Skip to main content
Log in

Uses and misinterpretations of genetics in psychology

  • Published:
Genetica Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

An analysis is made of the frequently posed question in psychology of relative contribution of genotypes and environments to phenotypic variation. The illogic of the question, the inappropriateness of the methodology, the inadequacy of the data, and the misleading implications of assertions of proportionality as seen through a sampling of introductory psychology textbooks and referenced publications are outlined. To ask the question of proportionality (of the relative contribution of genotypes and environments in human populations) requires the questioner to make two major erroneous assumptions. The first error is to grant validity to heritability estimates for humans. The second is to conceptualize the genotype as having a range of potential outcomes. An examination is made of these false assumptions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Arnold, S.J., 1994. Multivariate inheritance & evolution: A review of concepts, pp. 17–48 in Quantitative Genetic Studies of Behavioral Evolution, edited by C.R.B. Boake. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, R.L., R.C. Atkinson, E.E. Smith & D.J. Bem, 1993. Introduction to Psychology (11th edn). Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Fort Worth.

  • Baron, R.A., 1995. Psychology (3rd edn). Allyn and Bacon, Needham Heights.

  • Bernstein, D.A., A. Clarke-Stewart, E.J. Roy, T.K. Srull & C.D. Wickens, 1994. Psychology (3rd edn). Houghton-Mifflin, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouchard, T.J. Jr. & M. McGue, 29 May 1981. Familial studies of intelligence: A review. Science 212: 1055–1059.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, R.M. & J.P. Zubek, 1958. Effects of enriched and restricted early environments on the learning ability of bright and dull rats. Canadian Journal of Psychology 12: 159–164.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dobzhansky, T., 1955. Evolution, Genetics, and Man. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engelmann, S., 1971. The effectiveness of direct verbal instruction on IQ performance and achievement in reading and arithmetic in An Empirical Basis for Change in Education, edited by W.C. Becker. Science Research Associates, Inc., Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottesman, I.I., 1963a. Genetic aspects of intelligent behavior, pp. 253–296 in The Handbook of Mental Deficiency, edited by N. Ellis. McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottesman, I.I., 1963b. Heritability of personality: A demonstration. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied 77: 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, P., 1994. Psychology (2nd edn). Worth, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huffman, K., M. Vernoy & J. Vernoy, 1994. Psychology in Action (3rd edn). Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kempthorne, O., 1978. Logical, epistemological and statistical aspects of nature-nurture data interpretation. Biometrics 34: 1–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lahey, B.B., 1995. Psychology: An Introduction (5th edn). Wm. C. Brown, Dubuque.

    Google Scholar 

  • Layzer, D., 1974. Heritability analyses of IQ scores: Science or numerology? Science 183: 1259–1266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matlin, M.W., 1995. Psychology (2nd edn). Harcourt Brace, Fort Worth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers, D.G., 1995. Psychology (4th edn). Worth Publishers, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neisser, U., G. Boodoo, T.J. Bouchard, A.W. Boykin, N. Brody, S.J. Ceci, D.F. Halpern, J.C. Loehlin, R. Perloff, R.J. Sternberg & S. Urbina, 1996. Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns. American Psychologist 51: 77–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholson, I.R., 1990. Are heritability estimates generalizable? Lack of evidence from cross-sample correlations. Social Biology 37: 147–161.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Platt, S.A. & C.A. Sanislow, 1988. Norm-of-Reaction: Definition and misinterpretation of animal research. Journal of Comparative Psychology 102: 254–261.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, R.J.H. & P.A. Wells, 1995. Human assortative mating: more questions concerning genetic similarity theory. Animal Behaviour 50: 550–553.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg, R.J., 1995. In Search of the Human Mind. Harcourt Brace, Fort Worth.

  • Thompson, W.R., 1954. The inheritance and development of intelligence, pp. 209–231 in Genetics and The Inheritance of Integrated Neurological and Psychiatric Patterns, edited by D. Hooker and C.C. Hare. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahlsten, D., 1990. Insensitivity of the analysis of variance to heredity-environment interaction. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13: 109–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahlsten, D., 1994. The intelligence of heritability. Canadian Psychology 35: 244–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woltereck, R., 1909. Weitere experimentelle untersuchungen uber artveranderung, speziell uber das wesen quantitativer artunterschiede bei Daphniden. [Further experimental investigations of species alteration, particularly of the quanitative nature of species differences, pp. 110–173 in Daphnia] Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft auf der neunzehnten Jahresversammlung.

  • Woltereck, R., 1928. Bemerkungen uber die begriffre ‘Reaktions-Norm’ und ‘Klon’. [Remarks about the concepts ‘norm-of-reaction’ and ‘clone.’] Biologisches Zentralblatt 48: 167–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wortman, C.B. & E.F. Loftus, 1992. Psychology (4th edn). McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimbardo, P.G. & A.L. Weber, 1994. Psychology. Harper Collins, New York.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Platt, S.A., Bach, M. Uses and misinterpretations of genetics in psychology. Genetica 99, 135–143 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02259517

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02259517

Key words

Navigation