs. The total concentrations of antibiotics in surface sediments varied from 0.05 to 53.35 ng/g, with an average of 8.09 ng/g. Among these groups, MLs, FQs, and TCs emerged as the predominant classes of antibiotics. The midstream sediments showed the highest residual levels of antibiotics, with lower levels observed in the downstream and upstream sediments. Anthropogenic activities, such as human clinical practices and animal breeding, might be sources of antibiotics released into the river. An ecological risk assessment revealed that trimethoprim from the SA group exhibited high risks, and MLs showed medium risks in the Anning River, whereas most antibiotics presented minimal to low risks. This study provides valuable information on antibiotic pollution in the upstream region of the Yangtze River, and future management measures are needed for the Anning River. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Emerging Contaminants)
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10 pages, 6579 KiB  
Article
Histopathologic Study of the Effects of Surgically Applied Cryoanalgesia on Intercostal Nerves in a Live Porcine Model
by Julian Guitron
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(11), 3304; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13113304 (registering DOI) - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to establish a histologic baseline for cryoanalgesia of 2 min duration and evaluate the effects of different freeze durations. Methods: A porcine model was used in which the application of bilateral cryoanalgesia from intercostal [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to establish a histologic baseline for cryoanalgesia of 2 min duration and evaluate the effects of different freeze durations. Methods: A porcine model was used in which the application of bilateral cryoanalgesia from intercostal spaces T3–T7 was completed via partial median sternotomy. The animals were kept alive for 7 days and the ribcages were sent to a specialized center for histopathologic analysis of the freezing injury. Results: Forty freezing lesions were completed and analyzed histologically. Thirty-eight (95%) of the cryo-lesions presented 100% nerve fiber degeneration at or distal to the ablation site, with preservation of the perineural connective tissue, as intended. The two unaffected nerves were found to be physically located outside of the freezing area. Conclusions: The complete axonal degeneration with preservation of the perineural tissue opens the possibility to shorter freezing times than the recommended 2 min. Visualization of the nerve and positioning of the probe is important in ensuring the proper effect on the nerve. This histologic analysis confirms the process triggered by cryoanalgesia that, until now, had only been assumed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Clinical Management of Perioperative Anesthesia)
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16 pages, 2067 KiB  
Article
Dynamical Analysis and Synchronization of Complex Network Dynamic Systems under Continuous-Time
by Rui Yang, Huaigu Tian, Zhen Wang, Wei Wang and Yang Zhang
Symmetry 2024, 16(6), 687; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16060687 (registering DOI) - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
In multilayer complex networks, the uncertainty in node states leads to intricate behaviors. It is, therefore, of great importance to be able to estimate the states of target nodes in these systems, both for theoretical advancements and practical applications. This paper introduces a [...] Read more.
In multilayer complex networks, the uncertainty in node states leads to intricate behaviors. It is, therefore, of great importance to be able to estimate the states of target nodes in these systems, both for theoretical advancements and practical applications. This paper introduces a state observer-based approach for the state estimation of such networks, focusing specifically on a class of complex dynamic networks with nodes that correspond one-to-one. Initially, a chaotic system is employed to model the dynamics of each node and highlight the essential state components for analysis and derivation. A network state observer is then constructed using a unique diagonal matrix, which underpins the driver and response-layer networks. By integrating control theory and stability function analysis, the effectiveness of the observer in achieving synchronization between complex dynamic networks and target systems is confirmed. Additionally, the efficacy and precision of the proposed method are validated through simulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos II)
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11 pages, 7856 KiB  
Article
Ag-CeO2 Based on Electrochemical Sensor for High-Efficient On-Site Detection of Nitrite in Aquaculture Water and Beverages
by Kunmeng Zhao, Ziyao Zhang, Yihui Zhou and Xuexia Lin
Molecules 2024, 29(11), 2644; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29112644 (registering DOI) - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
Nitrite is one of the most common nitrogenous compounds, which is not only an important indicator of aquaculture water but also widely used as a food additive. Its potential toxicity poses a huge threat to aquatic products and human health. Therefore, it is [...] Read more.
Nitrite is one of the most common nitrogenous compounds, which is not only an important indicator of aquaculture water but also widely used as a food additive. Its potential toxicity poses a huge threat to aquatic products and human health. Therefore, it is important to develop a convenient and rapid sensor for the high-efficient onsite detection of nitrite. In this work, a novel electrochemical sensor was developed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of nitrite. The developed nitrite electrochemical detection system is easily applied in onsite detection. The electrochemical working electrode was constructed based on the combination of Ag-CeO2 and conductive carbon paste (CPE) with excellent electrocatalysis activity and rapid electron transfer ability. By the application of the developed system and under the optimal conditions, the linear range was from 40.0 μM to 500.0 μM, and the detection limit was reduced to 4.3 μM. The recovery was between 92.1% and 108.1%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 0.49%~9.31%. The sensor exhibited superior reproducibility, high stability sensitivity, and anti-interference ability, confirming its effectiveness for nitrite analysis. Finally, the developed electrochemical sensor was successfully applied to detect nitrite in beverages and aquaculture water samples, indicating that this approach has great potential in onsite food testing and environmental monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Analytical Chemistry)
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14 pages, 4126 KiB  
Article
Coxsackievirus A7 and Enterovirus A71 Significantly Reduce SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Cell and Animal Models
by Victor A. Svyatchenko, Stanislav S. Legostaev, Roman Y. Lutkovskiy, Elena V. Protopopova, Eugenia P. Ponomareva, Vladimir V. Omigov, Oleg S. Taranov, Vladimir A. Ternovoi, Alexander P. Agafonov and Valery B. Loktev
Viruses 2024, 16(6), 909; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060909 (registering DOI) - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the features of co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and the enterovirus vaccine strain LEV8 of coxsackievirus A7 or enterovirus A71 for Vero E6 cells and Syrian hamsters. The investigation of co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and LEV-8 or EV-A71 in the cell [...] Read more.
In this study, we investigated the features of co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and the enterovirus vaccine strain LEV8 of coxsackievirus A7 or enterovirus A71 for Vero E6 cells and Syrian hamsters. The investigation of co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and LEV-8 or EV-A71 in the cell model showed that a competitive inhibitory effect for these viruses was especially significant against SARS-CoV-2. Pre-infection with enteroviruses in the animals caused more than a 100-fold decrease in the levels of SARS-CoV-2 virus replication in the respiratory tract and more rapid clearance of infectious SARS-CoV-2 from the lower respiratory tract. Co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and LEV-8 or EV-A71 also reduced the severity of clinical manifestations of the SARS-CoV-2 infection in the animals. Additionally, the histological data illustrated that co-infection with strain LEV8 of coxsackievirus A7 decreased the level of pathological changes induced by SARS-CoV-2 in the lungs. Research into the chemokine/cytokine profile demonstrated that the studied enteroviruses efficiently triggered this part of the antiviral immune response, which is associated with the significant inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection. These results demonstrate that there is significant viral interference between the studied strain LEV-8 of coxsackievirus A7 or enterovirus A71 and SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and in vivo. Full article
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17 pages, 1731 KiB  
Review
VDAC in Retinal Health and Disease
by Ying Xu, Shanti R. Tummala, Xiongmin Chen and Noga Vardi
Biomolecules 2024, 14(6), 654; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14060654 (registering DOI) - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
The retina, a tissue of the central nervous system, is vital for vision as its photoreceptors capture light and transform it into electrical signals, which are further processed before they are sent to the brain to be interpreted as images. The retina is [...] Read more.
The retina, a tissue of the central nervous system, is vital for vision as its photoreceptors capture light and transform it into electrical signals, which are further processed before they are sent to the brain to be interpreted as images. The retina is unique in that it is continuously exposed to light and has the highest metabolic rate and demand for energy amongst all the tissues in the body. Consequently, the retina is very susceptible to oxidative stress. VDAC, a pore in the outer membrane of mitochondria, shuttles metabolites between mitochondria and the cytosol and normally protects cells from oxidative damage, but when a cell’s integrity is greatly compromised it initiates cell death. There are three isoforms of VDAC, and existing evidence indicates that all three are expressed in the retina. However, their precise localization and function in each cell type is unknown. It appears that most retinal cells express substantial amounts of VDAC2 and VDAC3, presumably to protect them from oxidative stress. Photoreceptors express VDAC2, HK2, and PKM2—key proteins in the Warburg pathway that also protect these cells. Consistent with its role in initiating cell death, VDAC is overexpressed in the retinal degenerative diseases retinitis pigmentosa, age related macular degeneration (AMD), and glaucoma. Treatment with antioxidants or inhibiting VDAC oligomerization reduced its expression and improved cell survival. Thus, VDAC may be a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of these diseases. Full article
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19 pages, 11624 KiB  
Article
Effect of Ultrasonic Shot Peening on Microstructure and Corrosion Properties of GTA-Welded 304L Stainless Steel
by Hyunhak Cho, Young-Ran Yoo and Young-Sik Kim
Crystals 2024, 14(6), 531; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14060531 (registering DOI) - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
Austenitic stainless steels used in structural applications suffer from stress corrosion cracking due to residual stresses during welding. Much research is being conducted to prevent the stress corrosion cracking of austenitic steels by inducing compressive residual stresses. One method is ultrasonic shot peening [...] Read more.
Austenitic stainless steels used in structural applications suffer from stress corrosion cracking due to residual stresses during welding. Much research is being conducted to prevent the stress corrosion cracking of austenitic steels by inducing compressive residual stresses. One method is ultrasonic shot peening (USP), which is used to apply compressive stress by modifying the mechanical properties of the material’s surface. In this study, 304L stainless steel was butt-welded by gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and subsequently subjected to compressive residual stress to a depth of 1 mm from the surface by a USP treatment. The influence of USP on microstructural changes in the base metal, the HAZ and weldment, and the corrosion properties was analyzed. A microstructural analysis was conducted using SEM-EDS, XRD, and EBSD methods alongside residual stress measurements. The surface and cross-sectional corrosion behavior was evaluated and analyzed using a potentiodynamic polarization test, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements, a double-loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (DL-EPR) test, and an ASTM A262 Pr. C test. The surface was deformed and roughened by the USP. The deformed areas formed crevices, and the inside of the crevices contained some cracks. The crevices and internal cracks caused pitting, which reduced the resistance of the passivation film. The cross-section was subjected to compressive residual stress to a depth of 1 mm from the surface, and the outermost area of the cross-section had fine grain refinement, forming a solid passivation film that improved the corrosion resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plastic Deformation and Welding on Metallic Materials)
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10 pages, 1554 KiB  
Article
A Phase II Trial of Bevacizumab in Patients with Recurrent/Progressive Solid Tumor Brain Metastases That Have Progressed Following Whole-Brain Radiation Therapy
by Karan Dixit, Lauren Singer, Sean Aaron Grimm, Rimas V. Lukas, Margaret A. Schwartz, Alfred Rademaker, Hui Zhang, Masha Kocherginsky, Sofia Chernet, Laura Sharp, Valerie Nelson, Jeffrey J. Raizer and Priya Kumthekar
Cancers 2024, 16(11), 2133; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16112133 (registering DOI) - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
Patients with solid tumor brain metastases that progress after whole-brain radiation have limited options. This prospective trial investigated the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of bevacizumab as salvage therapy in this population. Eligible patients received bevacizumab 10 mg/kg intravenously every 2 weeks until progression. [...] Read more.
Patients with solid tumor brain metastases that progress after whole-brain radiation have limited options. This prospective trial investigated the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of bevacizumab as salvage therapy in this population. Eligible patients received bevacizumab 10 mg/kg intravenously every 2 weeks until progression. The primary endpoint was radiologic response using Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) criteria. The secondary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), duration of response, and safety. Quality of life (QOL) was studied using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Brain (FACT-Br) scale. Twenty-seven patients were enrolled, with twenty-four having evaluable data for response. The majority of histologies (n = 21, 78%) were breast cancer. The remaining histologies were non-small-cell lung cancer (n = 4, 15%), neuroendocrine cancer (n = 1, 3%), and papillary fallopian serous adenocarcinoma (n = 1, 3%). Eighteen patients had radiologic response, with two patients demonstrating partial response (8.33%) and sixteen patients demonstrating stable disease (66.7%). The median duration of response was 203 days. PFS at 6 months was 46%, median PFS was 5.3 m, and median OS was 9.5 m. Treatment was well tolerated, with six patients experiencing grade 3 lymphopenia and hypertension. There was one grade 3 thromboembolism. QOL was not negatively impacted. Bevacizumab is a safe and feasible salvage treatment with durable response and favorable overall survival for patients with progressive brain metastases after whole-brain radiation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Metastases: Diagnosis and Treatment)
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10 pages, 223 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Taste Genes on Body Fat and Alcohol Consumption
by Mohammad K. Shushari, Tianlan Wei, Pradtana Tapanee, Diane Tidwell and Terezie Tolar-Peterson
Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1756; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111756 (registering DOI) - 4 Jun 2024
Abstract
Dietary intake and alcohol consumption might be influenced by genetic variations in taste receptor genes. The objectives of this study were to examine the relationship between polymorphisms in the bitter taste receptor genes TAS2R13 (rs1015443) and TAS2R38 (rs1726866, rs10246939, and rs713598) as well [...] Read more.
Dietary intake and alcohol consumption might be influenced by genetic variations in taste receptor genes. The objectives of this study were to examine the relationship between polymorphisms in the bitter taste receptor genes TAS2R13 (rs1015443) and TAS2R38 (rs1726866, rs10246939, and rs713598) as well as alcohol consumption and body fat percentage in college students. Four hundred and two students with a mean age of 20.2 years participated in this study. An NIH Diet History Questionnaire (DHQ II) was used to collect data on their dietary intake, while an AUDIT survey was used to determine their level of alcohol consumption. Bitter taste receptor gene polymorphisms were assessed by TaqMan allelic discrimination assays. Despite significant associations between TAS2R13 (rs1015443) and certain aspects of alcohol consumption, including the frequency of alcohol intake, no significant associations were found between TAS2R13 (rs1015443) and alcohol consumption after accounting for confounding variables in the regression model. Neither association was found regarding percent of body fat. In contrast, ethnicity and gender significantly influenced percent of body fat (p < 0.001), while no significant association was observed between TAS2R13 (rs1015443) and percent of body fat. Likewise, TAS2R38 (rs1726866, rs10246939, and rs713598) demonstrated no significant association with alcohol consumption and percent of body fat. These results were controlled for confounding factors, such as ethnicity and gender. Body fat percentage and alcohol consumption may be influenced by ethnicity, gender, and age rather than SNPs of TAS2R13 and TAS2R38 genes. Assessing taste genes’ interactions with diet and body composition might be useful in identifying human disease risk. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)
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