The role of air humidity and temperature in controlling stomatal resistance of Prunus armeniaca L. under desert conditions

Summary

Measurements of CO₂ and water vapor exchange were performed on Prunus armeniaca L. with humidity- and temperature-controlled chambers under the climatic conditions of a desert habitat. In apricot, the stomatal response to changes in temperature and water-vapor concentration difference between leaf and air (WD) significantly determined the rates of gas exchange during the day (parts I and II). The effect of climate-controlled stomatal response on the transpiration/net photosynthesis (T/P)-ratio was analyzed and simulated using experiments conducted at constant temperature and/or humidity conditions for input parameters. The measured values of the T/P-ratio at naturally varying conditions of humidity and temperature were compared with calculated results of a model in which it was assumed, (1) that stomata and photosynthetic activity are not affected by air humidity and temperature, (2) that the stomata only respond with a constant photosynthetic activity to changes in WD, and (3) that the stomata respond to both, leaf temperature and air humidity with a constant photosynthetic activity. These simulations facilitated an analysis of the naturally observed changes in the T/P-ratio.

The calculated T/P-ratios were very small if the simulation assumed that stomata only respond to WD at a constant photosynthetic activity. These low predicted values of the T/P-ratio were not obtained under natural conditions, since an increase in WD during the day was correlated with a temperature rise which tended to open stomata and change the photosynthetic activity. Humidity induced stomatal closure did appear to substantially reduce T/P-ratios.

The measured T/P-ratio changed considerably during the year. The lowest T/P-ratios were obtained in the middle of the dry season at a time when stomata responded strongly to air humidity and when optimum of photosynthesis was reached at high temperatures. The daily average T/P-ratio calculated from the daily sum of P and T showed little change during the seasons. A high T/P-ratio was also observed at reduced rates of gas exchange. The T/P-ratios of apricot were compared with different species in different environments.