Summary
The influence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis on cytokinin activity in Citrus jambhiri Lush, seedlings was investigated. C. jambhiri inoculated with cultures of Glomus caledonium (Nicol. and Gerd.), G. epigaeum (Dan. and Trappe), G. etunicatum (Becker and Gerd.), G. fasciculatum Thaxt. (Gerd, and Trappe) or G. mosseae (Nicol and Gerd.) was grown from seed for 105 days in a glasshouse. Cytokinin activity in roots and leaves of seedlings was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and a bioassay. Seedling leaf tissue had greater cytokinin activity than root tissue. Zeatin, zeatin riboside, and their dihydro- and glucoside derivatives were isolated from leaves of 105-day-old seedlings inoculated with G. fasciculatum and G. mosseae. Cytokinin activity in roots and leaves was associated with differences in seedling total dry weight and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization. The ribose moiety and the saturated side chain apparently influence cytokinin transport and physiological activity in Citrus seedlings.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allen MF, Moore TS, Christensen M (1980) Phytohormone changes in Bouteloua gracilis infected by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae: I. Cytokinin increases in the host plant. Can J Bot 58: 371–374
Barea JM, Azcon-Aquilar C (1982) Production of plant growth regulating substances by the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. Appl Environ Microbiol 43: 810–813
Barnes RM (1978) Applications of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Franklin Institute Press, Philadelphia
Bethenfalvay GJ, Yoder JF (1981) The Glycine-Glomus-Rhizobium symbiosis. Physiol Plant 52: 141–145
Crafts CB, Miller CO (1974) Detection and identification of cytokinins produced by mycorrhizal fungi. Plant Physiol 54: 586–588
Davey JE, Staden J van (1976) Cytokinin translocation changes in zeatin and zeatin-riboside levels in the root exudate of tomato plants during their development. Planta 130: 69–72
Davey JE, Staden J van (1978) Cytokinin activity in Lupinus albus I. Distribution in vegetative and flowering plants. Physiol Plant 43: 77–81
Edriss MH, Davis RM, Burger DW (1984) Influence of mycorrhizal fungi on cytokinin production in sour orange. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 109: 587–590
Gerdemann JJ, Nicholson TH (1963) Spores of mycorrhizal Endogone species extracted from soil by wet sieving and decanting. Trans Mycol Soc 46: 235–244
Giovanetti M, Mosse B (1980) An evaluation of techniques for measuring vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in roots. New Phytol 84: 489–500
Heindl JC, Carson DR, Brun WA, Brenner ML (1982) Ontogenetic variation of four cytokinins in soybean root pressure exudate. Plant Physiol 70: 1619–1625
Hendry NS, Staden J van, Allan P (1982) Cytokinins in Citrus. I. Fluctuations in the leaves during seasonal and developmental changes. Sci Hortic 16: 9–16
Hoagland DR, Arnon DI (1950) The water-culture method for growing plants without soil. Calif Agric Exp Stan Circ 347
Horgan R, Kramers MR (1979) High performance liquid chromatography of cytokinins. J Chromatogr 173: 263–270
Horgan JM, Wareing PF (1980) Cytokinins and the growth response of seedings of Betula pendula and Acer pseudoplatanus to nitrogen and phosphorus deficiency. J Exp Bot 31:525–532
Hutton MJ, Staden J Van (1983) Transport and metabolism of 8(14C) zeatin applied to leaves of Citrus sinesis. Z Pflanzenphysiol Bodenk 111: 75–83
Leonard NJ, Hecht SM, Skoog F, Schmitz RY (1969) Cytokinins: synthesis, mass spectra, and biological activity of compounds related to zeatin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 63: 175–182
Mader DL, Hoyle MC (1964) An inexpensive portable unit for perchloric acid digestion and semi-micro-Kjedhahl determinations. Soil Sci 98: 295–299
Menary RC, Staden J van (1976) Effects of phosphorus nutrition and cytokinins on flowering in the tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Aust J Plant Physiol 3: 201–205
Menge JA, Labanauskas CK, Johnson ELV, Platt RG (1978) Partial substitution of mycorrhizal fungi for phosphorus fertilization in the greenhouse culture of Citrus. Soil Sci Am J 42: 926–930
Mozes R, Altman A (1977) Characteristics of root-to-shoot transport of cytokinin-6-benzylaminopurine in intact seedings of Citrus aurantium. Physiol Plant 39: 225–232
Phillips JM, Hayman DS (1970) Improved procedures for clearing roots and staining parasitic and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of infection. Trans Br Mycol Soc 55: 158–161
Smith MW, Storey JB (1976) The influence of washing procedures on surface removal and leaching of certain elements from pecan leaflets. Hortscience Sci 11: 50–52
Smith AR, Staden J van (1978) Changes in endogenous cytokinin levels in kernels of Zea mays L. during imbibition and germination. J Exp Bot 29: 1067–1075
Staden J van (1976) Seasonal changes in the cytokinin content of Gingko biloba leaves. Physiol Plant 38: 1–5
Staden J van, Davey JE (1979) The synthesis, transport, and metabolism of endogenous cytokinins. Plant Cell Environ 2:93–106
Staden J van, Dimalla GG (1977) A comparison of the endogenous cytokinins in the roots and xylem exudate of nemotode-resistant and susceptible tomato cultivars. J Exp Bot 28: 1351–1356
Staden J van, Wareing PF (1972) The effect of photoperiod on the levels of endogenous cytokinins in Xanthium stramerium. Physiol Plant 27: 331–337
Torrey JG (1976) Root hormones and plant growth. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 27: 435–459
Wang TL, Horgan R (1978) Dihydrozeatin riboside, a minor cytokinin from the leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Planta 140: 151–153
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dixon, R.K., Garrett, H.E. & Cox, G.S. Cytokinin activity in Citrus jambhiri Lush. seedlings colonized by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Trees 2, 39–44 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00196978
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00196978