Abstract
Polarization and azimuthal dependencies of optical second-harmonic generation at the surface of cubic ionic crystals have been measured on polished surfaces of BaF2 (111) and (100), CaF2 (111) and NaCl (111), using a fundamental wavelength of 532 nm. The results are interpreted in terms of available theory, which shows that for transparent cubic media only the dipolar surface contribution depends on the crystal orientation. For BaF2 (111) and NaCl (111) the crystallineC 3vgeometry could be identified but not for CaF2 (111). Although the nature of the electronic surface structure giving rise to a dipolar polarizability remains undetermined, the experimental result suggests that it may be due to impurity or defect states in the band gap at the surface.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
R.W. Terhune, P.D. Maker, C.M. Savage: Phys. Rev. Lett.8, 404 (1962)
C.C. Wang, A.N. Duminsky: Phys. Rev. Lett.20, 668 (1968)
N. Bloembergen, R.K. Chang, S.S. Jha, C.H. Lee: Phys. Rev.174, 813 (1968)
N. Bloembergen:Nonlinear Optics (Benjamin, New York 1965), Chap. 5
Y.R. Shen:The Principles of Nonlinear Optics (Wiley, New York 1984) Chap. 25
C.K. Chen, T.F. Heimz, D. Ricard, Y.R. Shen: Phys. Rev. Lett.46, 1010 (1981)
Y.R. Shen: J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B3, 1464 (1985) and references therein
Y.R. Shen: Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci.86, 69 (1986) and references therein
P. Guyot-Sionnest, W. Chen, Y.R. Shen: Phys. Rev. B33, 8254 (1986)
J. Reif, H. Fallgren, W.E. Cooke, E. Matthias: Appl. Phys. Lett.49, 770 (1986)
J. Reif, H. Fallgren, H.B. Nielsen, E. Matthias: Appl. Phys. Lett.49, 990 (1986)
J. Reif, H.B. Nielsen, O. Semmler, E. Matthias, E. Westin, A. Rosén: Physica Scripta35, 532 (1987)
E. Matthias, H.B. Nielsen, J. Reif, A. Rosén, E. Westin: J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B5, 1415 (1987)
J. Reif, P. Tepper, E. Matthias, E. Westin, A. Rosén: InLaser spectroscopy VIII ed by W. Persson and S. Svanberg Springer Ser. Opt. Sci.55, (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1987) p. 257
C.V. Shank, R. Yen, C. Hirlimann: Phys. Rev. Lett.51, 900 (1983)
H.W.K. Tom, T.F. Heinz, Y.R. Shen: Phys. Rev. Lett.51, 1983 (1983)
T.F. Heinz, M.M.T. Loy, W.A. Thompson: J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B3, 1467 (1985)
T.A. Driscoll, D. Guidotti: Phys. Rev. B28, 1171 (1983)
H.W.K. Tom, G.D. Aumiller: Phys. Rev. B33, 8818 (1986)
J.A. Armstrong, N. Bloembergen, J. Ducuing, P.S. Pershan: Phys. Rev.127, 1918 (1962)
P.S. Pershan: Phys. Rev.130, 919 (1963)
C.C. Wang: Phys. Rev.178, 1457 (1969)
J. Ducuing, C. Flytzanis: Second-Order Optical Processes in Solids inOptical Properties of Solids ed. by F. Abelès (North-Holland, Amsterdam 1972) Chap. 11
P. Guyot-Sionnest, Y.R. Shen: Phys. Rev. B35, 4420 (1987) and references therein
P.N. Butcher:Nonlinear Optical Phenomena Bulletin 200, Engineering Experiment Station, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (Ohio State University 1965) pp. 43–50
R.W. Hellwarth: Progr. Quant. Electr.5, 1 (1977)
T.F. Heinz: Private communication
This is strictly valid only for plane waves. The field gradient due to a realistic Gaussian beam profile should be negligibly small compared to\(\partial \tilde E_z /\partial z|_{z = 0} \) and only lead to a negligible, isotropic contribution to the polarization. Also, a transversal field gradient due to absorption by electronic surface states or by defect states in the bulk should be negligible compared to the respective dipole contributions, even though anisotropic
D. Epperlein, B. Dick, G. Marowsky, G.A. Reider: Appl. Phys. B44, 5 (1987)
J.E. Sipe, D.J. Moss, H.M. van Driel: Phy. Rev. B35, 1129 (1987)
A. Rosén, E. Westin, E. Matthias, H.B. Nielsen, J. Reif: Physica Scripta (in press) (1988)
G.W. Rubloff: Phys. Rev. B5, 662 (1972)
It was pointed out in Sect. 2 that the assumption of such a term merely on the basis of symmetry arguments [26] is not justified. This is supported by the experimental observation
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Reif, J., Tepper, P., Matthias, E. et al. Surface structure of cubic ionic crystals studied by optical second-harmonic generation. Appl. Phys. B 46, 131–138 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00686465
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00686465